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Kinematic and motor variability and stability during gait: effects of age, walking speed and segment heightKang, Hyun Gu, 1978- 29 August 2008 (has links)
To understand how falls occur during walking in older adults, we need to understand how the nervous system maintains stability, and how aging affects walking. Four studies were conducted to better understand the effect of age on gait. Older adults display higher gait variability compared to young adults, possibly because of their slower walking. We compared gait stability at multiple controlled walking speeds. Greater gait variability in healthy elderly existed independent of slower walking. Their diminished strength and flexibility partly explained this difference. To explain slower walking in the elderly, some have suggested that muscle weakness and stiffness may force people to walk slower. Others have suggested that people choose to walk slower to be more stable. We compared dynamic stability of gait at multiple speeds. Healthy older adults also exhibited more stability at slower speeds, yet walked at speeds comparable to young adults despite the lower strength and flexibility. Therefore, weakness and stiffness may not force healthy older adults to walk slower. The goal of the nervous system during walking may be to maintain stability of superior segments. We tested whether superior segments are more stable than inferior segments during walking. Superior segments exhibited less orbital stability during preferred walking speed, in contrast to previous suggestions. This highlighted the importance of trunk control during gait. The effects of aging on the fluctuations in the muscle activity during gait are not well understood. We quantified the stride-to-stride fluctuations of EMG as a measure of muscle activation patterns in state-space. Variability increased with speed except in the gastrocnemius. Orbital stability was less in older adults, suggesting that deviations in the EMG amplitude pattern were not readily corrected. Less local stability was seen in older adults, suggesting that older adults were more sensitive to perturbations. Together, these findings suggest that trunk control is important during gait. Strength and flexibility deficits help explain higher variability and lower stability in older adults. Future work will need to address the effect of strength interventions, neurophysiological decline on gait stability and fall risk.
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Use of elderly mobility scale as a functional predictor in stroke patients during inpatient rehabilitationMok, Siu-wai, Kanness., 莫小慧. January 2004 (has links)
published_or_final_version / Medical Sciences / Master / Master of Medical Sciences
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The influence of proprioceptive training on the functional balance of older adultsGertenbach, Hanlie Jacoba 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSportwet)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Proprioception is generally defined as the sense of position and movement of the limbs.
The sense arises through activity in sensory neurons located in skin, muscles and joint
tissues. Joint proprioception provides the neurological feedback needed for the control
of muscle actions, and serves as protection against excessive strain on passive joints.
The rationale for this study was that if proprioception improves, functional balance will
improve. Improvements in functional balance will contribute to improvements in
functional skills. An improvement in functional skills can decrease dependence on
others, which in turn w\could increase quality of life.
The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a proprioceptive training
programme, using only low technology apparatus, on the proprioception and functional
balance of older adults. Twenty-five older adults (M = 73.1 years) were assigned to
either a control (n = 10) or intervention group (n = 15). The Berg Balance Scale was
used for assessment of the functional balance of the participants, while the Harrison’s
Recovery Test was used to assess proprioception. The intervention group was placed
on an eight-week proprioceptive training programme consisting of three, twenty-minute
sessions a week. Using paired and unpaired t-tests for the statistical analysis, significant
improvements were observed in the intervention group for both proprioception and
functional balance (p<0.05). It was concluded that the proprioception and functional
balance of older adults could be significantly improved with a proprioceptive programme
using only low technology apparatus. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Propriosepsie kan gedefinieer word as die liggaam se vermoë om die posisie en die
beweging van die afsonderlike liggaamsdele waar te neem. Dit vind plaas deur die
registrering van die aktiwiteit van sensoriese neurone wat in die vel, spiere en die sagte
weefsel van die gewrigte is. Die neurologiese terugvoer wat noodsaaklik is vir die
doeltreffende beheer van spieraksies, is afkomstig van die proprioreseptore in die
gewrigte. Dit is as gevolg van hierdie neurologiese terugvoer, dat propriosepsie dien as
beskermingsmeganisme teen oormatige stremming op die liggaam se gewrigte. Die
beginsel van hierdie studie was dat as propriosepsie verbeter, dit sal lei tot verbeteringe
in funksionele balans. Verbetering in funksionele balans sal weer lei tot verbeteringe in
funksionele vaardighede. Dit is heel moontlik dat verbetering in funksionele vaardighede
‘n persoon minder afhanklik sal maak van ander. Hoe meer onafhanklik ‘n mens van
ander is hoe beter is jou lewenskwaliteit, aangesien jy baie meer dinge kan ervaar en
doen.
Die doel van hierdie studie was om vas te stel of ‘n propriosepsie inoefenings program,
wat slegs van lae tegnologiese apparaat gebruik maak, suksesvol gebruik kan word om
die propriosepsie en ook die funksionele balans van ouer volwassenes te verbeter. Vyfen-
twintig ouer volwassenes (M = 73.1 jaar) het deelgeneem aan die studie en was òf
deel van die kontrole group (n = 10) òf van die oefen groep (n = 15). Funksionele balans
is gemeet deur van die “Berg Balance Scale” gebruik te maak, terwyl die “Harrison’s
Recovery Test” gebruik is om propriosepsie te meet. Die oefengroup het deelgeneem
aan ‘n propriosepsie oefenprogram wat bestaan het uit drie, oefensessies van twintig
minute elk vir ag weke. Gepaarde en ongepaarde t-toetse is gebruik gedurende die
statistiese analise. Die resultate was statisties betekenisvol vir beide die propriosepsie
en die funksionele balans van die oefen groep (p<0.05). Die studie het getoon dat die
propriosepsie en funksionele balans van ouer volwassenes statisties betekenisvol
verbeter kan word deur middel van ‘n inoefeningsprogram vir die verbetering van
propriosepsie waar slegs van lae tegnologiese apparaat gebruik maak word.
