Laboratory tests were performed to investigate the liquefaction susceptibility of uncemented calcareous sands. A series of isotropically consolidated undrained monotonic and cyclic triaxial tests were performed using the Playa Santa sand from Porto Rico. Playa Santa sand is a poorly graded calcareous clean beach sand composed of angular particles with large intra-granular voids. A series of consolidated undrained triaxial tests were performed with the Playa Santa sand remolded to a variety of relative densities and consolidated under a range of confining pressures. In addition, cyclic triaxial tests were performed at a confining pressure of 100 kPa and three sets of relative densities (20%, 40% and 60%). Generation of excess pore pressure under different levels of cyclic loading was established. As a result, relationships were developed to relate the number of cycles required for triggering of liquefaction to cyclic stress ratio. It was seen that the Playa Santa sand was less susceptible liquefaction than quartzitic sands of the same relative density remolded and tested under similar conditions. / Master of Science

No description available.

O uso de pó de vidro soda-cálcico reciclado de embalagens transparentes foi investigado em uma formulação de cerâmica branca triaxial. As propriedades técnicas, enfatizando-se a resistência mecânica e a microestrutura, foram estudadas, correlacionando-as com a influência da temperatura de queima. A fim de se melhor avaliar estes parâmetros foi confeccionada uma formulação de porcelana tradicional. Assim, a formulação Pó de vidro (PV) é de 50% de caulim, 25% de quartzo e 25% de pó de vidro, enquanto na Tradicional (PT) tem-se 25% de feldspato e mesmo teores das demais matérias-primas. Ambas foram sinterizadas em um mesmo ciclo térmico em forno mufla (taxa de aquecimento de150ºC/h e 30 minutos na temperatura máxima). A porcelana PV alcançou as melhores características técnicas na temperatura de 1240ºC, enquanto a PT, em 1340ºC. Essa diferença de 100ºC na sinterização representa um ganho significativo em termos de custo de queima, porém, como um fundente enérgico, o intervalo de gresificação da porcelana de pó de vidro é mais restrito. Nesta condição de queima (1240ºC), a PV apresentou os seguintes parâmetros: absorção d’água de 0,39%, porosidade aparente de 0,88%, densidade de 2,28 g/cm3, retração linear de 8,8%, carga de 1850N e módulo de ruptura de 38 MPa. Em 1340ºC a porcelana PT, apresentou absorção d’água de 0,34%, porosidade aparente de 0,84%, densidade de 2,48cm3, retração linear de 12,2%, carga de 1920N e módulo de ruptura de 46 MPa. Na análise da resistência mecânica, a PT apresentou maior MOR, maior KIC (1,6 MPa m1/2, enquanto PV alcançou 1,3 MPa m1/2) e maior módulo de Weibull (16,8, enquanto 12,8 para PV). Por meio da análise da microestrutura e fases formadas foi possível explicar as diferenças entre as formulações. Encontrou-se a presença de mulita secundária espalhada por toda matriz microesrutural na PT, que cristaliza a partir do feldspato. A anortita foi detectada por difração de raios-X na PV, mas sua quantidade é limitada pelo baixo teor de cálcio nesta formulação. Assim, uma microestrutura de diferentes tipos e teores de fases explica a maior resistência da porcelana Tradicional. Portanto, neste, trabalho, além do desenvolvimento de um produto com uma formulação inédita (PV), foi possível analisar as características e propriedades, que garante o emprego desta cerâmica em quase todas aplicações de uma porcelana. Há uma restrição quanto a produtos de resistência mais elevada. Por outro lado, tem-se um ganho considerável no custo de produção e na preservação do ambiente, devido ao uso de um material reciclado. / The use of recycled powder of soda-lime glass from transparent pot and bottles was investigated in a triaxial whiteware batch. The technical properties, emphasizing mechanical strength and microstructure, were studied and correlated to sintering temperature. In order to improve the evaluation of the parameters, it