This analysis is based on a situation which has evolved in Electoral Area "G" within the Regional District of Okanagan-Similkameen located in the south central sector of the Province of British Columbia. The spread of urbanization into this unzoned rural area in the form of a large block subdivision created a land use conflict with existing agricultural uses. The Regional District responded by proposing to zone the entire electoral area with a standard zoning by-law. Rural residents reacted to oppose this idea saying the standard zoning by-law is too stringent. The Regional District eventually spot zoned the property in question which limited the development to that which was initially proposed. While this measure solved the immediate problem, it did little to prevent future land use conflicts. The situation just described highlights the two issues which form the purpose of this study. First, that some form of land use control is necessary in rural areas because existing residents and land users should be protected from possible conflicting or undesirable land uses; and second, an alternative land use control should be developed to replace the standard zoning by-law which residents are so strongly opposed to. To obtain more information on what the main participants in rural land use planning think about the standard zoning by-law; Regional Planners were asked why they felt the implementation of the standard zoning by-law was important; and residents were asked why it should not be implemented? The statements by both groups were analyzed for their validity. Research showed that most of the planners statements were true but that existing provincial land use controls have more of an effect on development than is realized. Analysis of residents statements showed that some are based on rumours and emotions rather than fact. However, regardless of fact the way in which the public perceive a situation is important and must be considered. An investigation of the Development Permit, Flood Plain Zones, Spot Zones, Contract Zones and Conditional Zones as alternatives to the standard zoning by-law revealed their positive and negative aspects along with their suitability for implementation in Electoral Area "G". Incorporating what had been learned in previous chapters, a Rural Maintenance By-law proposes two important differences. First, is a list of prohibited uses rather than the usual permitted uses. A list of prohibited uses is felt to better suit the two zoning district concept being proposed. It also presents a more positive image of a land use regulation to the public. Second, flexibility is built into the concept by way of a conditional zoning technique. In this way, developments will not be restricted by the stringent regulations found in a standard zoning by-law. It will also encourage resident participation in the development process of their area. And finally, it will require the planner to work at the grass roots level with developers and residents to negotiate the best possible development for future generations. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

This study was an investigation into the relationship of bacterial water quality and the incidence of illness amongst lake and chlorinated pool swimmers. During the summer of 1972 three groups of swimmers were surveyed: 1. Lake Okanagan swimmers who swam at the Kelowna City Park beach 2. Ogopogo Aquatic Team who swam at the same beach 3. Chlorinated swimmers who swam at an unheated community pool The swimmers ranged in age from six to sixteen and were surveyed for upper respiratory illness, gastroenteritis, otitis externa, shistosomiasis and conjunctivitis. The lake water, proximal creeks, and chlorinated pool were sampled throughout the swimming season for the fecal contamination indicators; fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci. Bacterial water quality of the creek varied with the effluent input and quality of the lake water varied with inflow from the creeks and swimming density. The flake fecal coliform counts generally remained below 200 organisms per 100 milliliters. The lake fecal streptococci counts were slightly higher than the fecal coliforms and more responsive to swimming density. In the chlorinated pool samples fecal coliforms were not present while fecal streptococci counts ranged up to 168 organisms per 100 mis. Contamination at all sites was of both human and animal origin. Total illness incidence was highest amongst Hake Okanagan swimmers and lowest amongst the Ogopogo Aquatic team swimmers. The most distinctive illness difference observed between lake and chlorinated pool swimmers was the incidence of otitis externa. For Lake Okanagan swimmers the incidence was 17.82 per 1000 person hours water exposure, for the Ogopogo Aquatic Team the incidence was 16.48 and for chlorinated pool swimmers incidence was only 0.67. It was surmised that the causative organism for the auditory dermatitis was Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its presence was verified in the lake water and streams and negated in the chlorinated water. For lake swimmers the correlations between incidence of illness and lake fecal indicator counts were significantly positive for upper respiratory infections, gastroenteritis and otitis externa. The correlation coefficient exhibited between otitis externa of lake swimmers and the fecal streptococci counts was .866. Throughout statistical analysis fecal streptococci counts displayed stronger positive correlations with illness incidence than the fecal coliform data. For chlorinated pool swimmers the illness patterns did not significantly correlate with fecal streptococci counts. It was recommended that fecal coliforms alone were an inadequate index of recreational water quality. It was also suggested that Ps. aeruginosa warranted further research as a potential water affiliated pathogen and water quality index. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

