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Le stockage des déchets ménagers et assimilés est devenu un enjeu important pour l’environnement. Les smectites, ayant une faible perméabilité et une forte capacité à retenir les polluants, sont fréquemment utilisées comme barrière de sécurité passive au fond des alvéoles de stockage. Ce travail consiste à simuler au laboratoire l’infiltration de solutions de polluants métalliques dans des smectites, d'analyser les mécanismes d'interaction et prévoir leur comportement hydraulique et physico-chimique. Pour cela, nous utilisons des smectites naturelles de référence (SWy2 échangée avec différents cations, Na+ et Ca2+), mais aussi une smectite synthétique et des solutions de polluants métalliques (contenant essentiellement Zn et Pb). Les interactions « en batch » ont permis de tester plusieurs paramètres : rapport solide/liquide, concentration du polluant, pH…Les analyses des lixiviats ont montré que l’argile sodique adsorbe mieux les polluants que l’argile calcique et que l’adsorption est meilleure en milieu neutre. Les résultats expérimentaux ont pu être modélisés à l’aide de PHREEQC en utilisant le modèle 2SPNE. A partir des constantes d’échange et de complexation de la littérature, les simulations montrent que le modèle est en très bon accord avec les données expérimentales pour le zinc. Ces résultats ont permis d’établir de nouvelles constantes pour le plomb, et de connaitre les mécanismes d’adsorption en fonction de la concentration en équilibre de la solution métallique et du pH. Pour simuler au laboratoire le fonctionnement d’une barrière argileuse, des expériences d’infiltration sous pression ont été réalisées en oedométrie sur les smectites. Que ce soit avec l’eau déminéralisée, les solutions de polluants métalliques (Cu, Pb, Zn), ou un lixiviat synthétique, à pH libre ou fixé à 5, ces argiles ont des conductivités hydrauliques inférieures à 10-12 m.s-1 qui prouvent leurs bonnes capacités d’étanchéité. / Storage of household and industrial wastes has become an important issue for the environment. Smectites, with a low permeability and a high capacity to retain pollutants, are frequently used as an engineered barrier at the bottom of landfills. The aim of this work was to simulate in the laboratory the infiltration of metallic pollutants solutions in smectites, to analyze the interaction mechanisms and to predict the hydraulic and physico-chemical behavior of these clays. Natural reference smectites (SWy2 exchanged with different cations, Na+ and Ca2+) but also a synthetic smectite were used together with metallic pollutant solutions (containing mainly Zn and Pb). Several parameters were tested in the "batch" experiments: solid/liquid ratio, pollutant concentration, pH ... Analyses of leachates showed that the sodic clay better adsorbs pollutants than the calcic clay, and the adsorption was better in the neutral medium than in acidic conditions (pH 5). The experimental results were then modeled using the PHREEQC code and the 2SPNE model. From the exchange and complexation constants of the literature, simulations showed that the model was in very good agreement with the experimental data for zinc. These results allowed to establish new thermodynamic constants for lead and to assess the adsorption mechanisms as a function of the equilibrium concentration of the metallic solution and the pH. To simulate a clay barrier at the laboratory scale, infiltration experiments under pressure were performed onto smectites within oedometer cells. Whether with deionised water, metallic pollutant solutions (Cu, Pb, Zn) or a synthetic leachate, at free pH or buffered at 5, these clays kept a hydraulic conductivity less than 10-12 ms-1 which proved their good sealing properties.