was formulated a traditional porcelain so that data could be easily comparable. Thus, glass powder porcelain (GP) batch is 50% kaolin, 25% quartz and 25% powder of glass and Traditional porcelain (TP) is 25% feldspar and the same level of quartz and kaolin raw materials. The porcelains were sintered in the same thermal cycle in a muffle (heating rate 150ºC/h and 30 minutes at the maximum temperature). The GP reached its best technical properties at sintering temperature 1240ºC while TP at 1340ºC. This difference of 100ºC means a significant reduction at sintering costs, however, as a power flux, the powder of glass makes a smaller sintering range for GP. At 1240ºC GP has the following technical parameters: water absorption 0.39%, apparent porosity 0.88%, density 2.28 g/cm3, linear retraction 8.8%, load 1850N and modulus of rupture (MOR) 38 MPa. At 1340ºC, TP has, water absorption 0.34%, apparent porosity 0.84%, density 2.48cm3, linear retraction 12.2%, load 1920N and modulus of rupture 46 MPa. In the analysis of mechanical strength, TP showed a higher MOR, higher KIC (TP: 1.6 MPa m1/2, and GP: 1.3 MPa m1/2) and higher Weibull parameter (TP: 16.8. GP: 12.8). Through the microstructure and phases formed analysis it was explained the differences between the porcelains. It was found out secondary mullite spread for all matrix in TP, which crystallize from feldspar melting. Anorthite was detected in diffraction X-ray analysis in GP, but its level should be limited for the low content of calcium in the batch. Thus, TP microstructure is different of GP, concerning phase’s types and level, what explains the higher TP strength. Therefore, in this work, besides the development of a porcelain product with an origin formulation it was analyzed the main characteristics and properties which guarantee the use of this ceramic material in the majority of applications of traditional porcelain. There is a restriction in products of very high strength. On the other side, there are considerable advantages in cost reduction and environmental protection, due to the use of a recycled material.

O uso de pó de vidro soda-cálcico reciclado de embalagens transparentes foi investigado em uma formulação de cerâmica branca triaxial. As propriedades técnicas, enfatizando-se a resistência mecânica e a microestrutura, foram estudadas, correlacionando-as com a influência da temperatura de queima. A fim de se melhor avaliar estes parâmetros foi confeccionada uma formulação de porcelana tradicional. Assim, a formulação Pó de vidro (PV) é de 50% de caulim, 25% de quartzo e 25% de pó de vidro, enquanto na Tradicional (PT) tem-se 25% de feldspato e mesmo teores das demais matérias-primas. Ambas foram sinterizadas em um mesmo ciclo térmico em forno mufla (taxa de aquecimento de150ºC/h e 30 minutos na temperatura máxima). A porcelana PV alcançou as melhores características técnicas na temperatura de 1240ºC, enquanto a PT, em 1340ºC. Essa diferença de 100ºC na sinterização representa um ganho significativo em termos de custo de queima, porém, como um fundente enérgico, o intervalo de gresificação da porcelana de pó de vidro é mais restrito. Nesta condição de queima (1240ºC), a PV apresentou os seguintes parâmetros: absorção d’água de 0,39%, porosidade aparente de 0,88%, densidade de 2,28 g/cm3, retração linear de 8,8%, carga de 1850N e módulo de ruptura de 38 MPa. Em 1340ºC a porcelana PT, apresentou absorção d’água de 0,34%, porosidade aparente de 0,84%, densidade de 2,48cm3, retração linear de 12,2%, carga de 1920N e módulo de ruptura de 46 MPa. Na análise da resistência mecânica, a PT apresentou maior MOR, maior KIC (1,6 MPa m1/2, enquanto PV alcançou 1,3 MPa m1/2) e maior módulo de Weibull (16,8, enquanto 12,8 para PV). Por meio da análise da microestrutura e fases formadas foi possível explicar as diferenças entre as formulações. Encontrou-se a presença de mulita secundária espalhada por toda matriz microesrutural na PT, que cristaliza a partir do feldspato. A anortita foi detectada por difração de