This dissertation defines the operational problems of, and develops solution methodologies for, a distribution of multiple products into oil pipeline subject to delivery time-windows constraints. A multiple-product oil pipeline is a pipeline system composing of pipes, pumps, valves and storage facilities used to transport different types of liquids. Typically, products delivered by pipelines are petroleum of different grades moving either from production facilities to refineries or from refineries to distributors. Time-windows, which are generally used in logistics and scheduling areas, are incorporated in this study. The distribution of multiple products into oil pipeline subject to delivery time-windows is modeled as multicommodity network flow structure and mathematically formulated. The main focus of this dissertation is the investigation of operating issues and problem complexity of single-source pipeline problems and also providing solution methodology to compute input schedule that yields minimum total time violation from due delivery time-windows. The problem is proved to be NP-complete. The heuristic approach, a reversed-flow algorithm, is developed based on pipeline flow reversibility to compute input schedule for the pipeline problem. This algorithm is implemented in no longer than O(T*E) time. This dissertation also extends the study to examine some operating attributes and problem complexity of multiple-source pipelines. The multiple-source pipeline problem is also NP-complete. A heuristic algorithm modified from the one used in single-source pipeline problems is introduced. This algorithm can also be implemented in no longer than O(T*E) time. Computational results are presented for both methodologies on randomly generated problem sets. The computational experience indicates that reversed-flow algorithms provide good solutions in comparison with the optimal solutions. Only 25% of the problems tested were more than 30% greater than optimal values and approximately 40% of the tested problems were solved optimally by the algorithms.

No description available.

This thesis contains three essays related to fixed investment and crude oil. The first essay examines the implications of building a cross-border oil infrastructure project within the context of the bargaining problem (the Nash bargaining solution, and the alternating offer bargain of Rubinstein). We examine the viability of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline project, which is employed as a case study - for the multinational corporation, and the three host countries (Azerbaijan, Turkey, and Georgia) by examining the profitability of the project for each partner with two different bargaining formulations (simultaneous and sequential bargaining). The findings suggest that the project is feasible for the partners when the transit charge is greater than $3 per barrel (this is the Break-Even charge at which the project produces a zero total surplus); but for a tariff charge higher than this rate, the project generates returns for each participant greater than his outside option. Furthermore, the outcomes show how with bargaining over discounted flows, each bargaining scenario results in a different total surplus. Thus, the participants’ discount rates, their bargaining orders, and their outside options are the determinants of the gross payoffs they receive over the life of the project. The second essay examines the effect of oil abundance on domestic investment in 22 oil-exporting non-OECD countries over the period 1996-2010. Employing static and dynamic panel estimators, the oil impact is investigated in light of other investment determinants which reflect government policies including output growth, inflation, the exchange rate, and financial and openness factors. Estimation results indicate that oil abundance exerts an adverse effect on gross domestic investment in these countries, implying the necessity of improving institutional quality and oil management polices to better exploit oil revenues and direct them towards enhancing domestic investment, thereby sustained economic growth in these countries. The third essay examines the effect of the oil price and oil price volatility on domestic fixed investment in a group of oil-importing OECD countries from 1970 to 2012 within the framework of the production function. Estimation results indicate that there is a long run relationship running from oil prices and the other control variables (output, trade, inflation, and the exchange rate) to investment where the long run coefficient on the oil price is negative and significant, but the short run coefficient on oil prices is insignificant. Thus, the outcomes of this study indicate that high oil prices are contributing to investment decline, which affirms the importance of adopting long run energy policies that might lessen investment reliance on non-renewable energy sources.

No description available.

In the present study,transint flow analyses of a long oil pipeline are performed.

