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Inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST) is a common disease of the autonomic nervous system in children and adults. Diagnosis and treatment of IST in adolescents is not well defined. In this retrospective study, we tested our hypothesis regarding autonomic dysfunction in childhood by analyzing 24-h heart rate variability (HRV) in 479 children, with a mean age of 13.7 ± 2.1 years, who were referred to the outpatient clinic in the Pediatrics Department within the last 15 years. Seventy-four adolescents with a mean 24-h heart rate ≥ 95 bpm (our cut-off for an IST based upon 66 healthy controls) were deemed to have IST. We found the risk of IST to be high in adolescents with attention deficit disorder (OR = 3.5,p<0.001), pre-hypertension (OR = 2.5, p = 0.043) and hypertension (OR = 2.1,p = 0.02); insignificantly enhanced in children with short stature (OR = 1.9,p = 0.19), surgically-treated congenital heart disease (OR = 1.4,p = 0.51) and obesity without hypertension (OR = 1.4;p = 0.25); and negligible in adolescents with anorexia nervosa (OR = 0.3, p = 0.26) and constitutional thinness (OR = 0.9,p = 0.89). IST was associated with a significant decrease in global HRV and elevated blood pressures, indicating an enhanced cardiovascular risk. Methylphenidate did not increase 24-h heart rates, whereas omega-3 fatty acid supplementation significantly decreased elevated heart rates and increased HRV in adolescents with IST. In this retrospective analysis, 15.4% of adolescents suffered from IST with a 24-h heart rate ≥ 95 bpm, predominately due to attention deficit disorder and hypertension. / Die Inadäquate Sinustachykardie (IST) ist eine häufige Erkrankung des autonomen Nervensystems bei Kindern und Erwachsenen. Die Diagnose und Therapie einer IST bei Jugendlichen ist bisher nicht genau definiert. In dieser retrospektiven Studie haben wir unsere Hypothese bezüglich autonomer Dysfunktion im Kindesalter durch die Analyse von 24-h Herzfrequenzvariabilität (HRV) bei 479 Kindern mit einem Durchschnittsalter von 13,7 ± 2,1 Jahren, die innerhalb der letzten 15 Jahre an die pädiatrische Ambulanz überwiesen wurden, untersucht. 74 Jugendliche hatten eine mittlere Herzfrequenz ≥95/min (Cut-off Werte für eine IST basieren auf der gesunden Kontrollgruppe) und hatten damit eine IST. Wir stellten fest, dass das Risiko einer IST bei Jugendlichen mit einer Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) (OR = 3,5, p < 0,001), Prä-Hypertonie (OR = 2,5, p = 0,043) und Hypertonie (OR = 2,1, p = 0,02) hoch ist; nicht signifikant erhöht bei Kindern mit Kleinwuchs (OR = 1,9, p = 0,19), chirurgisch behandelte angeborene Herzkrankheit (OR = 1,4). ,p = 0,51) und Adipositas ohne Bluthochdruck (OR = 1,4; p = 0,25); und unbedeutsam bei Jugendlichen mit Anorexia nervosa (OR = 0,3, p = 0,26) und konstitutioneller Dünnheit (OR = 0,9, p = 0,89). Eine IST war mit signifikant reduzierten HRV-Werten und erhöhten Blutdrücken assoziiert, was auf ein erhöhtes kardiovaskuläres Risiko hindeutet. In dieser retrospektiven Analyse litten 15,4 % der Jugendlichen an einer IST mit einer 24h HF ≥ 95 bpm hauptsächlich aufgrund einer ADHS und Hypertonie.