raios-X na PV, mas sua quantidade é limitada pelo baixo teor de cálcio nesta formulação. Assim, uma microestrutura de diferentes tipos e teores de fases explica a maior resistência da porcelana Tradicional. Portanto, neste, trabalho, além do desenvolvimento de um produto com uma formulação inédita (PV), foi possível analisar as características e propriedades, que garante o emprego desta cerâmica em quase todas aplicações de uma porcelana. Há uma restrição quanto a produtos de resistência mais elevada. Por outro lado, tem-se um ganho considerável no custo de produção e na preservação do ambiente, devido ao uso de um material reciclado. / The use of recycled powder of soda-lime glass from transparent pot and bottles was investigated in a triaxial whiteware batch. The technical properties, emphasizing mechanical strength and microstructure, were studied and correlated to sintering temperature. In order to improve the evaluation of the parameters, it was formulated a traditional porcelain so that data could be easily comparable. Thus, glass powder porcelain (GP) batch is 50% kaolin, 25% quartz and 25% powder of glass and Traditional porcelain (TP) is 25% feldspar and the same level of quartz and kaolin raw materials. The porcelains were sintered in the same thermal cycle in a muffle (heating rate 150ºC/h and 30 minutes at the maximum temperature). The GP reached its best technical properties at sintering temperature 1240ºC while TP at 1340ºC. This difference of 100ºC means a significant reduction at sintering costs, however, as a power flux, the powder of glass makes a smaller sintering range for GP. At 1240ºC GP has the following technical parameters: water absorption 0.39%, apparent porosity 0.88%, density 2.28 g/cm3, linear retraction 8.8%, load 1850N and modulus of rupture (MOR) 38 MPa. At 1340ºC, TP has, water absorption 0.34%, apparent porosity 0.84%, density 2.48cm3, linear retraction 12.2%, load 1920N and modulus of rupture 46 MPa. In the analysis of mechanical strength, TP showed a higher MOR, higher KIC (TP: 1.6 MPa m1/2, and GP: 1.3 MPa m1/2) and higher Weibull parameter (TP: 16.8. GP: 12.8). Through the microstructure and phases formed analysis it was explained the differences between the porcelains. It was found out secondary mullite spread for all matrix in TP, which crystallize from feldspar melting. Anorthite was detected in diffraction X-ray analysis in GP, but its level should be limited for the low content of calcium in the batch. Thus, TP microstructure is different of GP, concerning phase’s types and level, what explains the higher TP strength. Therefore, in this work, besides the development of a porcelain product with an origin formulation it was analyzed the main characteristics and properties which guarantee the use of this ceramic material in the majority of applications of traditional porcelain. There is a restriction in products of very high strength. On the other side, there are considerable advantages in cost reduction and environmental protection, due to the use of a recycled material.

O uso de pó de vidro soda-cálcico reciclado de embalagens transparentes foi investigado em uma formulação de cerâmica branca triaxial. As propriedades técnicas, enfatizando-se a resistência mecânica e a microestrutura, foram estudadas, correlacionando-as com a influência da temperatura de queima. A fim de se melhor avaliar estes parâmetros foi confeccionada uma formulação de porcelana tradicional. Assim, a formulação Pó de vidro (PV) é de 50% de caulim, 25% de quartzo e 25% de pó de vidro, enquanto na Tradicional (PT) tem-se 25% de feldspato e mesmo teores das demais matérias-primas. Ambas foram sinterizadas em um mesmo ciclo térmico em forno mufla (taxa de aquecimento de150ºC/h e 30 minutos na temperatura máxima). A porcelana PV alcançou as melhores características técnicas na temperatura de 1240ºC, enquanto a PT, em 1340ºC. Essa diferença de 100ºC na sinterização representa um ganho significativo em termos de custo de queima, porém, como um fundente enérgico, o