Thesis (M.B.A.)--Boston University

A proposta desta pesquisa foi avaliar a utilização de um sistema combinado de filtro anaeróbio (FAN) com filtro aeróbio (FAE) submerso ligados em série, ambos usando espuma de poliuretano como meio suporte e com fluxo ascendente, como alternativa para remoção matéria orgânica (DQO) e compostos nitrogenados em efluentes de refinarias de petróleo, além da redução da toxicidade do efluente ao micro crustáceo Mysidopsis juniae. O experimento durou 324 dias e foi divido em duas etapas. Inicialmente, o sistema foi operado por 129 dias sem recirculação entre os filtros e nesta etapa houve acréscimo de 12% nas concentrações de amônia no FAN e remoção de 80% no FAE. Quando se usou bicarbonato de sódio para alcalinizar o afluente ao sistema para manter o pH no FAE na neutralidade e alcalinidade acima de 107 mg\'CA\'CO IND.3\'/L, pôde-se alcançar remoções de amônia próxima a 100%. Quanto à remoção de DQO, o filtro anaeróbio removeu 40% e o aeróbio 65%. Em síntese, na primeira etapa o sistema removeu 80% de DQO, 89% de amônia e 35% de nitrogênio. A segunda etapa durou 195 dias e houve recirculação do efluente do filtro aeróbio para o filtro anaeróbio. Nesta etapa, o pH foi mantido na neutralidade e a recirculação foi feita de duas formas. A primeira com recirculação direta entre os filtros a uma razão (R) de reciclo de 2,0 resultou em 43% de remoção de amônia no FAN e 97% no FAE e com esta forma de reciclo houve 62,6% de remoção de nitrogênio total no sistema. A segunda forma de recirculação foi direcionar parte do efluente do filtro aeróbio ao reservatório do afluente ao sistema com R igual a 1,0 resultando em produção de amônia no FAN em 10% e remoção no FAE de, aproximadamente, 100%. Independentemente da forma de recirculação a remoção de DQO foi de 67% e 56% no filtro anaeróbio e aeróbio, respectivamente. A remoção de nitratos no FAN foi de 93% e foi independente da forma de reciclo. Houve 42,5% de remoção de nitrogênio no sistema. Na segunda etapa obtiveram-se as melhores remoções de DQO, amônia e nitrogênio, porém, tanto o afluente quanto o efluente final apresentou CL50 de 0,83% ao microcrustáceo M. juniae, assim, ambas as formas do efluente estão em desacordo com a resolução CONAMA 357/05. Os gêneros Aeromonas, Serratia e Pseudomonas foram dominantes no FAE ao fim da pesquisa. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of a combined system comprised of an anaerobic filter (ANF) and a submerged aerobic filter (SAF) connected in series, both using polyurethane foam as support media and operated in a upflow mode, as an alternative for removing organic matter (COD) and nitrogen compounds in effluents from oil refineries, as well as reducing effluent toxicity to micro crustacean Mysidopsis juniae. The experiment lasted 324 days and was divided into two stages. Initially, the system was operated for 129 days without recirculation between the filters. During this stage, there was an increase of 12% on the ammonia content in the ANF followed by a removal of 80% in the SAF. When sodium bicarbonate was used to alkalize the influent to maintain the pH in the ANF close to neutral and alkalinity above 107 mg\'CA\'CO IND.3\'/L, the removal efficiency of ammonia reached values close to 100%. Regarding to COD removal, the ANF removed 40% and SAF removed 65%. In summary, in the first stage of the research the system removed 80% of COD, 89% of ammonia and 35% of nitrogen. The second stage lasted 195 days and there was a recirculation line from the SAF to the ANF. In this step, the pH was maintained close to neutral and recirculation was done in two different ways. In the first, the recirculation flow was conducted from the SAF direct to the ANF at a rate of 2.0, which resulted in 43% removal of ammonia in the ANF and 97% in the SAF. Moreover, with this form of recycling 62.6% of the total nitrogen was removed from the system. The second way was to direct part of the effluent of the SAF to the tank that contained the influent of the ANF. In this case, the recirculation rate was 1.0, and resulted in a production of 10% of ammonia in the ANF and removal of approximately 100% in the SAF. Independently of the way used for recirculation, the COD removal efficiencies was 67% and 56% in ANF and SAF, respectively. The removal of nitrate in the ANF was 93% and was independent of the form of recycling. There was a 42.5% removal of nitrogen in the system. In the second stage occurred the best removals of COD, ammonia and nitrogen. However, both the affluent and the effluent had LC50 of 0.83% to microcrustacean M. juniae. Therfore, both forms of the effluent are in disagreement with the Brazilian law Resolução CONAMA 357/05. The Aeromonas, Serratia and Pseudomonas were dominant in the SAF at the end of research.

