O uso do ácido acetilsalicílico, universalmente aceito na prevenção e tratamento da doença aterosclerótica, pode resultar em respostas terapêuticas variáveis classificando os pacientes em respondedores (normais) ou baixo respondedores (resistentes). A dose de 100mg/dia pode inibir de forma insuficiente a agregação plaquetária. Por isso, doses maiores têm sido utilizadas ou, eventualmente, associadas a outros antiplaquetários visando à redução do número de baixo respondedores. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do ácido acetilsalicílico na redução da agregação plaquetária in vitro. Para tal, 152 indivíduos de ambos os sexos, não aparentados, de qualquer etnia, sem limite de faixa etária, portadores de doença arterial coronária crônica, atendidos no Ambulatório de Coronariopatias do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, foram incluídos no estudo. Na primeira consulta, todos foram submetidos à anamnese e exame clínico completo e estavam em uso prévio de ácido acetilsalicílico 100mg/dia, por um período superior a 30 dias. Os pacientes selecionados foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo AAS 200, composto por aqueles que foram tratados com ácido acetilsalicílico na dose de 200mg/dia e grupo Ômega 3 composto por aqueles tratados com ácido acetilsalicílico 100mg/dia em associação a ácido graxo ômega 3 na dose de 1.000mg/dia. A agregação plaquetária foi mensurada, in vitro, pelo agregômetro Multiplate, na primeira e segunda consulta. Adicionalmente, amostras de sangue foram obtidas para análise bioquímica e identificação dos polimorfismos nos genes COX-1 (rs 384787; rs 3842798) relacionado com a atividade do ácido acetilsalicílico e ITGB 3 relacionado com a codificação da glicoproteína IIIa (GPIIIa-rs 5918), subunidade do receptor de fibrogênio. Análise da função plaquetária (Aspitest) foi realizada em ambos os grupos. Os valores de corte para o Aspitest, relativo à medida de inibição da ciclooxigenase 1 pelo ácido acetilsalicílico, foram: <= 30 AUC para os muito bons respondedores, > 30 e 40 AUC para os não respondedores. Para a dosagem plasmática de tromboxane, utilizou-se o kit Elisa e, para sua qualificação, a espectrofotometria. Para o DNA genômico, extraído do sangue total periférico, utilizou-se o sistema automatizado QIA cube seguido pela amplificação, pela PCR, da região do DNA que continha o polimorfismo. Os dados foram analisados pelo software SPSS-20 e o nível de significância adotado de 5% (p < 0,05). O teste paramétrico t Student foi utilizado para os dados com distribuição normal (teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov) e os testes não paramétricos Mann-Whitney ou Wilcoxon para os demais dados. A frequência das variáveis qualitativas foi determinada pelo teste do qui-quadrado. A redução dos níveis séricos de VLDL e triglicérides foram semelhantes nos dois grupos e a redução do número de monócidos foi estatisticamente maior no grupo ômega 3. Dos 152 pacientes incluídos no estudo, 38 (25,2%) não eram respondedores ao tratamento prévio com o ácido acetilsalicílico, na posologia de 100mg/dia. A frequência genotípica e alélica dos polimorfismos e a presença do alelo raro foram semelhantes nos grupos respondedor e não respondedor ao ácido acetilsalicílico. A função plaquetária e a produção de tromboxane foram semelhantes nos grupos AAS 200 e Ômega 3. A redução do Aspitest foi observada apenas no grupo não respondedor. A presença do alelo raro do polimorfismo rs 3842787 (gene PTGS1) associou-se à pior resposta do Aspitest e o alelo raro do polimorfismo rs 5918 (gene ITGB3) associou-se à pior resposta à concentração de tromboxane, após 30 dias de tratamento. Em conclusão, 1) os resultados desse estudo mostraram que a associação do ácido acetilsalicílico na dose de 100mg/dia e ômega3 na dose de 1.000mg/dia não reduziu a agregação plaquetária in vitro; 2) os pacientes não respondedores que fizeram uso de ácido acetilsalicílico na dose de 200mg/dia, após 30 dias, tiveram redução no Aspitest e passaram a ser considerados respondedores; 3) A presença dos alelos rs 384787 (COX1-PTGS1) foi responsável pela pior resposta ao Aspitest e a do alelo rs 5918 pela