intervalo de gresificação da porcelana de pó de vidro é mais restrito. Nesta condição de queima (1240ºC), a PV apresentou os seguintes parâmetros: absorção d’água de 0,39%, porosidade aparente de 0,88%, densidade de 2,28 g/cm3, retração linear de 8,8%, carga de 1850N e módulo de ruptura de 38 MPa. Em 1340ºC a porcelana PT, apresentou absorção d’água de 0,34%, porosidade aparente de 0,84%, densidade de 2,48cm3, retração linear de 12,2%, carga de 1920N e módulo de ruptura de 46 MPa. Na análise da resistência mecânica, a PT apresentou maior MOR, maior KIC (1,6 MPa m1/2, enquanto PV alcançou 1,3 MPa m1/2) e maior módulo de Weibull (16,8, enquanto 12,8 para PV). Por meio da análise da microestrutura e fases formadas foi possível explicar as diferenças entre as formulações. Encontrou-se a presença de mulita secundária espalhada por toda matriz microesrutural na PT, que cristaliza a partir do feldspato. A anortita foi detectada por difração de raios-X na PV, mas sua quantidade é limitada pelo baixo teor de cálcio nesta formulação. Assim, uma microestrutura de diferentes tipos e teores de fases explica a maior resistência da porcelana Tradicional. Portanto, neste, trabalho, além do desenvolvimento de um produto com uma formulação inédita (PV), foi possível analisar as características e propriedades, que garante o emprego desta cerâmica em quase todas aplicações de uma porcelana. Há uma restrição quanto a produtos de resistência mais elevada. Por outro lado, tem-se um ganho considerável no custo de produção e na preservação do ambiente, devido ao uso de um material reciclado. / The use of recycled powder of soda-lime glass from transparent pot and bottles was investigated in a triaxial whiteware batch. The technical properties, emphasizing mechanical strength and microstructure, were studied and correlated to sintering temperature. In order to improve the evaluation of the parameters, it was formulated a traditional porcelain so that data could be easily comparable. Thus, glass powder porcelain (GP) batch is 50% kaolin, 25% quartz and 25% powder of glass and Traditional porcelain (TP) is 25% feldspar and the same level of quartz and kaolin raw materials. The porcelains were sintered in the same thermal cycle in a muffle (heating rate 150ºC/h and 30 minutes at the maximum temperature). The GP reached its best technical properties at sintering temperature 1240ºC while TP at 1340ºC. This difference of 100ºC means a significant reduction at sintering costs, however, as a power flux, the powder of glass makes a smaller sintering range for GP. At 1240ºC GP has the following technical parameters: water absorption 0.39%, apparent porosity 0.88%, density 2.28 g/cm3, linear retraction 8.8%, load 1850N and modulus of rupture (MOR) 38 MPa. At 1340ºC, TP has, water absorption 0.34%, apparent porosity 0.84%, density 2.48cm3, linear retraction 12.2%, load 1920N and modulus of rupture 46 MPa. In the analysis of mechanical strength, TP showed a higher MOR, higher KIC (TP: 1.6 MPa m1/2, and GP: 1.3 MPa m1/2) and higher Weibull parameter (TP: 16.8. GP: 12.8). Through the microstructure and phases formed analysis it was explained the differences between the porcelains. It was found out secondary mullite spread for all matrix in TP, which crystallize from feldspar melting. Anorthite was detected in diffraction X-ray analysis in GP, but its level should be limited for the low content of calcium in the batch. Thus, TP microstructure is different of GP, concerning phase’s types and level, what explains the higher TP strength. Therefore, in this work, besides the development of a porcelain product with an origin formulation it was analyzed the main characteristics and properties which guarantee the use of this ceramic material in the majority of applications of traditional porcelain. There is a restriction in products of very high strength. On the other side, there are considerable advantages in cost reduction and environmental protection, due to the use of a recycled material.

No description available.

