Legislation mandates that older adults, who receive Title III-C assistance should be provided with nutrition education, nutrition counseling, and other nutrition services, as appropriate, based on the needs of individuals. The amount and content of nutrition education, however, is subject to variation of state guidelines. The purpose of this study is to measure the type and amount of nutrition education being provided to congregate meal site and home delivered meal participants and to identify if special accommodations are being made for those participants with visual and hearing impairments in the states of Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Minnesota (Region V). The nutrition representatives for congregate meal site and home delivered meal programs within the six states were sent an e-mail questionnaire. Results showed that while majority of the states are meeting their own state guidelines, having uniformity amongst the states could strengthen the nutrition education program for older adults receiving congregate or home delivered nutrition services within Region V. / Department of Family and Consumer Sciences

Energy and nutrient intake from agency meals (AM), other meals (OM) and total daily intake (TDI) of 61 day care and homebound subjects was studied for differences associated with age, income, education, marital status, living arrangements, gender, race, vitamin-mineral supplementation, Body Mass Index (BMI), Health Assessment (HA), Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL).The AM provided more than one-third of the recommended allowances for all nutrients except vitamin B6 plus energy for men. TDI was low because of inadequate OM intake. TDI was less than 100 percent of recommended amounts for zinc plus fiber for women. were most significantly associated with intake from OM and TDI followed by education and income. No age, marital status or racial effects were noted.The ADLs and the IADLs were problematic for most of the participants. They were positively correlated with energy and nutrient intake, as intakes increased so did functional difficulties.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306 / Center for Gerontology

D. Tech. (Department of Tourism and Hospitality Management, Faculty of Human Sciences) Vaal University of Technology. / The elderly in Nigeria are used to consuming foods that are inadequate in providing the required amount of nutrients for a healthy living due to uninformed food choices and dietary food intake habits. The main objective of this study was to determine the impact of the developed food and nutrition guidelines on the dietary behaviour of the elderly in Ondo West city Ondo, Nigeria. The developed food and nutrition guidelines were used to generate a training manual for the caregivers’ in order to apply and disseminate the correct information about food nutrients and food choices to the elderly through the knowledge acquired in the nutrition education training programme by the caregivers. A baseline study was conducted making use of the measuring instruments namely, socio-demographic questionnaire, 24-hour recall, food frequency questionnaire completed by the elderly attending the old people’s home and a nutrition knowledge questionnaire to test the nutrition knowledge of the caregivers. The methodology for the study was in six phases: Phase 1: is about the baseline survey, involving the training of fieldworkers, administering and completing questionnaires: Socio-demographic, 24-hour recall, food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), by the elderly and the nutrition knowledge questionnaire (NKQ) by the caregivers. Phase 2: It involved the planning and development of food and nutrition guidelines for the caregivers of the elderly. Phase 3: This phase is about the training of the caregivers by the researcher, making use of the developed training manual with information sourced from the developed food and nutrition guidelines. Phase 4 was about the intervention programme in the study, i.e. the nutrition education programme (NEP) using information from guidelines of USA, Europe, New Zealand, South Africa, Nigeria and adapted FAO framework. Phase 5 was about the evaluation of the study, involving the completion of the nutrition knowledge questionnaire (NKQ), by the caregivers on post-test assessment after intervention, conducting observation and group interview. Phase 6 involved determining the impact of the food and nutrition guidelines and conducting a post-test making use of the research instruments, 24-hour recall, and food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) with the main objective drawn and followed up by the conclusion and recommendations in the study. A content analysis of both the observation and focus group discussion resulted in compliance with the food and nutrition guideline specifications and a remarkable improvement on food preparation skills and performance of the old people’s homes’ personnel. The main findings in the study revealed that consistent and, full compliance, with effective implementation of the food and nutrition guidelines would improve the older people’s dietary behaviour and food consumption patterns. The NEP did not improve the knowledge of the caregivers at the expected rate and level because of the low-level basic scientific background of the caregivers. The socio-demographic questionnaire revealed that 61.7% of those researched were females and 38.3% males with an average age between 60 and 65 years; 54% were married with a household income between N20001- N50000 and majority of them spending between N10001-N15000 on two meals (40%) and three meals (30%). The result from 24-hour recall and the food frequency (FFQ) questionnaires indicated that, the intake of energy, calcium and fiber were below the recommended daily allowance (RDA), while protein and carbohydrate were higher, with an emphasis on starchy foods. The nutrition knowledge questionnaire (NKQ) identified the need for higher level of food and nutrients by the caregivers in their responsibility to the elderly, for improvement in their healthy dietary habits as indicated in the four sections of NKQ results (A, B, C and D). The consumption of fruits and vegetables were impressively high, after the intervention compared to before. Moreover, there was a drastic reduction in the consumption of carbohydrate-sourced food items, fat, sugar and salt as informed by the developed guidelines. Conclusively, the study was able to establish a reliable basis on the improvement of nutrient based dietary intake with the effective utilisation of available information in the guidelines. Also, awareness was created for the elderly to improve their eating habits through the exposure of the caregivers to training on nutrition knowledge. The researcher recommended an in-house organized refresher programme which should take place periodically and consistently on the information in the developed nutrition guidelines along with encouraging the personnel in the handling of foods (caregivers, chefs, cooks) for effective implementation.

