This examination of the Okanagan Region is the fifth in the series of regional analyses relating welfare measurements to comprehensive social data. Throughout the study there are comparisons made with two previous studies - the Fraser Valley (No. 2) and Metropolitan Vancouver (No. 3). The Okanagan Region, in contrast to the Fraser Valley and Vancouver areas, which are undergoing rapid population expansion plus urbanization, presents the picture of a largely rural and relatively stable area. The social data are compiled principally from the national censes of 1951 and 1961; the welfare material was collected from the monthly Field Service Reports of the Department of Social Welfare with some additions specially obtained; and both were analyzed particularly for a basic ten-year period. This information was supplemented by data gathered from several other sources within the Okanagan area. The Okanagan constitutes Welfare Region III as administered by the Department of Social Welfare. The Regional boundaries were given consideration in this study, and it is to be noted that common boundaries are accepted by the national census (Division Vl) and the recent Economic Atlas which has attempted to delineate regions for all of Canada. In conformity with these, it is recommended that the Kamloops district, which is neither geographically nor economically a true part of the Okanagan be excluded from the present Welfare Region III, while the Grand Forks area should be included. In any new standardization appropriate adjustments have been made in the welfare and census statistics. In the present study the social data reveals that the Okanagan is undergoing a comparatively slow rate of population growth but that in recent years, in line with marked trends in British Columbia generally, there has been increasing urbanization. A large segment of the population is elderly, a fact which has major welfare implications. Further study of needs and services appropriate for this group is recommended. Welfare measurements clearly show the trend towards high average caseloads, coupled with an abnormally high monthly mileage rate. A re-examination on a regional basis of the number of personnel, both professional and clerical, the distribution of tasks, and the deployment of time, is recommended. Each region is unique, requiring services adapted to the particular needs of the resident population. In this study it is proposed that a Central Regional Registry, much like the community social service index, be instituted. A record of services rendered as well as the service requests could be maintained by the welfare organizations in the region. Research utilizing material from the registry could make a considerable contribution to the planning of needed services in the Okanagan. (It is to be kept in mind that general physical planning, and also junior college planning, is proceeding on a regional basis in the area.) No doubt, changes in both needs and services have taken place since 1961. The present study has aimed at providing a foundation from which further studies of needs in welfare services and associated socio-economic factors, may be pursued in this characteristic section of the province. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Neufeld, Heinrich; Preddy, Iris Gloria; Soiseth, Leonard Osborne / Graduate

Planning is the ultimate expression of a community responding to growth and change, shaping its future through a collective set of values, goals and strategies. Over the past four decades planning policies and practices have largely focused on issues related to the growth of urban regions. Given the realms of change that will shape communities over the coming decades, these policies and practices need to reorient themselves away from aggregate notions of growth and towards the relevant agents of change. The goal of this research is to articulate a framework for the investigation of issues that will shape communities over the coming four decades; specifically how demographic change will impact on the future of community housing, land and financial resources. Although it presents one region as a case study (the Central Okanagan Regional District in British Columbia, Canada) the framework is intended to be used by any community or region to evaluate the extent of demographic change and its impact on issues related to community and regional planning. The first finding of the framework shows that over any strategic time horizon planning issues will be related to changes in a population's composition rather than aggregate notions of its growth. It is the patterns of lifecycle and lifestyle change that will shape issues ranging from land uses, housing markets and transportation demand to school enrolment, medical requirements or even funeral services. None of which can be accurately represented by the aggregate size of a region's population, as each are impacted by changes in its underlying composition. The second finding is that it is current residents, rather than new migrants to the region, that will direct changes in the age composition of a population. This leads to the assertion that we have a good approximation of the region's future population in those who are residents today: they will be slightly older, wiser and possibly a little wearier. Finally, this research also calls attention to a substantial lack of information. A lack of information concerning the fundamental processes of community change, and a lack of information regarding the economic, environmental and social costs associated with the location, density and timing of future development. Most importantly, current planning decisions are still largely predicated on aggregate notions of population growth, without sufficient information about the external costs and tradeoffs associated with these decisions. The future quality of life in any region will be directly determined by the degree to which both planning jurisdictions and the general public acknowledge and, more importantly, choose to respond to the challenges presented by change.