pior resposta ao tromboxane B2. A farmacogenética abre novas perspectivas para o tratamento clínico personalizado da antiagregação plaquetária. / The use of acetylsalicylic acid for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic disease may result in different therapeutic responses. Based on that, patients are classified in responders (normal) or low responders (resistant). In clinical practice, the use of 100mg/daily of acetylsalicylic acid may be insufficient for platelet aggregation inhibition, therefore either higher doses or combination with other antiplatelet agents have been used in order to reduce the rates of low responders. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of acetylsalicylic acid in reducing platelet aggregation in vitro. One hundred, fifty-two subjects of both genders, unrelated, of any ethnicity, at any age, and with diagnosis of chronic coronary artery disease followed at the Coronary Artery Disease Section of Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology were included in the study. All patients underwent anamnesis and clinical examination at first consultation. All subjects were on aspirin use (100mg/daily) for at least 30 days before inclusion. Patients were divided into two groups: group ASA, composed by those treated with 200mg of acetylsalicylic acid only and group Omega 3, composed by those treated with 100mg of acetylsalicylic acid in addition to 1.000 mg of omega 3 fatty acid. Platelet aggregation was measured by Multiplate aggregometer at first and second visits. In each visit, blood samples were obtained for biochemical analysis and identification of gene polymorphisms of COX-1 (RS 384 787; rs 3842798) related to the activity of acetylsalicylic acid and of 3 ITGB related glycoprotein IIIa (GPIIIa RS-5918) coding. Platelet function was also analyzed. Cut-off values for Aspitest related to inhibition of cyclooxygenase 1 by acetylsalicylic acid were <= 30 AUC for very good responders, > 30 <= 40 AUC for good responders, and > 40 AUC for non-responders. Elisa test was used for thromboxane plasmatic dosage assessment whereas spectrophotometry was used for its quality evaluation. For genomic DNA extracted from peripheral whole blood, we used QIA cube automated system followed by the amplification by PCR of the region of DNA containing the polymorphism. Data was analyzed by SPSS-20 software. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Parametric Student t test was used for data with normal distribution (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test) and non-parametric Mann-Whitney or Wilcoxon for other data. The frequency of qualitative variables was analyzed using chi-square test. There was a reduction of VLDL and triglycerides serum levels in both groups, however, the reduction of monocytes was statistically higher in Omega 3 group. Out of 152 patients included in the study, 38 (25.2%) were non responders to prior treatment with acetylsalicylic acid (100mg/daily). Genotypic and allelic polymorphism frequencies and the presence of the rare allele were similar in the responder and non-responder groups. Platelet function and thromboxane production were similar between groups ASA and Ômega 3. Aspitest reduction was observed only in the non-responder group. The presence of rare allele of rs 3842787 polymorphism (PTGS1 gene) was associated with worse response to Aspitest whereas the presence of rare allele of rs 5918 polymorphism (ITGB3 gene) was associated with poor response to thromboxane concentration. In conclusion, 1) the combination of aspirin 100mg/daily and omega 3 1.000 mg/daily did not reduce platelet aggregation in vitro; 2) Non-responders who received aspirin 200mg/daily presented reduction in the Aspitest and were considered responsive after 30 days of treatment; 3) The presence of the alleles rs 384,787 (COX1-PTGS1) was associated with worse response to Aspitest and the presence of the allele rs 5918 was associated with worst response to thromboxane B2. More data is needed to confirm our results. The pharmacogenetics will be an important tool for clinicians in order to customize specific treatment for each patient in platelet aggregation.