Planning is the ultimate expression of a community responding to growth and change, shaping its future through a collective set of values, goals and strategies. Over the past four decades planning policies and practices have largely focused on issues related to the growth of urban regions. Given the realms of change that will shape communities over the coming decades, these policies and practices need to reorient themselves away from aggregate notions of growth and towards the relevant agents of change. The goal of this research is to articulate a framework for the investigation of issues that will shape communities over the coming four decades; specifically how demographic change will impact on the future of community housing, land and financial resources. Although it presents one region as a case study (the Central Okanagan Regional District in British Columbia, Canada) the framework is intended to be used by any community or region to evaluate the extent of demographic change and its impact on issues related to community and regional planning. The first finding of the framework shows that over any strategic time horizon planning issues will be related to changes in a population's composition rather than aggregate notions of its growth. It is the patterns of lifecycle and lifestyle change that will shape issues ranging from land uses, housing markets and transportation demand to school enrolment, medical requirements or even funeral services. None of which can be accurately represented by the aggregate size of a region's population, as each are impacted by changes in its underlying composition. The second finding is that it is current residents, rather than new migrants to the region, that will direct changes in the age composition of a population. This leads to the assertion that we have a good approximation of the region's future population in those who are residents today: they will be slightly older, wiser and possibly a little wearier. Finally, this research also calls attention to a substantial lack of information. A lack of information concerning the fundamental processes of community change, and a lack of information regarding the economic, environmental and social costs associated with the location, density and timing of future development. Most importantly, current planning decisions are still largely predicated on aggregate notions of population growth, without sufficient information about the external costs and tradeoffs associated with these decisions. The future quality of life in any region will be directly determined by the degree to which both planning jurisdictions and the general public acknowledge and, more importantly, choose to respond to the challenges presented by change. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The fossil flora and depositional setting of the early Eocene Falkland site in the southern interior of British Columbia, Canada is reported here in detail for the first time. Falkland is part of a series of fossil localities that occur in a region known as the Okanagan Highlands. These sites represent relatively cool upland environments in the greenhouse world of the early Eocene. Macrofossil collections were obtained from Falkland using an unbiased census approach with systematic sampling through three informal units in the exposed outcrop. A stratigraphic log reveals a lacustrine sequence dominated by finely laminated mudstone or shale with periodic influx of coarser material, punctuated by thin volcanic ash layers. Paleoelevation of the site is estimated based on paleobotanical evidence to have been similar to or slightly higher than modern levels (¡Ý1.3 km) during the early Eocene.<p> Paleoclimate is assessed using both physiognomic and floristic approaches as applied to the Falkland flora. Physiognomic approaches correlate aspects of leaf morphology with climate, while floristic approaches use the tolerances of modern nearest living relatives to infer a climate envelope for the fossil flora. Overall, the different methods give broadly consistent results, with an identifiable zone of overlap in the estimates for mean annual temperature at ~10.5¡ãC, cold month mean temperature at 2.3¨C6.3¡ãC, warm month mean temperature at 20.2¨C23.7¡ãC, and a minimum mean annual precipitation of 82¨C120 cm/yr. Assessment of paleoclimate for the three individual units indicates a cooling trend over time, consistent with a radiometric date of 50.61¡À0.16 Ma that places the site in the waning phase of the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO).<p> The stomatal frequency of fossil Ginkgo adiantoides from Falkland is used to estimate paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide (pCO2). Results from Falkland indicate that pCO2 was significantly higher than modern (>2x) in the early Eocene, although the upper limit of the estimate is unconstrained due to limitations with modern calibration datasets. Analysis of specimens from the three units indicates that climate and pCO2 were coupled during the EECO. Examination of modern Ginkgo biloba leaves suggests that stomatal density is more likely to be accurately measured than stomatal index. In addition, there is a significant difference between stomatal frequencies of long- and short-shoot leaves, suggesting that this factor needs to be taken into account in modern calibration datasets.<p> The Falkland flora was described in two phases. In the first phase, specimens were assigned to morphotypes, informal categories that ideally correspond to species-level organization. In total, 1561 specimens were assigned to 138 morphotypes encompassing foliage and reproductive structures. The taxonomic literature was then investigated and morphotypes were assigned to formal taxa wherever possible. Gymnosperms are dominated by taxa in Cupressaceae, Pinaceae, and Ginkgoaceae, and there is a diverse angiosperm flora particularly rich in taxa belonging to Rosaceae, Betulaceae, and Sapindaceae. Rarefaction analysis shows Falkland as having diversity comparable to that of the hyper-diverse Laguna del Hunco site in Argentina. These data are consistent with an emerging understanding of high diversity in early Eocene forest communities associated with mild but equable climates. The Falkland flora retains a foundation of common taxa through all three units, including Metasequoia, Ginkgo, and Alnus; however, there is a distinct plant community in the upper unit as angiosperms become more abundant and the assemblage more diverse. Patterns in plant diversity are assessed within a context of changing climate and an active disturbance regime at the Falkland site.