Increasing costs associated with the construction of new water supplies support the need to examine alternative measures for solving water supply problems in semi-arid environments. Because irrigation consumes a very large proportion of water supplies in such regions, it has the greatest potential for water saving through more efficient management. Research based on an analysis of the physical processes controlling the movement of water through the soil-plant-atmosphere system leads to the development of an irrigation control model, which could improve the productivity of irrigation water in the Okanagan Valley, B. C. Data from experiments with irrigated alfalfa conducted on the Summerland Research Station are used to test three hypotheses concerning the optimum timing and quantity of irrigation applications. Using the Bowen Ratio approach to examine the fluxes of water and energy to and away from the alfalfa surface during different weather periods, alfalfa crop water requirements (ET) are found to be a function of the latent evaporation from Bellani plate atmometers (E), the maturity of the crop (M) and the prevailing weather type (W). ET = f(E, M, W) Three different weather types significantly influence the relationship between E and ET -- cool and cloudy, partly clear and hot and dry (advective) conditions. The frequency distribution of these weather types is shown to follow a first-order Markov chain model. The optimum timing of irrigations occurs when the soil water content reaches turgor loss point (θ[subscript K]). Using the water balance model and from an examination of the alfalfa rooting distribution, θ[subscript K] is found to be a function of the level of atmospheric demand (ET) and soil water content in the upper two feet of soil (θ[subscript U]) θ[subscript K]= f(ET, θ[subscript U]) Decision rules controlling the depth of irrigation are developed from an analysis of the drainage component (D), which is related to soil water content in the lower root zone before irrigation (θ[subscript LI]) depth of irrigation (I). D = f(θ[subscript LI’] I) The set of decision rules prescribing the timing and quantity of irrigation applications are then incorporated into a "model" irrigation treatment, which is verified to be a more efficient user of irrigation water than present methods used in the Okanagan Valley. Under the conditions of the experiment, savings of at least 20 per cent of present water applications could be achieved without reducing crop yields. The theory of inventory control is used to construct the framework for an irrigation control model (based on the decision rules developed for the "model" treatment), that could be employed to areal units in the study area. The procedure for using Monte Carlo simulation to generate outputs of seasonal crop water use is demonstrated and consequences of these generated outputs on irrigation water allocation both on a regional scale and on the individual farm are discussed. The final chapter examines various implications of the irrigation control model on present Provincial water policy and agricultural economic systems in the Okanagan, with the conclusion that implementation of the efficient control model would require a change in the present attitude and capabilities of the irrigator. This change could be induced by the inclusion of incentives in Provincial water policy and law, such as pricing schedules based on incremental costs, monitoring of water applications, and by a reorganization of existing farm units and irrigation districts. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

Planning is the ultimate expression of a community responding to growth and change, shaping its future through a collective set of values, goals and strategies. Over the past four decades planning policies and practices have largely focused on issues related to the growth of urban regions. Given the realms of change that will shape communities over the coming decades, these policies and practices need to reorient themselves away from aggregate notions of growth and towards the relevant agents of change. The goal of this research is to articulate a framework for the investigation of issues that will shape communities over the coming four decades; specifically how demographic change will impact on the future of community housing, land and financial resources. Although it presents one region as a case study (the Central Okanagan Regional District in British Columbia, Canada) the framework is intended to be used by any community or region to evaluate the extent of demographic change and its impact on issues related to community and regional planning. The first finding of the framework shows that over any strategic time horizon planning issues will be related to changes in a population's composition rather than aggregate notions of its growth. It is the patterns of lifecycle and lifestyle change that will shape issues ranging from land uses, housing markets and transportation demand to school enrolment, medical requirements or even funeral services. None of which can be accurately represented by the aggregate size of a region's population, as each are impacted by changes in its underlying composition. The second finding is that it is current residents, rather than new migrants to the region, that will direct changes in the age composition of a population. This leads to the assertion that we have a good approximation of the region's future population in those who are residents today: they will be slightly older, wiser and possibly a little wearier. Finally, this research also calls attention to a substantial lack of information. A lack of information concerning the fundamental processes of community change, and a lack of information regarding the economic, environmental and social costs associated with the location, density and timing of future development. Most importantly, current planning decisions are still largely predicated on aggregate notions of population growth, without sufficient information about the external costs and tradeoffs associated with these decisions. The future quality of life in any region will be directly determined by the degree to which both planning jurisdictions and the general public acknowledge and, more importantly, choose to respond to the challenges presented by change. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