Consumer interest in supplementation with healthy omega-3 fatty acids (Ï 3 FA) has led to increased research in fortification of popular foods with these healthy fats. Yogurt, which is already popular, offers a functional food matrix to fortify with Ï 3 FA. Fish oil, a major source of two important long chain Ï 3 FA eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an excellent source of Ï 3 FA enrichment into foods but brings problems of oxidation and off-flavors or odors when added to foods. Encapsulation, deodorized fish oil, and flavoring have been investigated to reduce these off-flavors and odors in food products while producing a fish oil-fortified yogurt. Discrimination of butter, fish or oxidized fish oil at 0.5% (wt/wt) levels was investigated in unflavored low-fat (1%) yogurt using untrained panelists (n=31) and sensory triangle tests. Five sensory attributes (lime, sweet, heat, acid, oxidized) were analyzed by experienced sensory panelists (n=12) in chile-lime flavored yogurts with butter, fish or oxidized fish oils added at low (0.43%) and high (1% wt/wt) levels. Analytical analysis for composition, fatty acid profile, and volatile chemistry of the yogurts was conducted. Consumer acceptance of a low-fat (1.5%) chile-lime flavored yogurt enriched with fish oil was investigated using a 9-point hedonic scale (1="dislike extremely", 9="like extremely"). Untrained panelists (n=31) were unable to differentiate 0.5% (wt/wt) levels of fish and butter oils in unflavored yogurts but were able to detect oxidized fish oil compared to butter or fish oil under in the same conditions. Experienced panelists (n=12) found significant differences (p<0.05) in lime and acid attributes in chile-lime flavored yogurts containing 1% (wt/wt) oxidized fish oil compared with 0.43 and 1% (wt/wt) butter and fish oil yogurts and 0.43% (wt/wt) oxidized fish oil yogurts. Oxidized attributes were determined as significantly different (p<0.05) by experienced panelists in chile-lime yogurts with 1% (wt/wt) fish oil, 0.43 and 1% (wt/wt) oxidized fish oil added. The acceptance of a fish oil-enriched chile-lime flavored yogurt was neutral ("neither liked nor disliked") by consumers (n=100) but 44% rated the product "like slightly" (6 of 9) or greater. A successful chile-lime flavored yogurt offering a novel savory flavor was formulated from pre-pasteurization addition of fish oil to deliver more than 145 mg DHA+EPA/170 g serving of yogurt. / Master of Science

[EN] Despite people attitudes concerning healthy eating, western diets still show a low intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). Among Argentinean people the consumption of fish meat is relatively poor, being beef and chicken meat their main sources of protein. A viable way of increasing the consumption of n-3 PUFA is to raise the intake of products enriched with them. Chicken meat is rated in second place in the consumption of meat in Argentina. This meat, like others, is a nutritive food that contains highly biologically valued proteins, vitamins and minerals. Chicken's proteins are easily assimilable by human body and they provide with essential aminoacids. The fatty acid composition of the lipids of broilers muscle tissues may be adapted to meet recommended values, adjusting the fatty acid composition of the diet. Modifying lipid profile of chicken meat could be considered as an effective way to produce a functional food. Unsaturated fatty acids, as is vastly documented, are prone to oxidation. The oxidation susceptibility of chicken meat is directly related to the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids. The more unsaturated is the fatty acid, the greater its oxidation could be, appearing concomitantly odd flavors and odors. A marked effect of treatments on the content of omega three fatty acids was observed, with treatment 4 which produced the greatest deposition of omega-3s (EPA and DHA). The sensory panel found differences on all treatments 3 and 4 in terms of the appearance of flavors, odors, and these same treatments that had higher levels of oxidation. Treatment 2 had increased sensory acceptability and lower values of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBA), biochemical indicator of lipid oxidation. A 100g serving of chicken breast contribute 50% of the dietary recommendations and the leg-thigh 100% of the dietary recommendations of content of n-3 established by various health agencies in recent years, when the chickens were fed Fish oil 4%. However this meat had the highest levels of lipid oxidation and incorporation of vitamin E combined with organic selenium was not effective enough to prevent it. / [ES] La sociedad argentina, al igual que otras poblaciones occidentales, presenta un déficit en el consumo de ácidos grasos omega tres, esto se debe principalmente a un bajo consumo de pescado. Una de las posibilidades para incrementar la ingesta de estos ácidos grasos es recurrir a productos enriquecidos con los mismos. La carne de pollo ocupa el segundo lugar en cuanto al consumo de carnes, en Argentina. Ésta, al igual que otras carnes, es un alimento nutritivo que contiene gran cantidad de proteína de alto valor biológico, vitaminas y minerales. Sus proteínas son fácilmente asimilables por el ser humano y aportan todos los aminoácidos esenciales. Avances tecnológicos recientes permiten, mediante la modificación de la alimentación de las aves, modificar la composición de lípidos de la carne de pollo. El incremento de ácidos grasos insaturados conlleva generalmente a un aumento en la susceptibilidad a la oxidación de sus ácidos grasos con la concomitante aparición de sabores y olores extraños. Antioxidantes como la vitamina E y el selenio han sido evaluados como eficaces protectores de oxidación de los lípidos. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la incorporación de ácidos grasos de fuentes vegetales y animales junto con el agregando vitamina E y selenio orgánico. Para tal efecto se compararon cuatro tratamientos: T1, dieta control (Maíz-Soja); T2, dieta con aceite de lino 4%; T3 dieta con aceite de lino 3% y aceite de pescado 2% y T4 dieta con aceite de pescado 4%. A cada una de ellas se le agregó vitamina E (200 mg/g) y selenio orgánico (0,3 mg/kg). Las dietas fueron formuladas isonutritivas y fueron suministradas desde los 21 días hasta los 49 días de vida. Posteriormente se evaluaron en dos cortes diferentes, pechuga y pata muslo, la composición de ácidos grasos, la estabilidad oxidativa (valores de TBA) de la carne cocida, el contenido de vitamina E de los tejidos y el comportamiento de los cortes ante un panel sensorial. Se observó un marcado efecto de los tratamientos sobre el contenido de ácidos grasos omega-3, siendo el tratamiento 4 el que produjo la mayor deposición de omega-3 de cadena larga (EPA y DHA). El panel sensorial encontró diferencias sobre todo en los tratamientos 3 y 4 en cuanto a la aparición de sabores y olores extraños, siendo estos mismos tratamientos los que presentaron mayores niveles de oxidación. El tratamiento 2 presentó mayor aceptabilidad sensorial y menores valores de sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobárbitúrico (TBA), indicador bioquímico de oxidación lipídica. Una porción de 100 g de pechuga aportaría el 50% de las recomendaciones dietarias y la pata-muslo el 100% de las recomendaciones dietarias de contenido de n-3 establecidas por diferentes organismos de salud en los últimos años, cuando los pollos fueron alimentados con aceite de pescado al 4%. Sin embargo esta carne presentó los niveles más elevados de oxidación lipídica y la incorporación de vitamina E combinada con selenio orgánico no fue lo suficientemente efectiva para prevenirla. / [CA] a societat argentina, igual que altres poblacions occidentals, presenta un dèficit en el consum d'àcids grassos omega tres, açò es deu principalment a un baix consum de peix. Una de les possibilitats per a incrementar la ingesta d'estos àcids grassos és recórrer a productes enriquits amb els mateixos. La carn de pollastre ocupa el segon lloc quant al consum de carns, a Argentina. Esta, igual que altres carns, és un aliment nutritiu que conté gran quantitat de proteïna d'alt valor biològic, vitamines i minerals. Les seues proteïnes són fàcilment assimilables pel ser humà i aporten tots els aminoàcids essencials. Avanços tecnològics recents permeten, per mitjà de la modificació de l'alimentació de les aus, modificar la composició de lípids de la carn de pollastre. L'increment d'àcids grassos insaturats comporta generalment a un augment en la susceptibilitat a l'oxidació dels seus àcids grassos amb la concomitant aparició de sabors i olors estranyes. Antioxidants com la vitamina E i el seleni han sigut avaluats com a eficaços protectors d'oxidació dels lípids. L'objectiu del present treball va ser avaluar la incorporació d'àcids grassos de fonts vegetals i animals junt amb l'agregant vitamina E i seleni orgànic. Per a tal efecte es van comparar quatre tractaments: T1, dieta control (Dacsa-Soja); T2, dieta amb oli de lli 4%; T3 dieta amb oli de lli 3% i oli de peix 2% i T4 dieta amb oli de peix 4%. A cada una d'elles se li va agregar vitamina E (200 mg/g) i seleni orgànic (0,3 mg/kg). Les dietes van ser formulades isonutritives i van ser subministrades des dels 21 dies fins als 49 dies de vida. Posteriorment es van avaluar en dos talls diferents, pit i pota cuixa, la composició d'àcids grassos, l'estabilitat oxidativa (valors de TBA) de la carn cuita, el contingut de vitamina E dels teixits i el comportament dels talls davant d'un panell sensorial. Es va observar un marcat efecte dels tractaments sobre el contingut d'àcids grassos omega-3, sent el tractament 4 el que va produir la major deposició d'omega-3 de cadena llarga (AU i DHA). El panell sensorial va trobar diferències sobretot en els tractaments 3 i 4 quant a l'aparició de sabors i olors estranyes, sent estos mateixos tractaments els que van presentar majors nivells d'oxidació. El tractament 2 va presentar major acceptabilitat sensorial i menors valors de substàncies reactives a l'àcid tiobárbitúrico (TBA), indicador bioquímic d'oxidació lipídica. Una porció de 100 g de pit aportaria el 50% de les recomanacions dietètiques i la pata-cuixa el 100% de les recomanacions dietètiques de contingut de n-3 establides per diferents organismes de salut en els últims anys, quan els pollastres van ser alimentats amb oli de peix al 4%. No obstant això esta carn va presentar els nivells més elevats d'oxidació lipídica i la incorporació de vitamina E combinada amb seleni orgànic no va ser prou efectiva per a previndre / Gallinger, CI. (2015). Estabilidad oxidativa y calidad sensorial de carne de pollo enriquecida con acidos grasos n-3 proveniente de fuentes de origen vegetal y animal, protegida con vitamina E y selenio orgánico [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/59250