Orientador: Wilson de Figueiredo Jardim / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T21:59:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Locatelli_MarcoAntonioFernandes_M.pdf: 1462922 bytes, checksum: eff1592d31e618e67b22501e45f45f26 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Mestrado / Quimica Analitica / Mestre em Química

A proposta desta pesquisa foi avaliar a utilização de um sistema combinado de filtro anaeróbio (FAN) com filtro aeróbio (FAE) submerso ligados em série, ambos usando espuma de poliuretano como meio suporte e com fluxo ascendente, como alternativa para remoção matéria orgânica (DQO) e compostos nitrogenados em efluentes de refinarias de petróleo, além da redução da toxicidade do efluente ao micro crustáceo Mysidopsis juniae. O experimento durou 324 dias e foi divido em duas etapas. Inicialmente, o sistema foi operado por 129 dias sem recirculação entre os filtros e nesta etapa houve acréscimo de 12% nas concentrações de amônia no FAN e remoção de 80% no FAE. Quando se usou bicarbonato de sódio para alcalinizar o afluente ao sistema para manter o pH no FAE na neutralidade e alcalinidade acima de 107 mg\'CA\'CO IND.3\'/L, pôde-se alcançar remoções de amônia próxima a 100%. Quanto à remoção de DQO, o filtro anaeróbio removeu 40% e o aeróbio 65%. Em síntese, na primeira etapa o sistema removeu 80% de DQO, 89% de amônia e 35% de nitrogênio. A segunda etapa durou 195 dias e houve recirculação do efluente do filtro aeróbio para o filtro anaeróbio. Nesta etapa, o pH foi mantido na neutralidade e a recirculação foi feita de duas formas. A primeira com recirculação direta entre os filtros a uma razão (R) de reciclo de 2,0 resultou em 43% de remoção de amônia no FAN e 97% no FAE e com esta forma de reciclo houve 62,6% de remoção de nitrogênio total no sistema. A segunda forma de recirculação foi direcionar parte do efluente do filtro aeróbio ao reservatório do afluente ao sistema com R igual a 1,0 resultando em produção de amônia no FAN em 10% e remoção no FAE de, aproximadamente, 100%. Independentemente da forma de recirculação a remoção de DQO foi de 67% e 56% no filtro anaeróbio e aeróbio, respectivamente. A remoção de nitratos no FAN foi de 93% e foi independente da forma de reciclo. Houve 42,5% de remoção de nitrogênio no sistema. Na segunda etapa obtiveram-se as melhores remoções de DQO, amônia e nitrogênio, porém, tanto o afluente quanto o efluente final apresentou CL50 de 0,83% ao microcrustáceo M. juniae, assim, ambas as formas do efluente estão em desacordo com a resolução CONAMA 357/05. Os gêneros Aeromonas, Serratia e Pseudomonas foram dominantes no FAE ao fim da pesquisa. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of a combined system comprised of an anaerobic filter (ANF) and a submerged aerobic filter (SAF) connected in series, both using polyurethane foam as support media and operated in a upflow mode, as an alternative for removing organic matter (COD) and nitrogen compounds in effluents from oil refineries, as well as reducing effluent toxicity to micro crustacean Mysidopsis juniae. The experiment lasted 324 days and was divided into two stages. Initially, the system was operated for 129 days without recirculation between the filters. During this stage, there was an increase of 12% on the ammonia content in the ANF followed by a removal of 80% in the SAF. When sodium bicarbonate was used to alkalize the influent to maintain the pH in the ANF close to neutral and alkalinity above 107 mg\'CA\'CO IND.3\'/L, the removal efficiency of ammonia reached values close to 100%. Regarding to COD removal, the ANF removed 40% and SAF removed 65%. In summary, in the first stage of the research the system removed 80% of COD, 89% of ammonia and 35% of nitrogen. The second stage lasted 195 days and there was a recirculation line from the SAF to the ANF. In this step, the pH was maintained close to neutral and recirculation was done in two different ways. In the first, the recirculation flow was conducted from the SAF direct to the ANF at a rate of 2.0, which resulted in 43% removal of ammonia in the ANF and 97% in the SAF. Moreover, with this form of recycling 62.6% of the total nitrogen was removed from the system. The second way was to direct part of the effluent of the SAF to the tank that contained the influent of the ANF. In this case, the recirculation rate was 1.0, and resulted in a production of 10% of ammonia in the ANF and removal of approximately 100% in the SAF. Independently of the way used for recirculation, the COD removal efficiencies was 67% and 56% in ANF and SAF, respectively. The removal of nitrate in the ANF was 93% and was independent of the form of recycling. There was a 42.5% removal of nitrogen in the system. In the second stage occurred the best removals of COD, ammonia and nitrogen. However, both the affluent and the effluent had LC50 of 0.83% to microcrustacean M. juniae. Therfore, both forms of the effluent are in disagreement with the Brazilian law Resolução CONAMA 357/05. The Aeromonas, Serratia and Pseudomonas were dominant in the SAF at the end of research.