Tailings is leftover material from mining industry and is produced in huge quantities approximately 70-99% of the ore production.  Tailings material is stored as impoundments by constructing tailings dams which are often constructed with tailings material itself. Tailings are artificial material and the mechanical behavior of tailings material upon loading is different as compared to natural soil materials. There are number of dam failures reported every year which has severe impact on inhabitants and environment nearby. Considering the failures of tailings dams and consequences there is a need to understand the tailings material in depth for safe existence of these dams. The confident dam design can assure the safe existence of tailings dams for long term as these dams are presumed to function for generations to come. The material properties in tailings dams can change during operation due to raising of new layer. Raised new layer can change stress level, which in turn may change the material properties in terms of strength, pore pressures, grain sizes etc. Today mostly tailings dam are designed by performing analysis for safety for existing and future rasings as well. These analyses are based upon a for certain factor of safety. Not very much can be done with design and analysis for tailings material if the material is not described very well. Understanding of tailings material in depth can provide help for detailed material parameters which later can be used in safety assessment for future raising and changed conditions in dam. This study presents the work carried out on tailings material from a Swedish tailings dam. The study is conducted on undisturbed and disturbed tailings material. The undisturbed tests are carried out to understand material properties as per in-situ conditions. Whereas disturbed materials are used to created different materials with different particles sizes. Initially in this study the basic properties of tailings materials are studied e.g. specific gravity, phase relationships, particle sizes, particle shapes and shear behavior on collected samples at various depths. During direct shear tests, the unexpected vertical height reductions were observed, these results are presented in this study. The comparison of strength parameters by direct shear and triaxial tests on material from various depths is also done and presented. Based on results from direct shear, triaxial and oedometer tests on uniform sized tailings material; the evaluation of primary and secondary deformations and particle breakage and effect of vertical loads is also carried out and presented. The study also includes the comparison of strength parameters for each particles size. The breakage of particles is analyzed by sieving the material after direct shear tests followed by a particle shape study. The effect of deposition on shear strength parameters is also studied by construction of samples with different angle of deposition of material. The strength parameters of uniform sized particles in triaxial tests are also evaluated and discussed.

abstract: The experience base of practitioners with expansive soils is largely devoid of directly measured soil suction. This historical lack of soil suction measurement represents an impediment to adoption of modern unsaturated soil engineering to problems of expansive soils. Most notably, soil suction-based analyses are paramount to proper design of foundations in expansive soils. Naturally, the best method to obtain design suction profiles is to perform an appropriate geotechnical investigation that involves soil moisture change-appropriate drilling depths, sampling intervals, and requisite laboratory testing, including suction measurement. However, as practitioners are slow to embrace changes in methodology, specifically regarding the adoption of even relatively simple suction measurement techniques, it has become imperative to develop a method by which the routine geotechnical procedures currently employed can be used to arrive at acceptable approximations of soil suction profiles. Herein, a substitute, or surrogate, for soil suction is presented, such that the surrogate agrees with observed field soil suction patterns and provides estimates of soil suction that are acceptable for use in practice. Field investigations with extensive laboratory testing, including direct suction measurement, are used in development of the soil suction surrogate. This surrogate, a function of water content and routinely measured soil index properties, is then used in estimation of field expansive soil suction values. The suction surrogate, together with existing geotechnical engineering reports, is used to augment the limited existing database of field soil suction profiles. This augmented soil suction profile database is used in development of recommendations for design suction envelopes and design suction profiles. Using the suction surrogate, it is possible to proceed from the beginning to the end of the Suction-Oedometer soil heave/shrinkage analysis without directly measuring soil suction. The magnitude of suction surrogate-based heave estimates is essentially the same as heave estimates obtained using direct soil suction measurements. The soil suction surrogate-based approach, which uses a complete-stress-state approach, considering both net normal stress and soil suction, is an intermediate step towards the adoption of unsaturated soil engineering in expansive soils analyses, wherein direct soil suction measurements are routinely made. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering 2019