Milk is often packaged in translucent containers providing little protection against flavor degradation from light. Addition of omega-3 fatty acid sources into milk increases the risk of light-initiated degradation of nutrients and sensory quality. The effectiveness of iridescent film materials in reducing light-induced oxidation of extended shelf-life omega-3 fatty acid enriched milk (2% total fat) was studied. Film selections were targeted to provide product visibility and control product exposure at targeted riboflavin excitation wavelength regions. Effectiveness was determined by sensory evaluation and measuring changes in volatile compounds on days 1, 7, 14, and 21 when stored under fluorescent light at 4°C. Five packaging treatments (films overwrapped on glass bottles) were evaluated: 446nm block, 570 nm block, broad spectrum block with 4% transmission (BS4T), light-protected (foil overwrap) control, and light-exposed (no overwrap) control. Experienced panelists (n=12) rated oxidized flavor intensity (0-9; 9=extreme) for milk samples. Light-protected milk was lower in oxidized flavor (mean score less than 3) throughout the storage period. Oxidized flavor in milk with BS4T film overwraps was not different compared to light-protected milk (p>.05) at the later stage (21 days), suggesting some level of protection to milk flavor. Milk without fish oil (milk fat only) shows relatively larger peak areas for 2-butanone on day 14, compared to other milk samples, suggesting antioxidants in the fish oil can prevent light oxidation. Overall, packaging that provides a complete light block is still the best way to prevent light-oxidized flavor in milk. / Master of Science in Life Sciences

Reproductive efficiency in beef cattle can be improved with reproductive technologies at the herd, individual cow, and embryonic levels. Decreasing the bull:cow ratio for natural service after fixed time artificial insemination (FTAI) can alleviate economic burden associated with FTAI. In experiment 1, the total number of cows exposed per bull was negatively correlated with pregnancy rate to natural service on first return to estrus after FTAI in fall herds. The number of open cows per bull in fall herds using one natural service sire was negatively correlated with pregnancy rate on first return to estrus. There was no correlation between number of cows exposed per bull and pregnancy rates in fall herds with multiple sires or in spring herds. However, bull:cow ratio accounted for only 5–11% of the variation in pregnancy rates, thus we conclude that a reduced bull:cow ratio did not affect natural service return to estrus pregnancy rate. Experiment 2 examined how supplementing calcium salts of soybean oil (CSSO) improves beef cow fertility. Non-pregnant cows received supplement with either saturated fat or omega-6 rich CSSO. There were no changes in dominant follicle diameter, corpus luteum volume, plasma progesterone, or endometrial gene expression (PTGES and AK1B1, PPARA, PPARA, PPARD) between treatments. Plasma and follicular fluid fatty acid compositions were altered between treatments. Experiment 3 examined if size parameters of zygotes have potential as a non-invasive, objective embryo selection method. The outer diameter, area of ooplasm, and thickness of zona pellucida (ZP) was digitally measured on individual artificially activated oocytes and in-vitro fertilized (IVF) zygotes. Larger outer diameter increased probability of development to the blastocyst stage by days 7 and 8 for activated oocytes and tended to by day 8 for IVF zygotes. Thinner ZP increased probability of development to blastocyst stage on days 7 and 8 for oocytes, and to day 8 for IVF zygotes. Area did not affect development but was positively correlated with blastomere number on day 8. An interaction between diameter and ZP thickness was observed in zygotes, but not activated oocytes, suggesting oocyte activation is not always a suitable replacement for in-vitro fertilization. / Doctor of Philosophy / We need to improve reproductive efficiency in beef cows if we are to combat the challenges of producing more food while using less resources due to limited land availability and concerns with greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. In cow-calf production systems, this means producing one healthy calf per cow per year. Cattlemen can implement a variety of assisted reproductive technologies to achieve this goal. Achieving maximal reproductive efficiency will require using technologies that are incorporated into herd management, individual animal care, and in vitro embryo production. Fixed time artificial insemination (FTAI) allows cattlemen to maximize the number