[From Editorial] In this special issue of SAJG, an attempt is made to demonstrate how a selection of studies were conducted and how the research outcomes have been translated into action. Heslop, Agyarko, Adjetey-Sorsey and Mapetla give us a paper in which they have evaluated the methodology used in studies in Ghana and South Africa to determine the contributions of older people. After long periods of implementation and learning, this participatory-research methodology has become synonymous with HAl's research work. The authors take us through the methodology, describe the studies carried out in the two countries, and provide us with a vivid picture of not only the problems which older people in the countries face, but also the immense contribution which they make to the well-being of other people. The impact which this work has had in both countries is notable. Older participants in the studies have taken it upon themselves to advocate their rights, and the governments in the two countries have started to put measures in place to address some of the problems identified in the studies. The paper by Van Vuuren and Groenewald examines the pattern of expenditure of pension income by black pension beneficiaries in the Free State Province of South Africa, against a backdrop of these persons' living circumstances. It goes into detail about issues regarding the payment of pensions, pension sharing within households and expenditure of pension money on specific items, and challenges allegations that pensioners are frequently robbed of their pension money and that they lose this income to loan sharks. Some of the findings of this paper contrast with the findings of the HAl studies conducted with partners in the Northem, Gauteng and Kwazulu-Natal provinces of South Africa (see the first paper in this issue by Heslop and colleagues). In their paper, Kowal, Wolfson and Dowd point out that there is a dearth of empirical and credible data on older people in Africa. Although some research has been conducted on this population, the authors note that by and large the available data derive from small samples, are scattered, and have neither been widely disseminated nor shared. The authors further note a lack of common approaches to data collection. Realising these gaps, the World Health Organisation arranged a workshop in Harare, Zimbabwe in January 2000, to begin a process to develop a minimum data set (MDS) for use by researchers in Africa. An overall aim of the MDS project is to provide data to influence policy and decision makers in various areas which affect older persons. / Needs-driven research on nutrition and ageing, carried out by HAl in collaboration with the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, is reported by Busolo, Ismail and Peachey in their paper. Nutrition and ageing in developing countries is an area which bas received scant attention. The nutritional requirements of older persons in these countries have not only been inadequately investigated but as a result, nutrition practitioners in various settings simply shoot in the dark. The authors take us down the path which the research took, from bow the needs were identified, to how the research was conducted, to how an intervention programme was set up. They give us some key findings of the research, describe the dissemination process and the application of the findings, and suggest a way forward. An Africa-wide programme currently being implemented as a direct result of this work is aimed at providing knowledge and information on the nutritional requirements of older people to key nutrition institutes, older people's organisations, N GOs (particularly those working in emergency situations), donors and governments. HelpAge International earlier conducted research in the Magu district of Tanzania on the plight of older women who are victimised on suspicion of their being witches (cf. Forrester Kibuga, 1999). Forrester Kibuga and Dianga now draw on this work in their paper. The authors take us through facts pertaining to the witchcraft-related killings, some of the problems which older people in the district face, the changing roles of older people in that area, beliefs and customs of the communities, and the stance of the government and the church on witchcraft. The dynamics of gender issues are also discussed. Following on this research, HAl designed and is now implementing a programme aimed at addressing some of the factors which lead up to these killings and developing sustainable structures to protect older people from violence. In his paper, Gorman draws on the work of HAl in various parts of the world, particularly in Africa - including Tanzania, Ghana, South Africa and Kenya. He argues that violence against older women and men in Africa cannot be attributed to a single, straight-forward problem but must be understood within a complex web that touches on history, family structures, and social and economic factors. He makes practical suggestions on what needs to be done to deal with the problem of violence. HelpAge International will soon be implementing an Africa-wide programme as a response to some of the issues which have been raised in its research on violence. While there is a clear need for more research on ageing in Africa, the research should not be done in a vacuum. There is a simultaneous need for greater collaboration and sharing of research results, and perhaps most importantly, for more action based on research outcomes. At the end of the day researchers should never forget that they have an ethical commitment to their subjects, to society and to their colleagues. / Thanks are due to Karen Peachey and Alex Dianga in the HAl Africa Regional Development Centre for the co-ordination of this special issue. Special thanks are due to Monica Ferreira for dedicating the issue to the experience and work of HAl, and for her commitment to addressing issues pertaining to ageing in Africa. She has worked tirelessly to ensure the success of not only this issue of SAJG but of previous issues as well. I have found her a pillar of support and a pleasure to work with. Tavengwa M. Nhongo.