Baigiamajame magistro darbe nagrinėjama gruntų morfologinės struktūros įtaka jų suspaudžiamumui. Darbą sudaro teorinė ir praktinė dalys. Teorinėje dalyje detaliai aprašomas gruntų morfologinės struktūros nustatymo tyrimams taikytas metodas, aptariami jo trūkumai ir privalumai, pateikiamos visos morfologiniams parametrams apskaičiuoti taikytos formulės. Atlikta gruntų morfologinės struktūros įtakos suspaudžiamumui teorijos apžvalga. Trumpai paaiškinama, pagal kokius kriterijus bandymams buvo pasirenkami gruntai. Praktinėje dalyje aprašomi gruntų granuliometrinės sudėties, morfologinės struktūros nustatymo bei spūdumo bandymų rezultatai. Išsamiai aprašoma kiekvieno praktinės dalies eksperimento eiga, problemos, su kuriomis buvo susiduriama darbo metu. Atlikta gautų rezultatų analizė, kurioje aptariama morfologinės struktūros įtaka gruntų suspaudžiamumui. Pagal šią analizę formuluojamos išvados ir teikiami pasiūlymai tolesniam darbui bei gautų rezultatų patikslinimui. Darbą sudaro 6 pagrindinės dalys: įvadas, literatūros apžvalga, eksperimentiniai tyrimai, rezultatų analizė, bendros išvados ir priedai. Darbo apimtis – 75 p. teksto be priedų, 43 p. priedų, 37 literatūros šaltiniai, 33 paveikslai ir 15 lentelių. / The master thesis purpose is to determine the influence of particle shape on the mechanical properties of sand. The work consists of theoretical and practical parts. The theoretical part describes the applied method for evaluating morphometric characteristics of particles. Also the discussion of advantages and disadvantages of this method and overview of theory of influence of particle shape on soil compressibility were made. Finally the criteria for choosing soils for research was discussed. In practical part of this thesis the results of experimental investigations were introduced. Firstly the evaluating of soil grading and estimation of morphometric characteristic of its particles were made. In order to determine the influence of morphometric characteristic on sands compressibility the oedometer tests was performed. Also there are introduced detailed courses of all experimental investigations and problems which have been encountered during processes. After all experimental investigations the analysis of results were made. According to this analysis, conclusions and proposals for further work and clarification of the results were obtained. The thesis consists of six basic parts such as introduction, literature review, experimental researches, analysis of researches data, conclusions and proposals, accessories. The final work consists of 75 p. of text without appendixes, 43 p. of appendixes, 37 bibliographical entries. 33 pictures, 15tables.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-05-23T13:22:39Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Dissertação - Katia Botelho FINAL.pdf: 3415518 bytes, checksum: f3daca0e931ff869adfc63713344368b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-23T13:22:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Dissertação - Katia Botelho FINAL.pdf: 3415518 bytes, checksum: f3daca0e931ff869adfc63713344368b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-21 / CAPES / A injeção e a extração de fluidos em reservatórios de petróleo pode causar dissolução dos minerais existentes nas rochas, alterações de pressão, temperatura e saturação que afetam o estado de tensão, resultando em deformações na rocha reservatório, bem como alterações da permeabilidade e porosidade do meio poroso. Neste contexto, os mecanismos físicos e químicos na interação rocha-fluido afetam o comportamento mecânico da rocha, diminuindo sua resistência mecânica quando submetidas às diferentes condições de carregamento, podendo assim levar ao enfraquecimento pela perda de rigidez ou resistência mecânica. Desta forma, esta pesquisa tem como o objetivo estudar as tensões e deformações de uma rocha carbonática sintética durante a dissolução dos minerais usando ensaios edométricos, a fim de representar e entender o comportamento geomecânico e geoquímico de rochas carbonáticas durante a dissolução dos minerais. Com esta finalidade, foram realizados ensaios de dissolução com uma rocha carbonática sintética usando de uma célula edométrica modificada, permitindo assim o fluxo controlado de uma solução ácida através da amostra. Os ensaios de dissolução foram realizados em duas etapas: dissolução parcial e dissolução total. A partir dos resultados dos ensaios de dissolução dos minerais observou-se que a tensão horizontal aumenta linearmente, sendo observado também uma deformação volumétrica de 3,9% e 11,51% para a dissolução parcial e total respectivamente. Por meio dos ensaios de resistência a compressão simples foi possível verificar que a resistência da amostra sintética foi de 3530 kPa antes do processo de dissolução. Após a dissolução dos minerais houve uma diminuição da resistência em 22% e o aumento da porosidade em 46,4% da rocha, fato este que pode provocar a compactação induzida quimicamente do reservatório quando submetido à injeção de fluidos que possam interagir quimicamente com o meio poroso. / The injection and extraction fluid oil reservoir can cause the mineral dissolution, changes in pressure, temperature and saturation that affect the stress state, resulting in reservoir rock strain, as well as changes in the permeability and porosity of the porous medium. In this context, the physical and chemical mechanisms in the rock-fluid interaction affects the mechanical behavior of the rock, reducing its strength when subjected to different load conditions and can thus leads to a weakening for the loss of stiffness and mechanical strength. Thus, the main objective of this research is to study the stresses and strains of a synthetic carbonate rock during the dissolution of minerals from oedometer tests in order to represent and understand the geomechanical and geochemical behavior of the rock during the dissolution of minerals. For this purpose, dissolution tests were performed using a synthetic carbonate rock by a modified oedometer cell, allowing a controlled flow of acidic solution through the pores of the sample. The dissolution tests were carried out in two steps: total dissolution and partial dissolution. From the results of the mineral dissolution test it was observed that the horizontal stress increases linearly, also observed a volumetric strain at 3.9% and 11.51% for the total and partial dissolution, respectively. Regarding the results of the mineral dissolution test it was observed that the horizontal stress increases linearly and the volumetric strain data were 3.9% and 11.51% for the total and partial dissolution, respectively. Through the unconfined compression tests it can be seen that the strength of the synthetic sample reaches a value of 3530 kPa before the dissolution process. On the other hand, after the mineral dissolution there was a decrease in resistance by 22% and a increased to 46.4% of the porosity rock. Thus, this fact can lead to chemically induced compression of the reservoir, when submitted to fluid injection thar can chemically interact with the porous medium.