In this study, I examine the history of colonial control, domination, and change that began in the Interior Plateau region of British Columbia in 1811 when interaction between the Syilx (Okanagan) and European explorers first occurred. I focus on water use practices in particular, employing an indigenous Syilx approach (En’owkinwixw) in order to display the negative impacts of colonial policies on the Syilx and their environment. The En’owkinwixw methodology, which calls for the incorporation of multiple perspectives, is thousands of years old, but has been modified here from its original consensus-based decision-making process. The manner in which the U.S. government developed resource and water management policies in America’s arid Far West directly influenced the models that were later adopted by British Columbia and Canada. U.S. Supreme Court decisions along with a number of international treaties and trade agreements between the United States and Canada have also compromised the ability of the Syilx to maintain a sustainable and harmonious relationship with their environment. Depression era policies in the United States led to the implementation of large-scale projects such as the damming of the Columbia River that had further negative consequences on the environment of the Interior Plateau. The Columbia River had been the destination for the world’s most prolific salmon migrations but their numbers dropped abruptly after the dams were built. In 1954, on the British Columbia side of the border, a flood-control project was completed that channelized a section of the Okanagan River that meandered between Okanagan and Skaha Lakes. Oral testimonials from Penticton elders are presented to demonstrate the severity of biological loss and give eyewitness accounts of the negative social, economic, cultural and political impacts caused by this radical alteration to the river. Evidence from four traditional knowledge keepers who continue to live near the confluence of Shingle and Shatford Creeks on the Penticton Reserve, indicates that water loss and ecological degradation in this area were caused by upstream water users outside of reserve boundaries. The study concludes with a proposal for the development of a collaborative and restorative ecological model based on application of the En’owkinwixw epistemology.

The fossil flora and depositional setting of the early Eocene Falkland site in the southern interior of British Columbia, Canada is reported here in detail for the first time. Falkland is part of a series of fossil localities that occur in a region known as the Okanagan Highlands. These sites represent relatively cool upland environments in the greenhouse world of the early Eocene. Macrofossil collections were obtained from Falkland using an unbiased census approach with systematic sampling through three informal units in the exposed outcrop. A stratigraphic log reveals a lacustrine sequence dominated by finely laminated mudstone or shale with periodic influx of coarser material, punctuated by thin volcanic ash layers. Paleoelevation of the site is estimated based on paleobotanical evidence to have been similar to or slightly higher than modern levels (¡Ý1.3 km) during the early Eocene.<p> Paleoclimate is assessed using both physiognomic and floristic approaches as applied to the Falkland flora. Physiognomic approaches correlate aspects of leaf morphology with climate, while floristic approaches use the tolerances of modern nearest living relatives to infer a climate envelope for the fossil flora. Overall, the different methods give broadly consistent results, with an identifiable zone of overlap in the estimates for mean annual temperature at ~10.5¡ãC, cold month mean temperature at 2.3¨C6.3¡ãC, warm month mean temperature at 20.2¨C23.7¡ãC, and a minimum mean annual precipitation of 82¨C120 cm/yr. Assessment of paleoclimate for the three individual units indicates a cooling trend over time, consistent with a radiometric date of 50.61¡À0.16 Ma that places the site in the waning phase of the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO).<p> The stomatal frequency of fossil Ginkgo adiantoides from Falkland is used to estimate paleoatmospheric carbon dioxide (pCO2). Results from Falkland indicate that pCO2 was significantly higher than modern (>2x) in the early Eocene, although the upper limit of the estimate is unconstrained due to limitations with modern calibration datasets. Analysis of specimens from the three units indicates that climate and pCO2 were coupled during the EECO. Examination of modern Ginkgo biloba leaves suggests that stomatal density is more likely to be accurately measured than stomatal index. In addition, there is a significant difference between stomatal frequencies of long- and short-shoot leaves, suggesting that this factor needs to be taken into account in modern calibration datasets.<p> The Falkland flora was described in two phases. In the first phase, specimens were assigned to morphotypes, informal categories that ideally correspond to species-level organization. In total, 1561 specimens were assigned to 138 morphotypes encompassing foliage and reproductive structures. The taxonomic literature was then investigated and morphotypes were assigned to formal taxa wherever possible. Gymnosperms are dominated by taxa in Cupressaceae, Pinaceae, and Ginkgoaceae, and there is a diverse angiosperm flora particularly rich in taxa belonging to Rosaceae, Betulaceae, and Sapindaceae. Rarefaction analysis shows Falkland as having diversity comparable to that of the hyper-diverse Laguna del Hunco site in Argentina. These data are consistent with an emerging understanding of high diversity in early Eocene forest communities associated with mild but equable climates. The Falkland flora retains a foundation of common taxa through all three units, including Metasequoia, Ginkgo, and Alnus; however, there is a distinct plant community in the upper unit as angiosperms become more abundant and the assemblage more diverse. Patterns in plant diversity are assessed within a context of changing climate and an active disturbance regime at the Falkland site.