Orientador: Arnaldo César da Silva Walter / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T10:20:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FuriniFilho_Roberto_D.pdf: 3479141 bytes, checksum: c428ec14603c147e72b2236cbdb4f7c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A conexão entre o desempenho das empresas de petróleo e as mudanças climáticas, tomando por base a literatura disponível, constitui-se numa relação pouco estudada, apesar de fundamental quando se discutem as condições de adaptação e mitigação do aquecimento global. Este trabalho trata da análise das ações tomadas em relação às mudanças climáticas por quatro grandes empresas de petróleo escolhidas (BP - British Petroleum, Shell e Statoil), escolhidas devido às suas posições estratégicas nos mercados locais e internacionais, bem como pela Petrobras, de forma a se estabelecer uma análise comparativa entre essas empresas. Para tanto foram investigadas as questões científicas das mudanças climáticas, sem se esquecer de seus críticos, assim como a relação entre energia e mudanças climáticas segundo os cenários do Energy Information Administration - EIA (do governo dos EUA) para o ano de 2008. São analisados também os cenários de contextualização, baseados nos seguintes documentos: Energy Technology Perspectives 2008, da Agência Internacional de Energia (IEA), que reporta cenários de mitigação das emissões de gases de efeito estufa tendo como horizonte 2050; documentos de campanha dos então candidatos Barack Obama e Joe Binden, atualmente presidente e vice dos EUA, respectivamente; documentos da União Européia (Directives EU) e do governo da Califórnia (California Air Resources Board), Um quadro comparativo permite verificar e concluir se as ações das empresas de petróleo estão de acordo com os cenários previstos e quais ações devem ser tomadas pela Petrobras buscando um posicionamento em seu planejamento estratégico. Uma das principais contribuições deste trabalho está em posicionar as empresas estudadas diante das mudanças climáticas, respondendo a quatro perguntas fundamentais formuladas no início do estudo / Abstract: Only modest literature data are available on the connection between the performance of oil companies and the climate changes, although this connection is crucial when discussing the conditions for adaptation and mitigation to global warming changes. This investigation report deals with the analysis of the actions taken in relation to climate change by four major oil companies BP - British Petroleum, Shell and Statoil, selected due to their strategic positions in the local and international markets, and also by Petrobras, in order to establish a comparison among these companies. The scientific issues of climate changes are investigated herein, but not forgetting of its their critics, as well as the relationship between energy and climate change scenarios according to the Energy Information Administration - EIA (the U.S. government) for the year 2008. The contextual scenarios of this investigation are also analyzed based on the following documents: Energy Technology Perspectives 2008, the International Energy Agency (IEA), which reports emissions scenarios for mitigation of greenhouse gases with the horizon in 2050, documents the campaign of the candidates Barack Obama and Joe Binden, documents of the European Union (EU Directives) and the government of California (California Air Resources Board), A comparative table allows someone to verify and conclude if the actions taken by the oil companies are complying with the envisaged scenarios and what actions should be taken by Petrobras in order to seek a position in its strategic planning. One of the main contributions of this work is to rank the studied companies by taking into account the climate changes. This ranking answers four key questions prepared at the beginning of the study / Doutorado / Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos / Doutor em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos

Orientador: Antonio Carlos Zuffo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T19:47:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Palini_RitaCristinaCantoni_M.pdf: 11804088 bytes, checksum: dc5f9467b8338cf5b9ace68f5d00d76a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O aumento das intensidades de precipitação verificado nas últimas décadas tem solicitado mais os itens que compõem os sistemas de drenagem, mostrando a deficiência de alguns projetos de décadas passadas. Aliado a isto, a sociedade tem a necessidade premente de conservação dos recursos hídricos, por causa da escassez de água. Numa refinaria de petróleo este assunto é particularmente importante por causa dos grandes volumes de água utilizados e consumidos no processo industrial, assim como também por causa das grandes dimensões das áreas de processo e de estoque de matéria-prima e produtos acabados, que têm potenciais riscos ambientais associados (óleo cru, naftas, benzeno, "slop", enxofre). Quando a água precipita sobre estas áreas gera diferentes tipos de escoamentos, que podem ser simplesmente escoamento superficial livre (água pluvial), se livres de contaminação proveniente da área industrial, ou efluentes que devem ser