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Attentional contributions to postural control are altered in older adults who fear fallingWhite, Patricia, University of Lethbridge. Faculty of Arts and Science January 2009 (has links)
The purpose of this thesis was to compare the contributions of attentional resources relevant to postural control between fall-fearful and non-fearful older adults. Levels of postural challenge and instructions of task prioritization were manipulated to obtain this goal. Results indicated that fall-fearful subjects demonstrated a reorganization of attentional resources when challenge to upright standing was imposed. Additionally, only non-fearful subjects demonstrated flexibility in the prioritization of the cognitive task. However both fall-fearful and non-fearful subjects demonstrated flexibility in the prioritization of the postural task. Findings suggested that fall-fearful older adults reorganize the allocation of attentional resources differently than non-fearful counterparts, potentially placing them at greater risk for falling as their awareness of the external environment and threats to balance may be compromised. / xii, 80 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm
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Postural anxiety influences the allocation of attentional resources among younger and older adultsKempster, Cody C, University of Lethbridge. Faculty of Arts and Science January 2010 (has links)
The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the influence of postural anxiety on the
capacity for Flexible Resource Allocation (FRA) among younger (YA) and older adults
(OA). Two experiments were conducted to explore (a) the influence of heightened
postural anxiety on the flexible allocation of attention among OA and (b) the influence of
concurrent postural challenge and postural anxiety on FRA among YA. Participants
performed a postural task concurrently to a cognitive task according to three instructional
sets directing task priority. Experiment one revealed that FRA was compromised among
OA during circumstances of heightened anxiety. This capacity however, remained
available among YA. Therefore, for the second experiment I varied the support surface to
explore whether the capacity for FRA could be sustained when posture was challenged
beyond static stance. Results indicated that YA altered cognitive task performance
according to instructional set without compromising postural stability. These findings
suggest that even when posture is challenged during heightened postural anxiety, YA
maintain the capacity to automatically allocate attention to a postural task while
performing a secondary task. Conversely, it seems that heightened postural anxiety
strengthens the attentional bias to posture and subsequently compromises FRA among
OA. Overall, results from this thesis suggest that the capacity for FRA is age and
situation dependent. / xi, 107 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm
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An exploration into aging in the Muncie community using photovoice techniqueSalyer, Amanda L. January 2006 (has links)
This study presented an overview of the use of Photovoice technique as an information gathering tool that is useful in the study of aging. The processes followed in this study lead to a possible method that could be helpful when assessing needs as they relate to activities of daily living as well as wellness information for individuals. The photos collected in this study along with first person accounts of the pictures enhanced the breadth and depth of information when compared to a traditional survey tool used to study activities of daily living. This study looked at the phenomenon of staying vital in ones home in the later stages of the life span from the perspective of the person living in the situation. / Fisher Institute for Wellness and Gerontology
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Ageing and mobility in Britain : past trends, present patterns and future implicationsTilley, Sara January 2013 (has links)
Over the next decade the ‘Baby Boomer' cohort will increasingly contribute to the proportion of those aged 60 and over in Britain. The issue of how the mobility of older people has changed for different cohort groups has not been considered in a historical context. Ryder (1965) argued that cohort groups could be important in determining behaviour as have other social structural factors, such as socioeconomic status. This thesis merges the disciplines of transport geography and population studies using a novel approach of cohort analysis, which has not been used widely for studying mobility trends. Using National Travel Survey data from 1995-2008, the mobility trends of older people in Britain are explored by creating pseudo cohorts. Pseudo cohorts are artificially created datasets which are constructed from using repeated cross-sectional data (McIntosh, 2005, Uren, 2006). This technique can differentiate ‘age', ‘period' and ‘cohort' effects in mobility trends. Age effects are differences in behaviour between age groups i.e. changes in mobility associated with age itself. Period effects relate to changes in behaviour in all age groups over a period of time. Cohort effects are those associated with behaviour common to particular groups born around the same time (Glenn, 2005, Yang, 2007). The influence of the Scottish concessionary travel policy on the mobility of older people at the aggregate level is also considered using Scottish Household Survey data from 1999-2008. This policy is very blunt and based on assumptions about older age. As cohorts differ, these assumptions may no longer hold and therefore the policy may not be effective. This thesis argues, using a longitudinal demographic perspective, that structural effects shape mobility of cohorts differently over time. The findings reveal although mobility amongst older people is rising in general, there would actually be declining mobility were it not for the Boomer cohort. Amongst younger cohorts mobility is lower. The analysis also shows that women travel further than men, a fundamental break with the past, specific to this generation. This thesis illustrates the importance of cohort membership in explaining mobility change.
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Perceptions of the transition to assisted living as a function of psychological well-being, instrumental activities of daily living, and coping: A prospective studyCrabb, Brooke Evangeline 01 January 2003 (has links)
This study examined the influence of three predictor variables on perceptions of assisted living: psychological well-being, functional status, and coping strategies. A multiple regression analysis was used to examine the influence of these factors on perceptions of the transition to assisted living.
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