Bio-oil which is produced by fast pyrolysis of biomass has high energy density compared to as received biomass. Two cases are studied for pipeline transport of bio-oil, a coal-based and hydro power based electricity supplies. These cases of pipeline transport are compared to two cases of truck transport (trailer and super B-train truck). The life cycle GHG emissions from the pipeline transport of bio-oil for the two sources of electricity are 345 and 17 g of CO2 m-3 km-1. The emissions for transport by trailer and super B-train truck are 89 and 60 g of CO2 m-3 km-1. Energy input for bio-oil transport is 3.95 MJ m-3 km-1 by pipeline, 2.59 MJ m-3 km-1 by trailer, and 1.66 MJ m-3 km-1 by super B-train truck. The results show that GHG emissions in pipeline transport are largely dependent on the source of electricity; substituting 250 m3 day-1 of pipeline-transported bio-oil for coal can mitigate about 5.1 million tonnes of CO2 per year in the production of electricity. The fixed and variable components of cost are 0.0423 $/m3 and 0.1201 $/m3/km at a pipeline capacity of 560 m3/day and for a distance of 100. It costs less to transport bio-oil by pipeline than by trailer and super B-train tank trucks at pipeline capacities of 1,000 and 1,700 m3/day, and for a transportation distance of 100 km. Power from pipeline-transported bio-oil is expensive than power that is produced by direct combustion of wood chips and transmitted through electric lines.

Orientadores: Arnaldo Vieira Moura, Cid Carvalho de Souza / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T11:05:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lopes_TonyMinoruTamura_M.pdf: 1334472 bytes, checksum: c53fc4d807764c31b73609102203a039 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Um conjunto de órgãos distribuidores de derivados de petróleo, incluindo refinarias e terminais, possuem demandas locais e produções de diferentes produtos ao longo de um dado horizonte de tempo. No entanto, pode não haver estoque local de algum produto para satisfazer a demanda correspondente, ou pode não haver espaço nos tanques para estocar uma produção local. Isso leva à necessidade de transporte dos derivados de petróleo entre os órgãos. Dentre os diversos modais, a rede de oleodutos é a melhor opção considerando-se custos e riscos ambientais. Em vista de sua grande complexidade operacional, um uso adequado da rede necessita de um planejamento tático composto mensalmente, e de um agendamento detalhado das operações, cobrindo poucos dias, e que deve ser atualizado diariamente. Tanto o planejamento mensal quanto o agendamento diário devem respeitar um grande conjunto de restrições, envolvendo a capacidade dos tanques, taxas de vazões nos oleodutos, níveis de estoques, dentre outras. Esta dissertação apresenta uma formalização do problema, desenvolvida em dois estágios, representado o planejamento mensal e o agendamento diário. O problema de planejamento recebeu um tratamento inicial heurístico seguido de uma modelagem por fluxo em redes, enquanto o agendamento diário utilizou programação por restrições. Os modelos foram testados sobre dados fornecidos pela companhia brasileira de petróleo Petrobras. Essas instâncias possuem uma das topologias mais complexas quando comparadas a outras redes encontrada na literatura aberta. Os resultados demonstram melhorias significativas sobre a resolução manual desses problemas / Abstract: A set of oil derivative distribution depots, including refineries and terminals, have local demands for and productions of different products in a given time horizon. However, there may be not enough local stock of some product to satisfy the corresponding demand, or there may not be enough tank capacity to stock the local production. This brings the need for transportation of oil derivatives between the depots. Among many transportation modes, the network of pipelines is one of the best options when considerying cost and environment risks. In order to adequately operate the pipeline network, a two phase planning strategy is developed. First, a tactical pumping plan is composed monthly and, secondly, a more detailed operational schedule, spanning a few days, is updated daily. Both the tactical and tghe operational plannings must satisfy a large set of operation constraints, involving many restrictions, such as tanks capacities, pipeline flow rates, and stock levels. This dissertation provides a formalization for the problem along with a decomposition of it in two stages, representing the monthly planning and operational schedule. The tactical stage is solved by applying a heuristic and then with a network flow model, while the operational schedule uses constraing programming. Our model treats the oil pipeline network that is operated by the Brazilian oil company Petrobras. This is one of the most complex and large topologies when compared to other networks treated in the open literature. The model was tested with real-world instances and showed significant improvements over human planning / Mestrado / Ciência da Computação / Mestre em Ciência da Computação