心肺功能是其中一項體能特質，而對於進行較長時間的中至高劇烈程度運動十分重要，也會影響日常活動和健康。但是，還沒有研究香港華裔長者心肺功能水平及其與體能活動參與程度和健康的關條。 / 招募對象是從現有的兩個追蹤研究來的[男女骨折研究(n=998 和884 )和頸動脈粥樣硬化研究( 191 名婦女)， 70 - 79 歲年長男士最大攝氧量的參考範圖為22.3-23.0 毫升/分鐘/公斤(95%信賴區間) , 80 歲以上為19.2-20.2 毫升/分鐘/公斤。80 歲以上女性的參考範園為17.0-18.3 毫升/公斤/分鐘， 70-79 歲為19.3-20.0毫升/公斤/分鐘， 60-69 歲為2 1. 7-23.0 毫升/公斤/分鐘和年齡55-59 歲為22 .1 -23.8毫升/公斤/分鐘。男性的心肺功能與腰圍有相關性。<.0001) ，而女性的相關性還要加上體重(p<.02) ，與年齡有關的最大攝氧量衰退在男性為0.368 毫升/公斤/分鐘/年，而女性為0 .238 毫升/公斤/分鐘/年。 / 70 - 79 歲年長男士6 分鐘步行距離的參考範圍為453.3-466 公尺， 80 歲以上為382.6-403.3 公尺。80 歲以上女性的參考範圍為333.9-357.2公尺和年齡70-79 歲為396.1-406.8 公尺。6 分鐘步行距離與腰圍、身高和學歷有相關性(p:S:.05) ，與年齡有關的6 分鐘步行距離衰退在男性為9.06 公尺/年，而女性為7.35 公尺/年。從長者活動評估量表得出的體能活動參與程度被認為是與最大攝氧量成正相關(男性:r=.241，'女性:r=.214 )和6 分鐘步行距離(男性: r=.257，女性:r=.1 84) 。長者日常步行時間越長最大攝氧量和6 分鐘步行距離較佳(p≤01) ，進行劇烈運動的女性有正常最大攝氧量的機會較高(p=.041) 。男性能符合美國運動醫學學院或香港衛生署指引的明顯比不能達到指引的有較好的心肺功能。能達到指引的男性有1. 68 倍的概率有正常的心肺功能。回溯性研究追查過去的PASE 分數與現在最大攝氧量的相關性，反應出過去的體能活動參與程度對現在的心肺功能影響隨時間減少(男性由目前回到7 年前: r=0.241、0.168、0.120; 女性: r= .214、0.106、0.069 )。 / 患有高血壓男性的最大攝氧量和6 分鐘步行距離較差(p=.014) ，曾患有心肌硬塞或心絞痛男性和糖尿病女性的6 分鐘步行距離較差(p<.04) 。最大攝氧量分別與由社區認知篩選工具評估的男性認知水平（r=.107)和男女長者憂鬱量表分數男性:r=-.112 ，女性: r=-.123) 有相關性。另一方面， 6 分鐘步行距離被發現分別與簡易智能狀態測驗p<.02) 、男性的社區認知篩選工具(p=.046)的認知級別和男女長者憂鬱量表的抑鬱狀態p<.04)有差別。 / 最大攝氧量和6分鐘步行距離的年齡調整相關性連中高程度(男性:R=.459、女性: R=.425) 。除了與最大攝氧量有滿意的相關性，6分鐘步行距離與精神健康有比較密切的相關性。6分鐘步行距離可作為香港華裔長者最大攝氧量的體能代表值。 / Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is one of the main attributes which is important toper form moderate-to-high intensity exercise for prolonged periods which affects daily activities as well as health. However, there are no studies among HK Chinese Elders' CRF and the relationship between this important parameter of physical fitness, PA participation and health outcomes. / By recruiting subjects from two existing cohort studies, the Osteoporetic Fractures in Men & Women Study (n=998 & 884 respectively) and the Carotid Atherosclerosis Study (191 women), the reference ranges of VO₂ peak for men were 22.3-23.0ml/min/kg (95% C.I.) at age 70-79y, and 19.2-20.2 ml/min/kg at age ≥80y. Forwomen, the reference range at age ≥80y was 17.0-18.3 ml/kg/min, 70-79y was19.3-20.0 ml/kg/min, 60-69y was 21.7-23.0 ml/kg/min and for age 55-59y was22.1-23.8 ml/kg/min. Men's VO₂ peak was associated with waist circumference(WC, p<.000l) while women's VO₂ peak additionally associated with weight (p<.02).There was an age-related decline in VO₂ peak at 0.368 ml/kg/minly in men and 0.238ml/kg/minly in women. / The reference ranges of 6MWD for men were 453.3-466.6m (95% C.I.) at age 70-79y, and 382.6-403.3m at age ≥80y. For women, the reference range at age 80≥y was 333.9-357.2m and for age 70-79y was 396.1-406.8 ml/kg/min. 6MWD was associated with WC, height and education (p≤.05). There was an age-related decline in 6MWD at 9.06m/y in men and 7.35m/y in women. / Elders' participation in PA assessed by the Physical Activity Scale for Elderly (PASE), was positively correlated with VO₂ peak (r=.241 in men, r=.214 in women) and 6MWD (r=.257 in men, r=.184 in women). Elderly walked more everyday have better VO₂peak and longer 6MWD (p≤ .0l). Women did more strenuous sport had higher chance of having normal CRF (p=.041). Men who met the guidelines by American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) & Department of Health (DH), HK had better VO₂ peak than those who failed to meet that guidelines (p<.005). By following the PA guidelines, men had a 1.68-fold probability having