In this study, I examine the history of colonial control, domination, and change that began in the Interior Plateau region of British Columbia in 1811 when interaction between the Syilx (Okanagan) and European explorers first occurred. I focus on water use practices in particular, employing an indigenous Syilx approach (En’owkinwixw) in order to display the negative impacts of colonial policies on the Syilx and their environment. The En’owkinwixw methodology, which calls for the incorporation of multiple perspectives, is thousands of years old, but has been modified here from its original consensus-based decision-making process. The manner in which the U.S. government developed resource and water management policies in America’s arid Far West directly influenced the models that were later adopted by British Columbia and Canada. U.S. Supreme Court decisions along with a number of international treaties and trade agreements between the United States and Canada have also compromised the ability of the Syilx to maintain a sustainable and harmonious relationship with their environment. Depression era policies in the United States led to the implementation of large-scale projects such as the damming of the Columbia River that had further negative consequences on the environment of the Interior Plateau. The Columbia River had been the destination for the world’s most prolific salmon migrations but their numbers dropped abruptly after the dams were built. In 1954, on the British Columbia side of the border, a flood-control project was completed that channelized a section of the Okanagan River that meandered between Okanagan and Skaha Lakes. Oral testimonials from Penticton elders are presented to demonstrate the severity of biological loss and give eyewitness accounts of the negative social, economic, cultural and political impacts caused by this radical alteration to the river. Evidence from four traditional knowledge keepers who continue to live near the confluence of Shingle and Shatford Creeks on the Penticton Reserve, indicates that water loss and ecological degradation in this area were caused by upstream water users outside of reserve boundaries. The study concludes with a proposal for the development of a collaborative and restorative ecological model based on application of the En’owkinwixw epistemology.

This thesis examines the relationship between water and the winemaking industry through an integrated architectural approach to the landscape. The emphasis is on the refinement of water use for vineyard irrigation and wine processing, and the promotion of the value of water by celebrating a productive landscape. The proposition is explored through the design of a winery and its associated grapes to produce the wines.

In this Master of Arts Thesis in Anthropology I examine the controversy in the Okanagan Valley over the introduction of GM seed technologies into local agricultural processes. I explore via a multi-sited ethnography how local fruit farmers in this region view GM seed technologies and their perception of how these technologies will impact their farming practices. I argue that (a) the use of GM seeds as currently regulated in Canada threatens to erode farmers' local knowledge of plant breeding and that (b) this erosion is of consequence not only to local farmers but to society generally because the environmental knowledge and skills possessed by local farmers is crucial to the protection of biodiversity, environmental sustainability, and food security.

In this study, I examine the history of colonial control, domination, and change that began in the Interior Plateau region of British Columbia in 1811 when interaction between the Syilx (Okanagan) and European explorers first occurred. I focus on water use practices in particular, employing an indigenous Syilx approach (En’owkinwixw) in order to display the negative impacts of colonial policies on the Syilx and their environment. The En’owkinwixw methodology, which calls for the incorporation of multiple perspectives, is thousands of years old, but has been modified here from its original consensus-based decision-making process. The manner in which the U.S. government developed resource and water management policies in America’s arid Far West directly influenced the models that were later adopted by British Columbia and Canada. U.S. Supreme Court decisions along with a number of international treaties and trade agreements between the United States and Canada have also compromised the ability of the Syilx to maintain a sustainable and harmonious relationship with their environment. Depression era policies in the United States led to the implementation of large-scale projects such as the damming of the Columbia River that had further negative consequences on the environment of the Interior Plateau. The Columbia River had been the destination for the world’s most prolific salmon migrations but their numbers dropped abruptly after the dams were built. In 1954, on the British Columbia side of the border, a flood-control project was completed that channelized a section of the Okanagan River that meandered between Okanagan and Skaha Lakes. Oral testimonials from Penticton elders are presented to demonstrate the severity of biological loss and give eyewitness accounts of the negative social, economic, cultural and political impacts caused by this radical alteration to the river. Evidence from four traditional knowledge keepers who continue to live near the confluence of Shingle and Shatford Creeks on the Penticton Reserve, indicates that water loss and ecological degradation in this area were caused by upstream water users outside of reserve boundaries. The study concludes with a proposal for the development of a collaborative and restorative ecological model based on application of the En’owkinwixw epistemology. / Graduate Studies, College of (Okanagan) / Graduate