of cows becoming pregnant and calving earlier in the season to increase efficiency. Unfortunately, use of FTAI is uncommon in cow-calf production systems because of labor and economic restraints. In order to improve economic feasibility of FTAI, bull-related costs need to be reduced, which can be done through increasing the number of cows serviced per bull (decreasing the bull:cow ratio). This study retrospectively examined correlations between the bull:cow ratio and pregnancy rate on first return to estrus after FTAI. There was little to no correlations between bull:cow ratio and pregnancy rates, and if they were significant, there was much variation in the data. With this we concluded that a reduced bull:cow ratio does not affect pregnancy rate on first return to estrus, allowing producers to increase the number of cows serviced by a single bull and reduce bull related costs. Supplementing calcium salts of soybean oil (CSSO) that are rich in omega-6 fatty acids can enhance beef cow fertility, but it is unclear why this happens. Using non-pregnant cows as a model, we studied the effects of either saturated fat or CSSO on reproductive parameters such as ovarian structures, hormone concentrations, and uterine gene expression. There were no changes in any of these parameters between treatments, but there were changes in the concentrations of certain plasma and follicular fluid fatty acids. There was also reduced activity of lipid metabolism enzymes. We were unable to pinpoint how CSSO supplementation improves reproduction, but the altered fatty acid content of tissues and altered enzyme activity likely plays a key role, thus ultimately impacting fatty acid utilization and growth of the embryo. In-vitro embryo production can increase the number of offspring produced from a single female and accelerate the incorporation of animals with high genetic merit into herds. To obtain optimal pregnancy rates with in vitro embryos, we should develop non-invasive, objective methods for identifying the most viable embryos. This study examined if size parameters of activated and fertilized oocytes are indicative of successful development. We discovered that oocytes with large diameters and those with thin zona pellucida were most likely to develop to the blastocyst stage, and that the area of the cell was positively correlated with blastocyst total cell number. An interaction between diameter and ZP thickness was observed in zygotes, but not activated oocytes, suggesting oocyte activation is not always a suitable replacement for in-vitro fertilization. This suggests that digital measurements of fertilized oocytes may have potential as objective selection criteria. Addressing issues of reproductive inefficiency in beef cows requires a comprehensive approach, as there is not one ideal solution. Management techniques can alleviate the cost of FTAI by reducing the number of bulls used without affecting pregnancy rates. Supplementing CSSO can alter tissue fatty acids to enhance fertility. Finally, the efficiency of in vitro embryo production can be improved by selecting better embryos for transfer without compromising the embryo. Combinations of all these techniques can create more reproductively efficient animals.

No / Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in sunlight has deleterious effects on skin, while behavioural changes have resulted in people gaining more sun exposure. The clinical impact includes a year-on-year increase in skin cancer incidence, and topical sunscreens alone provide an inadequate measure to combat overexposure to UVR. Novel methods of photoprotection are being targeted as additional measures, with growing interest in the potential for systemic photoprotection through naturally sourced nutrients. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) are promising candidates, showing potential to protect the skin from UVR injury through a range of mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the biological actions of n-3 PUFA in the context of skin protection from acute and chronic UVR overexposure and describe how emerging new technologies such as nutrigenomics and lipidomics assist our understanding of the contribution of such nutrients to skin health.

Yes / We investigated red blood cell (RBC) PUFA profiles, and the predictive value of RBC EPA content for tumour EPA exposure and clinical outcomes, in the EMT study, a randomised trial of EPA in patients awaiting colorectal cancer (CRC) liver metastasis surgery (A.J. Cockbain et al., 2014). There was a significant increase in RBC EPA in the EPA group (n=43; median intervention 30 days; mean absolute 1.26 [±0.14]% increase; P<0.001), but not in the placebo arm (n=45). EPA incorporation varied widely in EPA users and was not explained by treatment duration or compliance. There was little evidence of ‘contamination’ in the placebo group. The EPA level predicted tumour EPA content (r=0.36; P=0.03). Participants with post-treatment EPA ≥1.22% (n=49) had improved OS compared with EPA <1.22% (n=29; HR 0.42[95%CI 0.16–0.95]). RBC EPA content should be evaluated as a biomarker of tumour exposure and clinical outcomes in future EPA trials in CRC patients.