The increased incidence of chronic illness among the elderly makes long-term care a health concern as the population ages. Little is known about the impact of chronic confusion on the family. This study used a qualitative approach to look at the impact on the caregiving wife of caring for a chronically confused, elderly husband. Six wives whose elderly husbands experienced chronic confusion and who lived alone with their husband were interviewed using the phenomenological method described by Giorgi (1975). The findings indicated that there is a substantial impact when the husband depends on his caregiving wife to remain in the home, especially when the wife is older and experiences chronic illness herself. Overall, these negative effects were congruent with those reported by other researchers, suggesting that the general impact of long-term care is burden. The themes in the caregivers' accounts revolved around three main concerns: the management of the husband's dependency, the maintenance of the family as a unit, and the acceptance of the caregiving situation. Chronic confusion occurred with other chronic illnesses and compounded the husbands' impairments. Interpersonal relations were also adversely affected, and the wives had to learn to take control of the family amidst physical strain and social isolation. The caregiver found that her life came to revolve around the needs of her husband; she derived meaning from fulfilling her perceived duty as a wife. The presence of chronic illness and aging intensified her experience of burden. Despite the costs to her well-being, the wife was devoted to maintaining her husband at home. The caregiving wife needs support to deal with the husband's care and its negative consequences, but her desire to remain as independent as possible appears to conflict with her utilization of outside support. Nursing intervention should be directed toward assisting the caregiver to cope with the husband's care and with its negative effects on her. Nursing education should prepare the practitioner with a broad background in community health nursing, gerontology, and geriatrics to enable her to provide nursing care to these kinds of families. Future nursing research should focus on furthering the understanding of the impact of caregiving as a basis for planning the most helpful interventions to support the caregiver. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Nursing, School of / Graduate

Caregivers of dementia patients who were referred to a community-based comprehensive assessment program for demented and/or chronically ill older adults by physicians or community agencies were studied for this thesis.

This dissertation consists of three papers studying the relationship between paid leave policies and work and informal care outcomes among older workers. Paper one investigates whether different types of paid leave provided by employers are associated with the supply of elder care. Paper two examines the role of paid leave in determining labor market outcomes for older workers with a family member who experiences a health decline. Paper three analyzes the case in South Korea -- how leave policies influence labor market outcomes for older workers with a spouse who experiences a health decline.

Theoretically every society has some institutional means which seeks to prevent and alleviate personal misfortune and illness "Institutions are standardized solutions to collective problems." The increasing population rate of older persons, many of whom suffer from chronic diseases and disabilities, does pose a collective problem for society. Formerly, the "institutional" approach developed to address the needs of chronic aging patients and society. Today the "community" approach, by which community service agencies whose goal is to help older adults remain independent of total institutional care by supplying supportive services, is achieving recognition . This thesis is an exploratory study to assess similarities and/or dissimilarities between two distinct groups of elderly persons -- those receiving services in a total institution and those living in the community but receiving supportive services via a community-based delivery system. This delivery system is concerned with supplying human services to those people assumed to be "at risk" of institutional care. It is assumed that the clients of such a system are similar to those persons within an institution. The major purpose of this study is to validate this assumption. If this assumption is proved true , it is thought that it could have important consequences on future policies concerning health-care systems for the aged.