tratados, caso venham a contaminar-se em sítios específicos dessas grandes áreas industriais. Neste trabalho pretende-se reunir os conceitos de hidrologia e de precipitações intensas, assim como os conceitos relacionados à produção do escoamento limpo ou efluente contaminado e aplicá-los aos elementos reais da Refinaria Presidente Bernardes (RPBC) em um Sistema de Informação Geográfica - SIG. Desta forma, constrói-se a análise-diagnóstico do problema considerando toda a dinâmica complexidade ambiental, econômica e legal que envolve a planta industrial na drenagem das suas águas. / Abstract: The increase on the rains intensity veryfied on last decades has requested the conveyances over than their capacity, showing deficiencies on old designed systems. At the same time, society has the crying need of water resources conservation, justified by the water's scarcity. In an oil refinery this subject is particularly important because of the great amounts of water that are used and consumed into the industrial process, and also because of the great dimensions of the process and stock of raw material and products areas, which has substances with great environmental risks associated (crude oil, naftas, benzene, slop, sulphur). When the water falls over these areas creates differentflows, that may become storm water flow, when free from the refinery contamination, or may become polluted effluents that must be treated, when contamined in specific industrial area sites. This work intends to join the concepts of hydrology and rain intensity, and also the concepts related to the clean and contamined discharge rate that are produced into the industrial plant and aply them to the Refinery Presidente Bernardes - Cubatão, into a Geographic Information System Database (GIS). By this way, it builds analysis-diagnosis of the problem considering the whole environmental, economics and legal complexity dynamics that involves the water drainage into the industrial plant. / Mestrado / Recursos Hidricos / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Orientador: Arnaldo Cesar da Silva Walter / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T23:03:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Chan_WaiNam_M.pdf: 1006705 bytes, checksum: 9353fc6b1ce1205a679d574738b25bfe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Queima de combustíveis fósseis é a principal contribuição humana para o aquecimento global. Neste trabalho foram investigadas oportunidades de redução das emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) para uma refinaria brasileira de petróleo, através das seguintes etapas: levantamento das estratégias de enfrentamento do problema adotadas por algumas empresas; seleção de uma metodologia de estimativa de emissões de GEE para companhias de óleo e gás; elaboração do inventário da refinaria nacional através do programa aplicativo SANGEA; e proposição de opções para gestão das emissões de GEE dessa refinaria. Combustão e práticas de flaring e venting são os maiores contribuintes das emissões de GEE da cadeia produtiva. Quatro opções de mitigação estão sendo exploradas pelas empresas: aumento da eficiência energética, redução de flaring e venting, mudança para fontes energéticas menos intensivas em carbono e seqüestro de carbono. Neste estudo foi mostrado que o SANGEA é uma ferramenta de estimativa adequada, pois a emissão total de GEE obtida apresentou uma diferença de 1% em relação ao valor estimado pela Petrobrás. Melhoria da eficiência energética é a principal oportunidade de redução de emissões. Para a refinaria estudada foram descritos futuros projetos da área energética que apresentaram um potencial de emissão evitada de 270.000 t CO2 /ano. Por outro lado, a instalação de novas unidades para adequação dos teores de enxofre da gasolina e do diesel resultará na emissão adicional de 208.000 t CO2 /ano. Portanto, o sucesso dos esforços para economizar energia pode ser anulado pelas exigências ambientais para adequação da qualidade dos produtos. Isto ressalta a necessidade dos formuladores de política estabelecer um balanço entre as novas exigências para combustíveis (com impactos locais) e a política de abatimento de CO2 (com impactos globais) / Abstract: Fossil fuel burning is the main human contribution to global warming. In this study, opportunities for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were investigated for a Brazilian oil refinery, according to the following steps: survey of climate change strategies adopted by some companies; selection of a methodology for calculating GHG emissions for the petroleum industry; development of an inventory for a national oil refinery by applying SANGEA software; and proposal of options for managing GHG emissions in this refinery. Combustion, flaring and venting are the largest contributors to GHG emissions in the production chain. Four mitigation options are being explored by companies: increasing energy efficiency, flaring and venting reduction, switching to less carbon-intensive sources of energy and carbon sequestration. It was demonstrated that SANGEA is a suitable estimation tool since the calculated total GHG emission showed 1% difference compared to Petrobras estimated value. Energy efficiency improvement is the main opportunity to reduce emissions. For the case study refinery future energy saving opportunities were described and their avoided emission estimation is 270,000 metric tonnes per year of CO2. On the other hand, new process units are required to comply with the gasoline and diesel stricter sulfur specifications, producing an additional emission of 208,000 metric tones per year of CO2. Thus, the successful energy saving efforts can be nullified by environmental requirements for fuel quality. This underlines the need for policy makers to strike a balance between new fuel requirements (with local impacts) and CO2 abatement policy (with global impacts) / Mestrado / Energia, Sociedade e Meio Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