Corrosion in pipelines and reservoir tanks in oil plants is a serious problem in the energy industries around the world because it causes a huge economic loss due to not only frequent replacements of the parts of pipelines and tanks but also potential damage of the entire fields of crude oil. Previous studies have revealed that corrosions are generated mainly by microbial activities and they are now called as Microbial Influenced Corrosion (MIC) or simply bio-corrosion. Bacterial species actually causing bio-corrosion is crucial for the suppression of the corrosion. To diagnose and give proper treatment to pipelines in industrial plants, it is essential to identify the bacterial species responsible for bio-corrosions. For attaining at this aim, I conducted an analysis of the microbial community at the corrosion sites in pipelines of oil plants, using the comparative metagenomic analysis along with bioinformatics and statistics. In this study, I collected and analyzed various bio-corrosion samples from four different oil fields. First, I collected samples from the seawater pipelines that are essential in the oil fields to maintain seawater injection system (field#1), and then I conducted the metagenomic analysis of these samples. The metagenomes obtained revealed that samples in both sites contain a wide range of bacterial taxa. However, the comparative analysis of the microbial community with statistics in the comparison between sites with corrosion and without corrosion revealed the presence of microorganisms whose abundances were significantly higher in sites with corrosion. Some of these microbes can be sulfate reducers and sulfur oxidizers of which are considered to be casual agents in recent bio-corrosion models. In addition to the seawater pipelines, I also collect samples from corrosion sites in oil pipelines at Field #2 and #3. My metagenomic analysis combined with statistics showed that several microorganisms are speculated to be very active at the corrosion sites in the oil pipeline. Although biological mechanisms of forming bio-corrosion in the oil pipelines still remain unclear, these microbial species are suggested to be some of the responsible bacteria for bio-corrosion in the oil pipelines. Besides seawater injection systems, groundwater injection systems are often used, especially in inland oil fields. Therefore, more detailed understanding of biocorrosion in the groundwater injection system is also required in oil industries. In the present studies, I then analyzed the microbial communities in pipelines in the oil field where groundwater is used as injection water (field #4). I collected samples from four different facilities in the field #4. Metagenome analysis revealed that microbial community structures were largely different even among samples from the same facility. Treatments such as biocide and demineralization at each location in the pipeline may affect the microbial communities independently. The results indicated that microbial inspection throughout the pipeline network is important to protect industrial plants from bio-corrosions. Identifying the bacterial species responsible to bio-corrosion, this study provides us with information on bacterial indicators that will be available to classify and diagnose bio-corrosions. Furthermore, these species may be available as biomarkers to detect the events of bio-corrosion at an early stage. Then, any appropriate care such as the appropriate choice of biocides can be taken immediately and appropriately. Thus, my study will provide a platform for obtaining microbial information related to bio-corrosion that enables us to obtain a practical approach to protect them from bio-corrosion.