Dans ce travail, une série d’études expérimentales ont été réalisées sur le comportement mécanique, l’évolution de la perméabilité et les effets de la pression interstitielle sur la déformation plastique et la rupture du calcaire d’Anstrude. Les résultats permettent d'identifier deux mécanismes de déformation plastique, leurs effets sur l'évolution de la perméabilité et les effets de la pression interstitielle de pore sur la déformation plastique et le rupture du calcaire saturé à eau. Sur les données expérimentales, la validité du concept de contrainte effective pour la surface plastique et la rupture est discutée. Pour la modélisation du comportement mécanique de la roche poreuse, un modèle micromécanique est d'abord développé sur la base d'un modèle récent de type Gurson pour un matériau poreux avec une matrice de Mises-Schleicher. Considérant que la roche à forte porosité présente un compactage volumétrique sous faible Pc, un modèle non associé est alors proposé. Le modèle proposé est d'abord appliqué et étendu pour décrire les comportements poromécaniques de la craie de Lixhe. Des simulations numériques montrent que le modèle proposé décrit correctement les principales caractéristiques de la craie. Le modèle est ensuite étendu pour décrire le comportement mécanique du calcaire étudié en prenant en compte l'effet de l'évolution de la porosité dans l'effet de durcissement de la matrice solide. D'une craie de forte porosité à un calcaire de porosité moyenne, le modèle proposé est finalement vérifié dans différentes conditions de charge par des comparaisons entre les prédictions numériques et les données expérimentales pour les essaies drainés et non drainés. / In this work, a series of experimental investigations have been performed on the basic mechanical behavior, permeability evolution and effects of pore pressure on plastic deformation and failure of Anstrude limestone. The obtained results allow to identifying two plastic deformation mechanisms, their effects on the permeability evolution, and the effects of pore pressure on plastic deformation and failure of water saturated limestone. Based on experimental data, the validity of effective stress concept for plastic yielding and failure strength is discussed. For modelling of mechanical behavior of porous rock, a micromechanics-based model is firstly developed on basis of a recent Gurson-type model for porous material with a Mises–Schleicher matrix. Considering that the high-porosity rock exhibits a volumetric compaction under low confining pressure, a non-associated model is then proposed. The proposed model is firstly applied and extended to describe the mechanical and poromechanical behaviors of Lixhe chalk. Numerical simulations show that the proposed model describes correctly the main features of the chalk. On considering the mechanical behavior of porous limestone, the model is then extended to describe the mechanical behavior of studied limestone by taking the effect of porosity evolution into account in the hardening effect of solid matrix. From a high porosity chalk to a medium porosity limestone, the proposed model is finally verified in different loading conditions through comparisons between the numerical predictions and experimental data for both drained and undrained tests.

Asphalt concrete mix design methods, such as the Marshall method, have historically been based on physical and phenomenological material testing empirically correlated to observed field performance. Changing pavement field state conditions such as increased trucking, poorer quality aggregate resources, and the aged state of road infrastructure in Saskatchewan have resulted in recent pavement performance to be outside traditional empirical performance prediction inference. <p>It has been recognized worldwide that a mechanistic based asphalt concrete mix design methodology that directly quantifies structural behaviour of pavement under diverse field state conditions could significantly assist pavement design engineers. However, SHRP Level II and III mechanistic asphalt concrete characterization has been shown not to be pragmatic for characterizing asphalt concrete mixes. <p>The objective of this research was to investigate the use of mechanistic material properties obtained from triaxial frequency sweep characterization in the rapid triaxial tester (RaTT) in conjunction with SHRP gyratory compaction properties for designing asphalt concrete for different asphalt cement contents, traffic loads, traffic speeds, and temperatures. <p>RaTT testing was more responsive to variation in asphalt cement content outside of acceptable ranges of volumetric properties relative to Marshall stability and flow. This demonstrated the importance of specifying acceptable volumetric properties of asphalt concrete mixes. Correlation of material properties with volumetric measurements validated triaxial frequency sweep characterization in the RaTT. Dynamic modulus, Poissons ratio, and phase angle results were in accordance with expected material behaviour, indicating that the RaTT provides reasonable asphalt concrete material properties. Also, the RaTT identified asphalt concrete to be a nonlinear viscoelastic material, as observed in the field. <p>The RaTT was able to characterize SHRP gyratory compacted samples for the typical range of traction states, load frequencies, and temperatures that simulated a range of Saskatchewan field state conditions. Triaxial frequency sweep testing in the RaTT could significantly augment conventional volumetric mix analysis as well as the SHRP SuperpaveTM Level I asphalt concrete mix design system. RaTT testing was found to be cost effective, time efficient, and provided mechanistic material constitutive relations that can be employed for inelastic mechanistic mix design, road structural modelling, and asset management.