This study analyses the adoption of some innovations by Okanagan Valley orchardists. Comparisons were made with findings on the adoption of innovations by American farmers. Also included in the study is an evaluation of the 1964 televised chautauqua produced by the Horticultural Branch of the British Columbia Department of Agriculture. This style of chautauqua (which may be defined as an assembly for educational purposes, lectures, entertainment, etc.) replaced an earlier version held in district halls throughout the Okanagan Valley. The data were gathered by interviewing a sample of Okanagan Valley orchardists from the population of orchardists in the area served by the 1964 T.V. Chautauqua and who were also included in the 1960 Orchard Survey of the Okanagan Valley. Generally, adoption theory, as developed from studies in other countries, can be applied to a specific Canadian setting. Earlier adopters of innovations were more active educationally, had been in orcharding longer, had larger and more valuable orchards, and sold more orchard products than later adopters. These results coincide with past studies. However, the vast majority of the early adopters were full-time orchardists, while other studies have found part-time farmers to be the most innovative. Also, this study found complete ownership of the farm to be a characteristic of the later adopters while other studies have found this characteristic of early adopters. Two differences with previous studies were found in the use of sources of information. Agricultural agencies increased in importance between the awareness and interest stages in the adoption process. Also unique to this study was less use of mass media and agricultural agencies by the earlier adopters than the later ones. Evidence of a two-step concept of the diffusion of technological innovations was found with innovations flowing from their place of origin to the earlier adopters and from them to the later adopters. Innovativeness was found to be a general characteristic of certain respondents in that they adopted most innovations. The T.V. Chautauqua was more valuable than its predecessor in one respect; more of the laggards (who use fewer agricultural agencies than most orchardists) watched the televised program than attended the district hall chautauqua. This study is limited by the use of a sample to gather data, the use of an incomplete population list for sampling and inconsistencies in the interpretation of questions and answers by the interviewers. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

A Cytospora species isolated from infected tissues and sporulating stromata on diseased trees caused typical dieback symptoms when inoculated into Prunus species and was identified as the primary cause of stonefruit dieback in the Okanagan. Based on the morphology of the stromata, spore dimensions, and colony growth and color on malt extract agar, the fungus was identified as C. leucostoma (Sacc). After including the number of trees removed during the winter of 1985-86 and 1986-87 because of Cytospora sp., an average of 14.8% of the trees in 17 stonefruit orchards were affected by dieback from September 1985 to September 1987. The incidence of Cytospora sp. in the individual blocks ranged from 3.0-56.9%. In 11 of the 17 orchards surveyed in 1986 and resurveyed in 1987, dieback symptoms were evident on trees which had been symptomless in 1986. The percent of newly infected trees in these 11 blocks ranged from 0.4-8.8% and averaged 2.9%. The majority of sporulating Cytospora sp. infections were found on the scaffold limbs (69%) or trunks (28%) of infected trees. Pruning wounds (65%), rather than winter injury (25%), were the major infection courts. Fall and spring inoculations of a spore suspension (10³ spores/ml) of either a peach isolate (P8-19) to peach, or a cherry isolate (C9-23) to cherry revealed that intraspecies spread of the disease can occur at any time of the year. Although spring spore inoculations of the peach isolate to cherry or the cherry isolate to peach resulted in significantly (P = 0.05) more infections than the control treatments, identical fall inoculations did not. This suggests that spread of Cytospora sp. between cherry and peach is most likely to occur in the spring. The effect of temperature on spore germination and mycelial growth of Cytospora sp. in vitro was isolate-dependent. The minimum lag period for Cytospora sp. spore germination occurred at 27° C. Spores germinated at temperatures as low as 10° C, and remained viable even after exposure to -18° C for 1 week. The temperature optima for the in vitro growth of most stonefruit isolates in this study was 20-23° C. Viable Cytospora sp. spores were washed from infected trees (10⁵-10⁶ spores/ml) and adjacent healthy trees (10⁴ spores/ml) in mid-December and collected in funnel traps after the first rain the following spring (late April). Under Okanagan conditions, infection of fresh pruning wounds made in the spring can occur either by spores which overwintered on infected trees and were dispersed by spring rains, or by spores dispersed by fall rains to healthy trees on which they overwintered and infected following pruning. Benomyl (1 g a.i./L), dichlone (1 g a.i./L), flusilazole (0.01 g a.i./L) and ziram (5 g a.i./L) applied as water sprays did not significantly (P = 0.1) reduce the percent infection compared to the unprotected, inoculated controls. Of eight fungicide-pruning paste mixtures, only benomyl added to either Heal 'n' Seal or linseed oil significantly (P = 0.1) reduced the number of cankers which developed compared to the untreated control. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