by Ho Yuk Mei. / Thesis (M.S.W.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 107-113). / Acknowledgements / Abstract / Chapter Chapter I --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter II --- Family Caregiving of Elderly in Hong Kong --- p.5 / Chapter 1 --- Characteristics and Needs of Elderly Population in Hong Kong --- p.5 / Chapter 2 --- Social Services for the Elderly in Hong Kong --- p.8 / Chapter 3 --- Family Caregiving in Hong Kong --- p.11 / Chapter 4 --- Local Researches on Family Caregivers of Frail Elderly --- p.13 / Chapter Chapter III --- Literature Review on Family Caregivers of Frail Elderly --- p.18 / Chapter 1 --- Elderly --- p.18 / Chapter 2 --- Frail Elderly --- p.19 / Chapter 3 --- Family Caregivers of Frail Elderly --- p.22 / Chapter 4 --- Caregiving as a Stressful Experience --- p.25 / Chapter 5 --- Stress and Coping Model --- p.29 / Chapter Chapter IV --- Conceptual Framework of Stress and Coping Strategies of Family Caregivers of Frail Elderly --- p.40 / Chapter 1 --- Definitions of Major Variables --- p.40 / Chapter 2 --- Interrelationships of Major Variables (Hypotheses) --- p.43 / Chapter Chapter V --- Research Methodology --- p.46 / Chapter 1 --- Sampling --- p.46 / Chapter 2 --- Measuring Instruments --- p.48 / Chapter 3 --- Data Collection Procedure --- p.56 / Chapter 4 --- Data Analysis --- p.57 / Chapter Chapter VI --- Findings on the Characteristics of Family Caregivers and their Frail Elderly Relatives --- p.58 / Chapter 1 --- Characteristics of Family Caregivers --- p.58 / Chapter 2 --- Characteristics of the Frail Elderly --- p.67 / Chapter Chapter VII --- "Findings on Level and Areas of Family Caregiving, Stress, Appraisal, Coping Strategies and Life Satisfaction of Family Caregivers" --- p.78 / Chapter 1 --- Level and Areas of Family Caregiving of Frail Elderly --- p.78 / Chapter 2 --- Level of Stress of Family Caregivers --- p.81 / Chapter 3 --- Appraisal of Caregiving Situation by Family Caregivers --- p.82 / Chapter 4 --- Coping Strategies of Family Caregivers --- p.85 / Chapter 5 --- Level of Life Satisfaction of Family Caregivers --- p.89 / Chapter Chapter VIII --- Findings on Hypotheses Testing --- p.91 / Chapter Chapter IX --- Summary and Limitations --- p.95 / Chapter Chapter X --- Recommendations --- p.101 / Bibliography --- p.107 / Appendix 1 Eligibility Criteria of Day Care Centre for the Elderly --- p.114 / Appendix 2 Eligibility Criteria of Elderly Cases of Home Help Service --- p.115 / Appendix 3 Description of the Coping Scale --- p.116 / Appendix 4 Questionnaire (Chinese Version) --- p.117 / Appendix 5 Questionnaire (English Version) --- p.131 / Appendix 6 Percentage of Responses to the Items in the Ways of Coping Questionnaire --- p.147