Asphalt concrete mix design methods, such as the Marshall method, have historically been based on physical and phenomenological material testing empirically correlated to observed field performance. Changing pavement field state conditions such as increased trucking, poorer quality aggregate resources, and the aged state of road infrastructure in Saskatchewan have resulted in recent pavement performance to be outside traditional empirical performance prediction inference. <p>It has been recognized worldwide that a mechanistic based asphalt concrete mix design methodology that directly quantifies structural behaviour of pavement under diverse field state conditions could significantly assist pavement design engineers. However, SHRP Level II and III mechanistic asphalt concrete characterization has been shown not to be pragmatic for characterizing asphalt concrete mixes. <p>The objective of this research was to investigate the use of mechanistic material properties obtained from triaxial frequency sweep characterization in the rapid triaxial tester (RaTT) in conjunction with SHRP gyratory compaction properties for designing asphalt concrete for different asphalt cement contents, traffic loads, traffic speeds, and temperatures. <p>RaTT testing was more responsive to variation in asphalt cement content outside of acceptable ranges of volumetric properties relative to Marshall stability and flow. This demonstrated the importance of specifying acceptable volumetric properties of asphalt concrete mixes. Correlation of material properties with volumetric measurements validated triaxial frequency sweep characterization in the RaTT. Dynamic modulus, Poissons ratio, and phase angle results were in accordance with expected material behaviour, indicating that the RaTT provides reasonable asphalt concrete material properties. Also, the RaTT identified asphalt concrete to be a nonlinear viscoelastic material, as observed in the field. <p>The RaTT was able to characterize SHRP gyratory compacted samples for the typical range of traction states, load frequencies, and temperatures that simulated a range of Saskatchewan field state conditions. Triaxial frequency sweep testing in the RaTT could significantly augment conventional volumetric mix analysis as well as the SHRP SuperpaveTM Level I asphalt concrete mix design system. RaTT testing was found to be cost effective, time efficient, and provided mechanistic material constitutive relations that can be employed for inelastic mechanistic mix design, road structural modelling, and asset management.

With increasing development in the oil and gas industry, exploration and production is continuously moving deeper off the continental shelf and onto the continental slopes. This increases the risk of submarine slope failures leading to damage of offshore structures. Thus there is a need to study and understand properties of offshore marine clays on slopes. This study was undertaken in order to understand better the characteristics of a sub-marine clay deposit taken from the Gulf of Mexico. This thesis presents the results of SHANSEP triaxial testing performed on undisturbed samples of Gulf of Mexico clay. Background information is given about the clay, the sampling program and the laboratory testing program. The GEOTAC Truepath automated stress path triaxial apparatus implemented for this research and the laboratory procedures used are described in detail. Data is summarized from the various types of tests run on the clay (CKoU compression and extension, CIU compression and extension tests, consolidations tests) and the stress history of the deposit is evaluated. The SHANSEP reconsolidation technique was used for a comprehensive program of Koconsolidated-undrained (CKoU) triaxial compression and extension tests at overconsolidation ratios (OCR) ranging from one to eight. Eighteen tests were run on jumbo piston core samples from one particular core. The consolidation phase of these SHANSEP tests provided most of the preconsolidation pressure values used to establish the stress history at the two test sites. These tests were used to estimate the in situ Ko and how it varies with OCR. The undrained shear phase of the tests provides detailed information on the values of S and m for use in the SHANSEP undrained strength equation, Su= 0vo = S(OCR)m, effective stress failure envelopes, etc.