normal CRF. A novel approach to retrospectively explore the correlation between the past PASE score and the present VO₂ peak revealed that the effect of past PA participation diminished with time (correlations for men from present, 4y and 7y ago: r=.241, .168, .120; for women r=.214, .106, .069). / Men with hypertension had significantly lower V02 peak and shorter 6MWD (p<.03). Men with history of myocardial infarction and angina also walked shorter in 6MWT while women only with diabetes had shorter 6MWD (p<.04). CRF was found to be correlated with cognitive level in men estimated by CSI-D (p<.0001) and GDS-15 score in both genders (r=-.112 in men, r=-.123 in women). On the other hand, 6MWD was found to be different across cognitive status estimated by MMSE (p<.02) & CSI-D (p=.046 in men only), and depression status estimated by GDS-15 (p<.04) in both genders. / Age-adjusted correlation between VO₂ peak & 6MWD was moderately high (R=.459 in men; R=.425 in women). In addition to the satisfactory correlation with VO₂ peak, stronger associations were found 6MWD, cognitive and mental health. It was suggested 6MWD might be a feasible surrogate for VO₂ peak as a physical fitness measure among HK Chinese elderly. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Yau, Chung Fai Forrest. / "December 2011." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 215-237). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese; appendix in Chinese. / ABSTRACT (IN ENGLISH) --- p.I / ABSTRACT (IN CHINESE) --- p.IV / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.VI / LIST OF CONTENTS --- p.VII / LIST OF TABLES --- p.XII / SELECTED ABBREVIATIONS --- p.XV / Chapter 1 --- BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- OUTLINES OF THE THESIS --- p.4 / Chapter 2 --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1 --- ELDERLY POPULATIONS --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Health --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1.1.1 --- Hypertension, Coronary Heart Disease & Stoke --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.1.2 --- Diabetes --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1.1.3 --- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1.1.4 --- Cognitive Function --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1.1.5 --- Depression --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2 --- THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PA & HEALTH --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Participation in PA --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- PA Recommendation --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Indirect Estimation ofPA Participation --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Physical Activity Scale for Elderly. --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3. --- PHYSICAL FITNESS & HEALTH. --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Definition of Physical Fitness. --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.1.1 --- Cardiorespiratory Fitness --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Direct Assessment of Physical Fitness --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3.2.1 --- Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3.2.1.1 --- Affordable Device for CPET --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.2.2 --- Six Minutes Walk Test --- p.36 / Chapter 3 --- MATERIALS & METHODS --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1 --- SUBJECTS --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Subjects Source --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1.1.1 --- The Osteoporetic Fractures in Men & Women Study --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1.1.2 --- Carotid Atherosclerosis Study --- p.40 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Follow up Situation --- p.40 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Ethical Consideration --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2 --- INSTRUMENTATION --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Questionnaire --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2.1.1 --- Medical History --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2.1.2 --- Smoking Habit --- p.41 / Chapter 3.2.1.3 --- Cognitive & Mental Health --- p.42 / Chapter 3.2.1.3.1 --- Cantonese Mini Mental State Examination & Community Screening Instrument for Dementia --- p.42 / Chapter 3.2.1.3.2 --- Geriatric Depression Scale-15 --- p.42 / Chapter 3.2.1.4 --- Physical Activity Scale for Elderly --- p.43 / Chapter 3.2.1.5 --- Veteran Specific Activity Questionnaire --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Physical Measurements --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- Height, Weight & Fat Percentage --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- Waist, Hip Circumferences & WHR --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2.2.3 --- Blood Pressure --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2.2.4 --- Electrocardiograph --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2.3. --- Fitness Tests --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- Cardiopuhuonary Exercise Test --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2.3.1.1 --- Exclusion Criteria --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2.3.1.2 --- PreTest Consideration --- p.47 / Chapter 3.2.3.1.3 --- Test Sequence & Measures --- p.48 / Chapter 3.2.3.1.4 --- Test Tennination Criteria --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- Six Minutes Walk Test --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2.3.2.1 --- Six Minute Walk Test Sequence --- p.50 / Chapter 3.3 --- STATISTICS --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Description of Variables --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- General Statistical Method --- p.53 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Comparison between VO₂ peak & 6MWD Relationship with other Variables --- p.54 / Chapter 4 --- RESULTS --- p.56 / Chapter 4.1 --- RESPONSE & PARTICIPATION OF SUBJECTS --- p.56 / Chapter 4.2 --- DEMOGRAPHIC PROPERTIES --- p.63 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Men --- p.63 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Women --- p.68 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Sample Representativeness --- p.71 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Physical Measurements --- p.75 / Chapter 4.2.4.1 --- Peak Oxygen Uptake --- p.75 / Chapter 4.2.4.2 --- Correlations with Demographic Properties --- p.82 / Chapter 4.2.4.2.1 --- Mean VO₂ peak in Different WC Status --- p.83 / Chapter 4.2.4.2.2 --- Reference Range across Age Groups 98 --- p.84 / Chapter 4.2.4.2.3 --- Mllltivariat Analysis of VO₂ peak --- p.86 / Chapter 4.2.4.3 --- Six Minutes Walk Test --- p.88 / Chapter 4.2.4.3.1 --- UnivariateAnalysis with