No description available.

Submitted by Alfredo Lopes Saab null (alfredo.saab@hotmail.com) on 2017-02-01T17:00:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Alfredo Lopes Saab - Dissertacao.pdf: 12254886 bytes, checksum: 3adb2a1a44c1994fad82ff8230482cea (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-02-06T11:32:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 saab_al_me_bauru.pdf: 12254886 bytes, checksum: 3adb2a1a44c1994fad82ff8230482cea (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-06T11:32:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 saab_al_me_bauru.pdf: 12254886 bytes, checksum: 3adb2a1a44c1994fad82ff8230482cea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Nos solos não saturados mudanças sazonais de umidade ocorrem devido a ciclos de umedecimento e secagem. Tais mudanças dependem das características do solo e das condições climáticas da região, o que afeta a sucção no solo. Por esta razão, as propriedades dos solos não saturados dependem não apenas da história geológica e do ambiente de formação, mas também da variabilidade sazonal, fato que muitas vezes é negligenciado na prática da engenharia. Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo da influência da sucção na compressibilidade de um perfil de solo não saturado por meio de ensaios edométricos realizados em câmaras comuns e em câmaras que permitem o controle de sucção pela técnica de translação de eixos. Os ensaios foram realizados submetendo as amostras a trajetórias de carregamento-descarregamento com sucção constante. Parâmetros constitutivos mecânicos são apresentados e correlacionados ao longo da profundidade de acordo com as condições de campo. Os resultados indicam que a colapsibilidade e a variabilidade dos parâmetros são maiores na superfície do terreno, onde o solo interage com a atmosfera e, tende a decrescer com a profundidade e com a redução da sucção inicial no solo. O estudo realizado permite uma avaliação mais detalhada da colapsibilidade do solo e auxilia a interpretação de perfis de solos colapsíveis similares e de suas propriedades e parâmetros constitutivos. / Seasonal moisture content changes take place in the unsaturated soils as a result of wetting and drying cycles. These changes depend of soil characteristics and climatic conditions of the region, which affects the soil suction. Therefore, the properties of unsaturated soils depend not only on geological history and environment formation, but also the seasonal variability, a fact that is oftentimes neglected in engineering practice. This research presents an study of the influence of suction on compressibility of a collapsible unsaturated soil profile using conventional and suction controlled oedometer tests by the axis translation technique. The tests were performed submitting the specimen to loading-unloading paths under constant suction. Mechanical constitutive parameters are presented and correlated with the depth according to the in situ conditions. The results indicate that the soil collapsibility and the variability of constitutive parameters are greather on the ground surface, where the soil interacts with the atmosphere, and tends to decrease with depth and with the reduction of the initial soil suction. The study allow a more detailed evaluation of soil collapsibility and assist the interpretation of collapsible soils profiles and their properties and constitutive parameters.