作為當代中國老年照顧服務領域以社區為基礎的服務項目典型，社區居家養老服務於2003年已在一批城市化速度較快、經濟發展較好的城市範圍內示範性地開展了，由此促成了本次採用質化研究方法、以廣州荔灣區A街道及南京建鄴區B街道兩個示範社區所做的探索性地對比研究。 / 研究問題包涵宏觀、中觀、微觀三個不同的層面，旨在考察兩地在社區老年照顧服務情境建設中的路徑選擇、對社區居家養老服務項目的概念化和操作化、以及關鍵性專業服務理念（參與理念、增權理念）在具體服務輸送環節中的滲透情況。因此，研究主要發現主要有以下三大面向：宏觀層面提出了“服務情境服務項目的互動論，並展示了宏觀層面與中觀層面的雙向關係；中觀層面既分析服務項目內部服務理念與服務實踐的關係，又揭示了服務項目及其所能發揮的服務效益之間的關係，提出了中觀層面與微觀層面的互動可能性；微觀層面歸納出了專業服務理念對未來制度化建設的的倡導，顯示了微觀理念發展對宏觀制度建設的影響。在此基礎之上，研究員進一步提出了我國城市社區居家養老服務概念框架，以及相應的政策啟示和實務建議，共同形成了本次研究的主要研究貢獻。 / As a typical programs within the domain of the contemporary Chinese eldercare, home- and community-based services for the elderly has been experimentally implemented in dozens of relatively urbanized and economically developed cities since 2003, which promotes this exploratory qualitative comparative study between Guangzhou and Nanjing. / Research questions encompass macro, mezzo, and micro levels, designating to the constructive paths of community’s eldercare setting, the conceptualization and operationalization of home- and community-based services for the elderly, and the involvement of professional service concepts (participation, empowerment) into the concrete service delivery section. Hence, the main research findings are correspondingly based on three dimensions: at the macro level, an interactionism between “service setting--service program has been inducted, demonstrating the bidirectional relationships between the macro and mezzo levels; at the mezzo level, not only does the researcher analyze the relationship between the service concept and the service practice, she also further points out the relationship between the service program and its service effectiveness, revealing the interactive possibilities between the mezzo and micro levels; at the micro level, an advocacy for the future institutional construction put forward by the professional service concepts aforementioned has also been inducted, depicting the impetus given to the macro institutional construction by the micro conceptual development. In a nutshell, this study is mainly devoted to the dimensional relationships which are readily accessible or potential, from which a conceptual framework steering the home- and community-based services for the elderly in contemporary urban China has been abstracted, together with corresponding social policy implications and practice suggestions as a consequences. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 陳偉. / "2013年3月". / "2013 nian 3 yue". / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 367-386). / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Chen Wei. / 論文摘要 --- p.iii / Abstract --- p.iv / 致謝 --- p.vi / 目錄 --- p.ix / Chapter 第一部分 --- 理論與方法 / Chapter 第一章 --- 導論 --- p.2 / Chapter 一、 --- 研究背景 --- p.2 / Chapter 二、 --- 研究目標 --- p.2 / Chapter 三、 --- 研究理論 --- p.5 / Chapter 四、 --- 研究問題 --- p.7 / Chapter 五、 --- 研究章節概述 --- p.7 / Chapter 第二章 --- 文獻回顧 --- p.9 / 相關的理論與理念支持 / Chapter 一、 --- 福利多元主義理論指導之下的“混合經濟福利 --- p.11 / Chapter (一) --- 福利多元組合（welfare mix） --- p.11 / Chapter 1. --- 三分法 --- p.11 / Chapter 2. --- 四分法 --- p.12 / Chapter (二) --- 福利三角（welfare triangle） --- p.13 / Chapter (三) --- 福利多元主義理論（welfare pluralism） --- p.14 / Chapter 1. --- 對福利多元主義的樂觀看法 --- p.15 / Chapter 2. --- 對福利多元主義的批評 --- p.17 / Chapter 3. --- 福利多元主義對我國福利體制轉變的啟示 --- p.22 / Chapter 二、 --- 英國社區照顧 --- p.28 / Chapter (一) --- 英國社區照顧的源起 --- p.29 / Chapter 1. --- 對“社區照顧一詞的使用 --- p.29 / Chapter 2. --- 社區照顧作為社會政策 --- p.29 / Chapter 3. --- 社區照顧服務對象的轉變 --- p.30 / Chapter 4. --- 社區照顧內涵的三個面向 --- p.31 / Chapter (二) --- 福利國家危機與執政理念轉換之下的英國社區照顧 --- p.34 / Chapter (三) --- 福利多元主義之下的英國社區照顧及其爭議性 --- p.36 / Chapter (四) --- 理念與模式的並行、正式與非正式照顧資源的並行 --- p.39 / Chapter 三、 --- 批判老年學與批判老年學社會工作 --- p.41 / Chapter (一) --- 批判老年學：增權在理論間的串聯 --- p.42 / Chapter (二) --- 批判老年社會工作 --- p.45 / Chapter 1. --- 需要？還是風險與資格標準？ --- p.45 / Chapter 2. --- 從照顧者角度出發的反思 --- p.48 / 我國現有的實證資料回顧 / Chapter 一、 --- 中國人口老齡化現狀及變動趨勢 --- p.53 / Chapter 二、 --- 對以社區為基礎的服務項目的政策倡導 --- p.54 / Chapter 三、 --- 社區居家養老服務重要性的萌芽 --- p.55 / Chapter 四、 --- 現有文獻对社区居家养老服务的理解 --- p.57 / Chapter 五、 --- 我國現有的社區居家養老服務實踐 --- p.61 / Chapter (一) --- 中央及地方的政策支持 --- p.61 / Chapter (二) --- 經濟支持與硬件設施建設 --- p.62 / Chapter (三) --- 服務方面的實務進展 --- p.64 / Chapter 第三章 --- 研究問題與概念框架 --- p.68 / Chapter 一、 --- 研究問題 --- p.68 / Chapter (一) --- 宏觀層面的研究問題 --- p.69 / Chapter (二) --- 中觀層面的研究問題 --- p.69 / Chapter (三) --- 微觀層面的研究問題 --- p.69 / Chapter 二、 --- 概念框架 --- p.69 / Chapter (一) --- 概念界定 --- p.70 / Chapter 1. --- 宏觀層面的概念考察 --- p.70 / Chapter 2. --- 中觀層面的概念考察 --- p.72 / Chapter 3. --- 微觀層面的概念考察 --- p.73 / Chapter (二) --- 概念框架構想（圖一） --- p.79 / Chapter 第四章 --- 方法論與研究方法 --- p.81 / Chapter 一、 --- 研究範式 --- p.81 / Chapter (一) --- 批判理論之兩大理論流派的淺述 --- p.81 / Chapter (二) --- 批判理論學者之觀點的演進與歸納 --- p.82 / Chapter (三) --- 中國老年照顧服務情境下對批判理論的解讀 --- p.86 / Chapter 1. --- 傳統的理論範式分析路徑及其實踐意義 --- p.86 / Chapter 2. --- 理念再定義對研究實踐的補充 --- p.88 / Chapter 二、 --- 對質化研究方法的選擇依據 --- p.90 / Chapter 三、 --- 關於研究設計（表一~表四） --- p.92 / Chapter (一) --- 目標人群與研究地域的揀選 --- p.93 / Chapter 1. --- 不同類型的服務提供者與服務使用者 --- p.93 / Chapter 2. --- 對廣州A街道與南京B街道的聚焦 --- p.95 / Chapter (二) --- 訪談對象的選擇與獲取渠道 --- p.100 / Chapter (三) --- 多元資料收集 --- p.101 / Chapter 1. --- 文獻資料 --- p.102 / Chapter 2. --- 觀察法 --- p.105 / Chapter 3. --- 聚焦訪談 --- p.109 / Chapter 4. --- 深度訪談 --- p.110 / Chapter (四) --- 