Os aços para tubos API 5L X80 são aços de alta resistência e baixa liga (ARBL) usados na fabricação de tubos para o transporte de gás e petróleo conduzidos através de dutos. Os tubos API 5L X80 se caracterizam por terem excelentes propriedades mecânicas como resistência à tração, tenacidade, ductilidade e resistência à corrosão, além de boa soldabilidade. Estes tubos trazem muitos benefícios como, por exemplo, o fator econômico já que ao ter boa resistência mecânica estes tubos podem ser fabricados com espessuras de parede menores. Estas reduções nas espessuras diminuem os custos de transporte, construção, soldagem e instalação. Além disso, estes tubos podem ser fabricados com grandes diâmetros, permitindo o transporte de grandes quantidades de fluidos a elevadas pressões e vazões. A tenacidade confere ao material a propriedade de ser resistente à fratura frágil, uma vez que estes tubos em sua maioria trabalham em condições ambientais severas. O objetivo deste trabalho é simular fisicamente e estudar as propriedades mecânicas de regiões da zona afetada pelo calor (ZAC) produzidas por diferentes ciclos térmicos, que ocorrem quando o tubo é fabricado e o duto montado. A ideia foi estudar a ZAC produzida no tubo fabricado pelo processo UOE (solda longitudinal) e a solda feita no campo quando o tubo é montado (solda circunferencial) além da ZAC na intersecção entre a soldagem longitudinal e circunferencial. Foram usinados corpos-de-prova nas orientações L-T e T-L e com o cordão de solda longitudinal do tubo no centro. Estes corpos-de-prova foram submetidos a quatro ciclos térmicos únicos com temperaturas máximas de 650, 800, 950 e 1300 °C e ciclos térmicos multipasse 950-800 e 950-800- 650 °C. Estes corpos-de-prova foram submetidos a diferentes ensaios e caracterizações. Foram feitos ensaios de impacto a 0 °C, as superfícies fraturadas foram analisadas no MEV e mediu-se a expansão lateral produzida pelo ensaio de impacto. Mediu-se a dureza da microestrutura por meio do ensaio Vickers com 300g de carga. A microestrutura da ZAC foi caracterizada por microscopia óptica, com ataque convencional e ataque colorido Klemm, e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Metalografia quantitativa foi usada para obter a quantidade de perlita na matriz dos corpos-de-prova. A trajetória da fratura na microestrutura dos corpos-de-prova simulados, provocada pelo ensaio Charpy, foi analisada com microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados mostraram que as energias absorvidas no ensaio de impacto pelos corpos-de-prova simulados cumprem com os requisitos exigidos pela norma API 5L para o metal base sem simulação e que as microestruturas observadas variam segundo o tipo de ciclo térmico aplicado a cada posição do tubo. / API 5L Grade X80 steel are high strength low alloy steels (HSLA) used in the manufacture of pipes for transporting oil and gas by pipelines. API 5L X80 pipes are characterized by having excellent mechanical properties such as tensile strength, toughness, ductility, corrosion resistance, and good weldability. These pipes bring many benefits, for example, the economic factor related to the good mechanical strength of these tubes which can be produced with smaller wall thicknesses. This reduction in thickness lowers costs for transportation, construction, welding and installation. In addition, these tubes can be fabricated with large diameters, allowing the transport of large amounts of fluids at high pressures and flow rates. The toughness gives, to this material, the characteristic of being resistant to brittle fracture, since these tubes mostly work in aggressive environmental conditions. The objective of this work is to physically simulate and study the mechanical properties of regions of the heat affected zone (HAZ) produced by different thermal cycles, which occur when the duct pipe is manufactured and assembled. The idea was to study the HAZ produced in the pipe manufactured by the UOE process (longitudinal weld) and the welding done in the field when the tube is mounted (HAZ beyond the intersection between the longitudinal and circumferential welding). Charpy V samples were machined in the L-T and T-L orientations and in the longitudinal weld in the center of the tube. These samples were subjected to single thermal cycles with maximum temperatures of 650, 800, 950 and 1300°C and multipass thermal cycling with maximum temperatures of 950-800 and 950-800-650°C. The samples were subjected to different tests and characterizations. Impact tests were made at 0°C, measured the lateral expansion produced and the surface fracture were examined under SEM. Vickers 300g microhardness was also measured in the simulated HAZ region. The microstructure of the HAZ was characterized by optical microscopy with conventional etching and Klemm colorful etching, and scanning electron microscopy. Quantitative metallography was used to obtain the amount of pearlite in the matrix of samples. The Charpy V fracture propagation path trajectory in the simulated microstructure was analyzed with optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the Charpy V absorbed energy by the simulated samples complies with the requirements of the API 5L standard for the base metal without simulation and the HAZ observed microstructures vary according to the thermal cycle type applied to each tube position.