Expansive soils are a worldwide problem that possesses various challenges for civil engineers. With increasing water content, they exhibit excessive volume changes, resulting in large horizontal and vertical stresses to the structures located or buried in these regions. The most common method to minimize this effect is to replace these types of clays around the proposed structure with nonexpansive soils. For the cases needing larger volume of replacement, either sidewalls or the foundations must be designed to cater for the anticipated pressures or a suitable improvement technique shall be applied in place. In this experimental study, it is intended to investigate the possible positive effects of trenches backfilled with granular material such as crushed stone or rock on the improvement of swell parameters of expansive soils. Thin-wall oedometer tests, conventional oedometer tests and larger size tests with moulds were performed on artificially compacted untreated and granular fill treated samples for this purpose. The trenches were modeled by opening a hole with a diameter that satisfies the predicted percent trench content at the center of the soil samples, which was then backfilled with granular material. Modified thin-wall oedometer tests were performed to measure the lateral swell pressures of both untreated and treated samples, whereas the conventional oedometer tests and tests on samples placed in moulds were performed to measure the vertical swell parameters of soils. It was observed that both the vertical swell percentages as well as the lateral swell pressures reduced considerably as the volume of granular material filled trench was increased. The treatment was observed to be more remarkable under the surcharge effect of a light weight structure or a fill placed on top.

Continental glaciers covered as much as thirty percent of the present-day inhabited earth during the Quaternary period. Traditionally, one-dimensional consolidation has been considered as the main process of formation for the soils deposited during glaciation. One of the outcomes of accepting one-dimensional consolidation as the main process of formation is that the geomechanical properties of soil in a horizontal plane are isotropic (known as cross-anisotropy). Recent measurements of subglacial pore pressure and preconsolidation pressure profile have indicated that this might not be the case. The role of subglacial shear action has probably been long neglected. The main objective of this research is to investigate the effects of subglacial shearing on the geomechanical properties of glaciated soils. <p> Recent research has found evidence of horizontal property anisotropy associated with the direction of the ice-sheet movement. A testing program was thus proposed to explore the relationship between the anisotropy of property and the direction of past glacier movement. The program involves several fundamental engineering parameters of soils. These parameters together with the corresponding test methods are as follows: (i) Conventional oedometer test yield stress anisotropy; (ii) Oedometer test with lateral stress measurement stiffness anisotropy; (iii) Load cell pressuremeter (LCPM) test in situ stress anisotropy. <p> The physical meaning of yield stress determined by conventional oedometer tests was interpreted as the critical state of structural collapse. The literature review and an experimental study on kaolin samples with a known stress history suggested that yield stress possesses certain dependency on the sampling direction. The anisotropy of yield stress for Battleford till from Birsay, Saskatchewan was also explored by testing directional oedometer samples. In addition, the anisotropy of stiffness was also investigated using a newly developed lateral stress oedometer that is capable of independent measurement of horizontal stresses at three different points with angles of 120 degrees. Preliminary evidence of a correlation between the direction of maximum stiffness in a horizontal plane and the known direction of glacial shear was observed. The correlation between the direction of maximum yield stress and known direction of glaciation was rather poor. Anisotropy of in situ stresses was investigated by conducting LCPM tests in Pot clay in the Netherlands. Based on the LCPM test results, it was concluded that the evidence of a correlation between the anisotropy of in situ stress and known direction of glacial advance is still rather obscure. <p> Although both the laboratory studies and field studies cannot sufficiently confirm the existence of lateral anisotropy of geomechanical properties and its relationship to the direction of the Quaternary ice-sheet movement, the effects of subglacial shearing should not be neglected in assessing the geotechnical properties of glaciated soils. In practice, it is usually found that the preconsolidation pressure profile does not follow the gravitational line as predicted by the one-dimensional consolidation theory and its magnitude is not compatible with the measured effective pressure values at the base of the glacier. It has been suggested that changes in seepage gradient (upward or downward) are responsible for the deviation of preconsolidation pressure profile away from the gravitational line. In this thesis, a new glacial process model consolidation coupled shearing was proposed. This model is based on the framework of traditional soil mechanics (critical state theory, Modified Cam-clay model and one-dimensional consolidation theory) and is consistent with the general geological and glaciological evidences. This model may provide an alternative explanation for the preconsolidation pressure patterns generally observed in practice. It can also be combined with groundwater flow characteristics to explain the diversity of the preconsolidation consolidation patterns. The proposed model was used successfully to obtain the preconsolidation pressure profile observed in Battleford till at Birsay and the subglacial shear-softening phenomenon.