The control of particle emissions from an oil refinery is often difficult, due to changing operational conditions and the limited range of available treatment options. Excessive particle emissions have often been attributed start up problems with Fluidized Catalytic Cracker Units (FCCU) and little information is available regarding the exact composition and nature of these excessive emissions. Due to the complex nature of a FCCU, it has in the past been difficult to identify and control emissions, without the use of expensive end of pipe technologies. An Australian Oil Refinery, concerned with their catalyst emissions, sponsored this study of FCCU particle emissions. Due to the industrial nature of the project, a holistic approach to the management of emissions was taken, instead of a detailed investigation of a single issue. By looking at the broader range of issues, practical and useful outcomes can be achieved for the refinery. Initially, detailed emissions samplings were conducted to investigate the degree of particle emissions under start up conditions. Stack emissions were collected during a standard start up, and analysed to determine the particle size distribution and metal concentration of the emitted material. Three distinct stages of emissions were discovered, initially a high concentration of larger particles, followed by a peak in the very fine particles and finally a reduction of particle emissions to a more steady or normal operational state. The variation in particle emissions was caused by operational conditions, hardware design and catalyst characteristics. Fluctuations in the gas velocity through the system altered the ability of the cyclones to collect catalyst material. Also, the low bed level allowed air bypass to occur more readily, contributing to the increased emissions levels seen during the initial stage of the start up. Reduced fluidity characteristics of the circulating catalyst also affected the diplegs operations, altering the collection efficiency of the cyclone. During the loading of catalyst into the system, abraded material was quickly lost due to its particle size, contributing to fine particle emissions levels. More importantly, thermal fracturing of catalyst particles occurred when the cold catalyst was fed into the hot regenerator. Catalyst particles split causing the generation of large amounts of fine particle material, which is easily lost from the system. This loading of catalyst directly linked to the period of high concentration of fine particles in the emissions stream. It was found that metals, and in particular iron, calcium and silicon form a thick layer on the outside of the catalyst, with large irregular shaped metal ridges, forming along the surface of the particle. These ridges reduce the fluidity of the catalyst, leading to potential disruptions in the regenerator. In addition to this, the metal rich ridges are preferentially removed via attrition, causing metal rich material to be emitted into the atmosphere. To overcome these high particle emissions rates from the FCCU the refinery should only use calcinated catalyst to reduce the influence of thermal process and particle fracture and generation. Although the calcinated catalyst can fracture when added to the system, it is far less than that obtained with uncalicinated catalyst. To further reduce the risk of particle fracture due to thermal stresses the refinery should consider reducing the temperature gradients between the hot and cold catalyst. Due to the economics involved with the regenerator, possible pre-warming of catalyst before addition into system is the preferred option. This pre-heating of catalyst should also incorporate a controlled attrition stage to help remove the build up of metals on the surface of the particles whilst allowing this material to be collected before it can be released into the atmosphere. The remove of the metal crust will also improve the fluidity of the system and reduce the chance of catalyst blockages occurring. Finally, modelling of the system has shown that control of key parameters such as particle size and gas velocity are essential to the management of air emissions. The refinery should look at adjusting start up procedures to remove fluctuations in these key parameters. Also the refinery should be careful in using correlation found in the literature to predicted operational conditions in the system as these correlations are misleading when used under industrial situations.