Demographic Properties --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2.4.3.2 --- Mean 6MWD by WC Status --- p.92 / Chapter 4.2.4.3.3 --- Reference Range by Age Groups --- p.92 / Chapter 4.2.4.3.4 --- Multivariate analysis of 6MWD --- p.94 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Physical Activity Scale for Elderly --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2.5.1 --- Univariate Analysis with Demographic Properties --- p.97 / Chapter 4.2.5.2 --- Reference Range across Age Groups --- p.98 / Chapter 4.2.5.3 --- Reference Range of PASE --- p.99 / Chapter 4.2.5.4 --- Multivariate Analysis of PASE --- p.100 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Cognitive & Mental Scores --- p.101 / Chapter 4.2.6.1 --- Community Screening Instrument for Dementia --- p.101 / Chapter 4.2.6.2 --- Mini-Mental State Examination --- p.102 / Chapter 4.2.6.3 --- Geriatric Depression Scale-15 --- p.103 / Chapter 4.3 --- CORRELATIONS OF CRF TESTS --- p.104 / Chapter 4.3.1.1 --- Relationship between 6MWD & VO₂ peak --- p.104 / Chapter 4.3.1.1.1 --- Pearson Correlation between 6MWD & VO₂ peak --- p.104 / Chapter 4.4 --- CRF & LIFESTYLES --- p.106 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- How PA correlates with CRF --- p.107 / Chapter 4.4.1.1 --- Relationship between PASE& VO₂ Peak --- p.107 / Chapter 4.4.1.1.1 --- Pearson Correlation between PASE & V02 peak. --- p.107 / Chapter 4.4.1.1.2 --- Mean VO₂ peak by Quartiles of PASE --- p.109 / Chapter 4.4.1.1.3 --- Mean PASE scores by VO₂ peak status --- p.110 / Chapter 4.4.1.1.4 --- Relationship between PASE leisure activities & VO₂ peak --- p.111 / Chapter 4.4.1.1.5 --- Time spent daily on PASE leisure activities by VO₂ peak status --- p.113 / Chapter 4.4.1.2 --- Relationship between PASE & 6MWD --- p.116 / Chapter 4.4.1.2.1 --- Mean 6MWD by Quartiles of PASE --- p.118 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Relationship between CRF & Recommended PA Guidelines --- p.119 / Chapter 4.4.2.1 --- ACSM Guidelines --- p.119 / Chapter 4.4.2.2 --- HKDH Guidelines --- p.121 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Does PASE in the Past Predict Present Maximal Oxygen Uptake --- p.122 / Chapter 4.4.3.1 --- Pearson Correlation between PASE at 3y before & Present VO₂ peak --- p.122 / Chapter 4.4.3.2 --- Pearson Correlation between PASE at 7y before & Present VO₂ peak --- p.124 / Chapter 4.5 --- CRF & HEALTH --- p.126 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- CRF & Physical Health --- p.126 / Chapter 4.5.1.1 --- Relationship between VO₂ peak & Medical History --- p.126 / Chapter 4.5.1.2 --- Relationship between 6MWD and medical history --- p.129 / Chapter 4.5.1.2.1 --- Mean 6MWD of men by chronic diseases --- p.130 / Chapter 4.5.1.2.2 --- Mean 6MWD of women by diabetes --- p.134 / Chapter 4.5.1.3 --- Comparison between VO₂ peak & 6MWD relationship with medical history --- p.135 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- CRF & Cognitive Function --- p.137 / Chapter 4.5.2.1 --- Relationship between MMSE& VO₂ Peak --- p.137 / Chapter 4.5.2.1.1 --- Pearson Correlation betweenMMSE & VO₂ peak --- p.137 / Chapter 4.5.2.1.2 --- Mean VO₂ peak by MMSE Status --- p.139 / Chapter 4.5.2.2 --- Relationship between MMSE & 6MWD --- p.141 / Chapter 4.5.2.2.1. --- Pearson Correlation between MMSE & 6MWD --- p.141 / Chapter 4.5.2.2.2 --- Mean 6MWD by MMSE category --- p.143 / Chapter 4.5.2.3 --- Relationship between