The Okanagan Indians classify their folklore into three states: (1) animals only in the area (2) animals and humans living harmoniously (3) animals and humans hunt and kill each other. Word counts were done on 55 stories and distance and other coefficients were calculated between pairs of stories. Cluster analyzes on the matrix of distances attempted to determine if the classifications could be arrived at methodologically. Analyzes used were Factor Analysis, Smallest Space Analysis, and Hierarchical Clustering. Results were mixed, and some techniques of Hierarchical Clustering separated the stories into the three categories. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

Over the course of the 20th century, the type of farm labour desired by the North American agricultural industry and the strategies used to procure that labour have undergone significant changes. Rather than relying on immigrant or domestic workers, many growers are now choosing to import temporary foreign workers under contract programs such as the Canadian Mexican Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program (MSAWP). This thesis discusses the implementation of the MSAWP in British Columbia's Okanagan Valley, a region that has for many years depended upon the labour of migrant Quebecois workers to harvest its crops but has for several years experienced severe agricultural labour shortages. Based on fieldwork which explored the experiences of Mexican and Quebecois migrant farmworkers in the Okanagan. it is suggested that the valley's labour shortage has largely been created by the agricultural industry and government, neither of which have improved the conditions of farmwork to the point where agricultural labour would appeal to Canadian workers, and that the MSAWP's implementation has a number of implications, both positive and negative, for agricultural labourers and farmers in the valley.

Attempts to limit suburban sprawl by publicizing its social, economic, environmental, and health problems have not been effective. An important aspect of this ongoing appeal of sprawl is its promise of ideal community. The discourse of ideal community in advertisements for housing developments in the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia. echoes discursive constructions by Plato and Aristotle, Rousseau and Kant. Sprawl is therefore another attempt to solve a problem in political thought that originates with the polls, namely, how to envision, authorize, construct, and secure the best possible space, form, and practice of human organization. By constructing secure political community as the physical embodiment of metaphysical truth, a necessary but impossible resolution between nature and culture, this discourse constructs the central problem of politics as unsolvable. Thus the intractability of sprawl needs to be understood as a political problematic where the act of imposing a solution regenerates the original problem.

Over the course of the 20th century, the type of farm labour desired by the North American agricultural industry and the strategies used to procure that labour have undergone significant changes. Rather than relying on immigrant or domestic workers, many growers are now choosing to import temporary foreign workers under contract programs such as the Canadian Mexican Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program (MSAWP). This thesis discusses the implementation of the MSAWP in British Columbia's Okanagan Valley, a region that has for many years depended upon the labour of migrant Quebecois workers to harvest its crops but has for several years experienced severe agricultural labour shortages. Based on fieldwork which explored the experiences of Mexican and Quebecois migrant farmworkers in the Okanagan. it is suggested that the valley's labour shortage has largely been created by the agricultural industry and government, neither of which have improved the conditions of farmwork to the point where agricultural labour would appeal to Canadian workers, and that the MSAWP's implementation has a number of implications, both positive and negative, for agricultural labourers and farmers in the valley.