嚴謹度之策略詳析 --- p.114 / Chapter 1. --- 可信度的保障標準 --- p.114 / Chapter 2. --- 對可信度的干擾因素 --- p.116 / Chapter 3. --- 保障可信度的策略 --- p.117 / Chapter (五) --- 分析方法的選用 --- p.119 / Chapter (六) --- 倫理因素的考量 --- p.120 / Chapter (七) --- 反思與自我反省 --- p.122 / Chapter 第二部分 --- 資料分析與對比 / Chapter 第一章 --- 廣州地區的資料分析 --- p.126 / Chapter 一、 --- 宏觀層面的資料分析 --- p.127 / Chapter (一) --- 荔灣區“A街道家庭綜合服務中心--“A長者家園之“混合模式 --- p.128 / Chapter 1. --- 民政部門的反思 --- p.130 / Chapter 2. --- 社會組織的融入與反思 --- p.133 / Chapter 3. --- 街道辦事處/居民委員會的行政職能轉化 --- p.140 / Chapter 二、 --- 中觀層面的資料分析 --- p.142 / Chapter (一) --- “A長者家園之社區居家養老服務 --- p.142 / Chapter 1. --- 居家養老服務--到戶服務 --- p.143 / Chapter 2. --- 社區長者服務--中心服務 --- p.149 / Chapter 3. --- 日托服務 --- p.157 / Chapter 三、 --- 微觀層面的資料分析 --- p.160 / Chapter (一) --- 老年服務使用者、護老者的角度對具體服務輸送環節的評價 --- p.160 / Chapter 1. --- 老年服務使用者的角度 --- p.161 / Chapter 2. --- 部分護老者的角度 --- p.167 / Chapter (二) --- 具體服務輸送環節中的專業服務理念 --- p.170 / Chapter 1. --- 參與理念在不同服務類型中的各式表達 --- p.171 / Chapter 2. --- 增權理念在不同服務類型中的各式表達 --- p.175 / Chapter 四、 --- 廣州地區的資料分析小結 --- p.179 / Chapter 第二章 --- 南京地區的資料分析 --- p.182 / Chapter 一、 --- 宏觀層面的資料分析 --- p.184 / Chapter (一) --- 建鄴區B街道之社區管理體制改革--“一委一居一站的行政架構 --- p.184 / Chapter 1. --- 社區管理體制改革在改什麼？ --- p.185 / Chapter 二、 --- 中觀層面的資料分析 --- p.191 / Chapter (一) --- 社區管理體制改革框架下之社區居家養老服務理念面面觀 --- p.191 / Chapter 1. --- 街道幹部的角度 --- p.191 / Chapter 2. --- 街道社工的角度 --- p.195 / Chapter 3. --- 老年服務使用者的角度 --- p.199 / Chapter (二) --- 不同社區之間關於社區居家養老服務項目的不同解讀 --- p.201 / Chapter 1. --- B1社區之“失能長者的鄰里幫扶和社區日間照顧服務方案 --- p.202 / Chapter 2. --- B2社區之“Multitude托老養老助殘服務中心 --- p.205 / Chapter 三、 --- 微觀層面的資料分析 --- p.211 / Chapter (一) --- 老年服務使用者、護老者的角度對具體服務輸送環節的評價 --- p.212 / Chapter 1. --- 老年服務使用者的角度 --- p.212 / Chapter 2. --- 街道幹部、街道社工的角度 --- p.214 / Chapter (二) --- 具體服務輸送環節中的專業服務理念 --- p.218 / Chapter 1. --- B1社區之服務方案中的參與理念和增權理念 --- p.218 / Chapter 2. --- B2社區之服務實體中的參與理念和增權理念 --- p.222 / Chapter (三) --- 有關具體服務輸送環節的專業化建設 --- p.223 / Chapter 1. --- 對社區外部服務資源的援引 --- p.223 / Chapter 2. --- 對社區內部服務資源的挖掘 --- p.224 / Chapter 3. --- 對組建社會工作者專業隊伍的認知與倡導 --- p.227 / Chapter 四、 --- 南京地區的資料分析小結 --- p.229 / Chapter 第三章 --- 廣州與南京之資料對比 --- p.232 / Chapter 一、 --- 宏觀層面的資料對比（圖二~圖三） --- p.233 / Chapter (一) --- 廣州A街道：尋求服務模式的“第三條道路 --- p.233 / Chapter 1. --- 三角頂端之民政部門的表率與三角兩端之專業化與行政化的依存 --- p.234 / Chapter (二) --- 南京B街道：由“委居站架构所引发的对社区内涵的再思 --- p.239 / Chapter 1. --- 服務型社區？擬或是行政型社區？ --- p.239 / Chapter (三) --- 宏觀層面對比之小結（表五） --- p.242 / Chapter 二、 --- 中觀層面的資料對比 --- p.245 / Chapter (一) --- 社區居家養老服務的概念化 --- p.245 / Chapter 1. --- 廣州：“廣義的社區居家養老服務 --- p.245 / Chapter 2. --- 南京：“在社區裡的居家養老服務 --- p.249 / Chapter (二) --- 社區居家養老服務的操作化 --- p.252 / Chapter 1. --- 廣州：不同服務類型之間分野与独立性的彰显 --- p.252 / Chapter 2. --- 南京：服務方案的形式與實體的形式 --- p.260 / Chapter (三) --- 中觀層面對比之小結（表六） --- p.267 / Chapter 三、 --- 微觀層面的資料對比 --- p.272 / Chapter (一) --- 廣州：服務使用者的參與、增權 --- p.273 / Chapter 1. --- 服務使用者在三種服務類型中的參與 --- p.274 / Chapter 2. --- 服務使用者在三種服務類型中的增權 --- p.281 / Chapter (二) --- 南京：服務使用者的參與、增權 --- p.283 / Chapter 1. --- 服務使用者在服務中的參與 --- p.284 / Chapter 2. --- 服務使用者在服務中的增權 --- p.289 / Chapter 3. --- 從服務關係中尋找服務導向的軌跡 --- p.292 / Chapter (三) --- 微觀層面對比之小結（表七） --- p.298 / Chapter 四、 --- 廣州與南京地區之資料對比小結 --- p.303 / Chapter 第三部分 --- 討論、啟示與總結 / Chapter 第一章 --- 討論部分 --- p.311 / Chapter 一、 --- 宏觀層面的理論與理念歸納 --- p.313 / Chapter (一) --- “服務情境--服務項目的互動論 --- p.313 / Chapter 1. --- 互動結構上的服務內嵌與服務從屬 --- p.313 / Chapter 2. --- 互動關係中的行政搭橋與行政本位主義 --- p.314 / Chapter 3. --- 社區服務情境的建設與社區行政情境的建設 --- p.314 / Chapter 二、 --- 中觀層面的理論與理念歸納 --- p.316 / Chapter (一) --- 理念與實踐的交互作用 --- p.316 / Chapter 1. --- 服務項目“本質上的超越和“形式上的變換 --- p.316 / Chapter (二) --- “項目超越--理念滲透的互動效應 --- p.319 / Chapter 1. --- 廣州A街道之“服務項目的實質超越與服務效益最大化 --- p.319 / Chapter 2. --- 南京B街道之“服務項目的形式變換與服務性理念的何去何從 --- p.320 / Chapter 三、 --- 微觀層面的理論與理念歸納 --- p.321 / Chapter (一) --- 漸進式的參與階梯：宏觀與微觀之間的橋樑 --- p.321 / Chapter 1. --- 廣州A街道之“通往公民參與的制度化培養 --- p.321 / Chapter 2. --- 南京B街道之“等待參與理念的意識啟蒙 --- p.322 / Chapter (二) --- 情境中的增權 --- p.324 / Chapter 1. --- 廣州A街道之“增權情境中的理念踐行 --- p.325 / Chapter 2. --- 南京B街道之“科層式權力格局下的理念火花 --- p.326 / Chapter 四、 --- 宏觀、中觀、微觀三大層面的內在串聯（圖四圖六） --- p.327 / Chapter (一) --- 宏觀、中觀、微觀三大研究面向之內在聯動 --- p.327 / Chapter (二) --- 我國城市社區居家養老服務概念框架圖的再思：抽象化和具體化 --- p.330 / Chapter 第二章 --- 啟示部分 --- p.335 / Chapter 一、 --- 政策建議 --- p.336 / Chapter (一) --- 社區居家養老服務政策制定背後的多元意識形態再表達 --- p.336 / Chapter 1. --- 福利意識形態的政策表達 --- p.337 / Chapter 2. --- 服務意識形態的政策表達 --- p.338 / Chapter 3. --- 專業意識形態的政策表達 --- p.339 / Chapter (二) --- 多元相關政策的制定：圍繞社區居家養老服務政策的聯動效應（圖七） --- p.340 / Chapter 1. --- 政府購買服務給付標準的政策規定 --- p.341 / Chapter 2. --- 對服務型非政府組織的扶持政策 --- p.342 / Chapter 3. --- 對機構養老服務的政策再思和對“機構養老在地化的政策扶持 --- p.344 / Chapter 4. --- 策劃有關長期照顧制度的政策提議 --- p.346 / Chapter 二、 --- 實務建議 --- p.348 / Chapter (一) --- 組織進社區的過渡性服務實踐 --- p.349 / Chapter (二) --- 街道社工服務認受性的“上通下達 --- p.350 / Chapter 第三章 --- 總結部分 --- p.353 / Chapter 一、 --- 研究發現對研究問題的回應 --- p.353 / Chapter (一) --- 宏觀層面的回應：服務情境中透顯出的老年福利觀--多元性和剩餘性 --- p.353 / Chapter (二) --- 中觀層面的回應：服務項目透顯出的超越--本質的超越和形式的超越 --- p.355 / Chapter (三) --- 微觀層面的回應：關鍵性專業服務理念--維繫宏觀與微觀之間的橋樑 --- p.356 / Chapter 二、 --- 研究貢獻 --- p.357 / Chapter (一) --- 研究貢獻 --- p.357 / Chapter (二) --- 研究局限 --- p.359 / Chapter (三) --- 進一步研究的必要性 --- p.362 / Chapter 三、 --- 結語 --- p.362 / 主要參考書目 --- p.366

published_or_final_version / Social Work / Master / Master of Social Sciences

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