CSID & VO₂ peak --- p.144 / Chapter 4.5.2.3.1 --- Pearson Correlation between CSID & VO₂ peak --- p.144 / Chapter 4.5.2.3.2 --- Mean VO₂ peak by CSID Classification --- p.146 / Chapter 4.5.2.4 --- Relationship between CSID & 6MWD --- p.147 / Chapter 4.5.2.4.1 --- Pearson Correlation between CSID & 6MWD --- p.147 / Chapter 4.5.2.4.2 --- Mean 6MWD by CSID Classification --- p.149 / Chapter 4.5.2.5 --- Comparison between VO₂ peak & 6MWD relationship with Cognitive Function --- p.150 / Chapter 4.5.2.5.1 --- Pearson Correlation between MMSE & 6MWD --- p.151 / Chapter 4.5.2.5.2 --- Mean 6MWD by MMSE category --- p.151 / Chapter 4.5.2.5.3 --- Pearson Correlation between CSID & 6MWD --- p.152 / Chapter 4.5.2.5.4 --- Mean 6MWD by CSID Classification --- p.153 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- CRF & Depression --- p.154 / Chapter 4.5.3.1 --- Relationship between GDS & VO₂ peak --- p.154 / Chapter 4.5.3.1.1 --- Speannan Correlation between GDS & VO₂ peak --- p.154 / Chapter 4.5.3.1.2 --- Logistic Regression Analysis --- p.154 / Chapter 4.5.3.2. --- Relationship between GDS & 6MWD --- p.156 / Chapter 4.5.3.2.1. --- Spearman Correlation between GDS & 6MWD --- p.156 / Chapter 4.5.3.2.2. --- Mean 6MWD by depression status. --- p.156 / Chapter 4.5.3.3. --- Comparison between VO₂ peak & 6MWD relationship with GDS --- p.158 / Chapter 4.5.3.3.1. --- Pears on Correlation between GDS & 6MWD --- p.158 / Chapter 4.5.3.3.2. --- Mean 6MWD by depression status --- p.158 / Chapter 5 --- DISCUSSION --- p.160 / Chapter 5.1 --- INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS --- p.160 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Physical Fitness --- p.160 / Chapter 5.1.1.1 --- Cardiorespiratory Fitness --- p.160 / Chapter 5.1.1.1.1 --- Mode for CPET --- p.160 / Chapter 5.1.1.1.2 --- Criteria for VO₂ peak --- p.161 / Chapter 5.1.1.1.3 --- Reference Range of VO₂ peak among HK elderly --- p.164 / Chapter 5.1.1.1.4 --- Age Related Decline in VO₂ peak --- p.169 / Chapter 5.1.1.1.5 --- Repeatability of Measurements using FitMate[superscript TM] Pro --- p.170 / Chapter 5.1.1.1.6 --- Smoking --- p.170 / Chapter 5.1.1.2 --- Six Minutes Walk Test --- p.171 / Chapter 5.1.1.2.1 --- Reference Range of 6MWD among HK Elderly --- p.172 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- How Estimated PA Level Correlated to CRF --- p.173 / Chapter 5.1.2.1 --- CRF &PA --- p.174 / Chapter 5.1.2.2 --- CRF & Leisure Activities --- p.176 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Elderly CRF of those who met Recommended PA Guidelines --- p.177 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Could Past PA Participation Predict Present CRF --- p.180 / Chapter 5.1.5 --- Health --- p.181 / Chapter 5.1.5.1 --- Physical Health --- p.181 / Chapter 5.1.5.2 --- Dementia --- p.185 / Chapter 5.1.5.2.1 --- Community Screening Instrument for Dementia --- p.186 / Chapter 5.1.5.2.2 --- Mini-Mental State Examination --- p.188 / Chapter 5.1.5.2.3 --- Possible Mechanisms of Cognitive Decline & Benefits ofPA --- p.191 / Chapter 5.1.5.3. --- Depression --- p.193 / Chapter 5.1.5.3.1 --- Possible Mechanism of Depression & Benefits of PA --- p.197 / Chapter 5.1.6 --- 6MWD, a Better Physical Fitness Surrogate than VO₂ peak --- p.200 / Chapter 5.2 --- LIMITATIONS AND STRENGTH --- p.205 / Chapter 5.3 --- FUTURE STUDIES --- p.210 / Chapter 6 --- CONCLUSION --- p.211 / Chapter 7 --- REFERENCES --- p.215 / APPENDIX --- p.238