Os aços para tubos API 5L X80 são aços de alta resistência e baixa liga (ARBL) usados na fabricação de tubos para o transporte de gás e petróleo conduzidos através de dutos. Os tubos API 5L X80 se caracterizam por terem excelentes propriedades mecânicas como resistência à tração, tenacidade, ductilidade e resistência à corrosão, além de boa soldabilidade. Estes tubos trazem muitos benefícios como, por exemplo, o fator econômico já que ao ter boa resistência mecânica estes tubos podem ser fabricados com espessuras de parede menores. Estas reduções nas espessuras diminuem os custos de transporte, construção, soldagem e instalação. Além disso, estes tubos podem ser fabricados com grandes diâmetros, permitindo o transporte de grandes quantidades de fluidos a elevadas pressões e vazões. A tenacidade confere ao material a propriedade de ser resistente à fratura frágil, uma vez que estes tubos em sua maioria trabalham em condições ambientais severas. O objetivo deste trabalho é simular fisicamente e estudar as propriedades mecânicas de regiões da zona afetada pelo calor (ZAC) produzidas por diferentes ciclos térmicos, que ocorrem quando o tubo é fabricado e o duto montado. A ideia foi estudar a ZAC produzida no tubo fabricado pelo processo UOE (solda longitudinal) e a solda feita no campo quando o tubo é montado (solda circunferencial) além da ZAC na intersecção entre a soldagem longitudinal e circunferencial. Foram usinados corpos-de-prova nas orientações L-T e T-L e com o cordão de solda longitudinal do tubo no centro. Estes corpos-de-prova foram submetidos a quatro ciclos térmicos únicos com temperaturas máximas de 650, 800, 950 e 1300 °C e ciclos térmicos multipasse 950-800 e 950-800- 650 °C. Estes corpos-de-prova foram submetidos a diferentes ensaios e caracterizações. Foram feitos ensaios de impacto a 0 °C, as superfícies fraturadas foram analisadas no MEV e mediu-se a expansão lateral produzida pelo ensaio de impacto. Mediu-se a dureza da microestrutura por meio do ensaio Vickers com 300g de carga. A microestrutura da ZAC foi caracterizada por microscopia óptica, com ataque convencional e ataque colorido Klemm, e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Metalografia quantitativa foi usada para obter a quantidade de perlita na matriz dos corpos-de-prova. A trajetória da fratura na microestrutura dos corpos-de-prova simulados, provocada pelo ensaio Charpy, foi analisada com microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados mostraram que as energias absorvidas no ensaio de impacto pelos corpos-de-prova simulados cumprem com os requisitos exigidos pela norma API 5L para o metal base sem simulação e que as microestruturas observadas variam segundo o tipo de ciclo térmico aplicado a cada posição do tubo. / API 5L Grade X80 steel are high strength low alloy steels (HSLA) used in the manufacture of pipes for transporting oil and gas by pipelines. API 5L X80 pipes are characterized by having excellent mechanical properties such as tensile strength, toughness, ductility, corrosion resistance, and good weldability. These pipes bring many benefits, for example, the economic factor related to the good mechanical strength of these tubes which can be produced with smaller wall thicknesses. This reduction in thickness lowers costs for transportation, construction, welding and installation. In addition, these tubes can be fabricated with large diameters, allowing the transport of large amounts of fluids at high pressures and flow rates. The toughness gives, to this material, the characteristic of being resistant to brittle fracture, since these tubes mostly work in aggressive environmental conditions. The objective of this work is to physically simulate and study the mechanical properties of regions of the heat affected zone (HAZ) produced by different thermal cycles, which occur when the duct pipe is manufactured and assembled. The idea was to study the HAZ produced in the pipe manufactured by the UOE process (longitudinal weld) and the welding done in the field when the tube is mounted (HAZ beyond the intersection between the longitudinal and circumferential welding). Charpy V samples were machined in the L-T and T-L orientations and in the longitudinal weld in the center of the tube. These samples were subjected to single thermal cycles with maximum temperatures of 650, 800, 950 and 1300°C and multipass thermal cycling with maximum temperatures of 950-800 and 950-800-650°C. The samples were subjected to different tests and characterizations. Impact tests were made at 0°C, measured the lateral expansion produced and the surface fracture were examined under SEM. Vickers 300g microhardness was also measured in the simulated HAZ region. The microstructure of the HAZ was characterized by optical microscopy with conventional etching and Klemm colorful etching, and scanning electron microscopy. Quantitative metallography was used to obtain the amount of pearlite in the matrix of samples. The Charpy V fracture propagation path trajectory in the simulated microstructure was analyzed with optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the Charpy V absorbed energy by the simulated samples complies with the requirements of the API 5L standard for the base metal without simulation and the HAZ observed microstructures vary according to the thermal cycle type applied to each tube position.