Background: Iron deficiency (ID) is the most prevalent nutritional deficiency in the world. In children, both inadequate iron and fatty acid (FA) status have been found to have an effect on cognitive and behavioural function, including physical activity behaviour and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)–related behaviour. Aim: To investigate the effects of supplementation with iron and omega–3 fatty acids (n–3 FAs), alone and in combination, on spontaneous motor activity and ADHD–related behaviour in iron deficient primary school children in KwaZulu–Natal. An additional aim was to evaluate the use of the Actical accelerometer as a tool to assess physical activity behaviour. Methods: The study design was a 2x2 factorial, randomized, double–blind and placebo–controlled trial. Iron deficient school children aged six to ten years with or without mild anaemia were included in the study (n = 321). Subjects were randomly assigned to receive one of the following supplement combinations: (1) 420mg docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)/80 mg eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + 50mg of iron as ferrous sulphate (Fe); (2) 420mg DHA/80mg EPA + placebo; (3) 50mg of Fe + placebo; (4) placebo + placebo. Supplements were provided four times a week for a duration of 8.5 months (excluding school holidays). Physical activity of a subgroup of subjects (n=98) was recorded on four random school days at baseline, midpoint and endpoint (12 days in total) during three different time periods namely class time 1 (08h00-10h30), break time (10h30–11h00) and class time 2 (11h00–12h00). Classroom behaviour of study subjects was assessed by teachers at baseline and endpoint using the Conners’ Teacher Rating Scale–Revised: Short Forms (CTRS). Iron status indicators and red blood cell (RBC) FA composition were measured at baseline and endpoint. Treatment effects were assessed for activity and CTRS scores. Furthermore, the relationship between activity, CTRS scores and iron/FA status indicators was determined using bivariate correlation and multivariate linear regression analysis. Results: Overall activity of all subjects varied over time from baseline and midpoint to endpoint. A significant cycle x age interaction (P = 0.005) as well as a significant cycle x time period x gender interaction (P = 0.036) was observed on overall activity. There were no significant interactions of cycle or time period with treatment. However, there was a significant main effect of DHA/EPA supplementation for lower class time 1 activity at endpoint (P = 0.014). Biological markers indicating better or poorer iron status were positively and negatively associated with activity at break time, respectively. Subjects in the group receiving both iron and DHA/EPA supplements showed a significant improvement from baseline to endpoint on the cognitive problems/inattention subscale (P = 0.005) of the CTRS. Hyperactivity scores increased iv significantly from baseline to endpoint in all groups (P = 0.006). DHA (r = –.203; P = 0.040) and EPA (r = –.199; P = 0.044) content of RBC were negatively associated with activity at class time 1. No significant associations were observed between activity and CTRS scores at baseline. At endpoint, class time 1 activity was positively associated with all CTRS subscale scores except for the cognitive problems subscale, which only bordered significance (correlation, P = 0.051; regression, P = 0.073). Conclusions: These findings suggest that n–3 FA supplementation may have an influence on ADHD–related behaviour during class time. During school break time when subjects were allowed to move around freely, iron status was positively associated with spontaneous motor activity. Furthermore, the accelerometer might be a useful complimentary tool for assessing both classroom and break time activity behaviour in school children. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Nutrition))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Background: Iron deficiency (ID) is the most prevalent nutritional deficiency in the world. In children, both inadequate iron and fatty acid (FA) status have been found to have an effect on cognitive and behavioural function, including physical activity behaviour and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)–related behaviour. Aim: To investigate the effects of supplementation with iron and omega–3 fatty acids (n–3 FAs), alone and in combination, on spontaneous motor activity and ADHD–related behaviour in iron deficient primary school children in KwaZulu–Natal. An additional aim was to evaluate the use of the Actical accelerometer as a tool to assess physical activity behaviour. Methods: The study design was a 2x2 factorial, randomized, double–blind and placebo–controlled trial. Iron deficient school children aged six to ten years with or without mild anaemia were included in the study (n = 321). Subjects were randomly assigned to receive one of the following supplement combinations: (1) 420mg docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)/80 mg eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + 50mg of iron as ferrous sulphate (Fe); (2) 420mg DHA/80mg EPA + placebo; (3) 50mg of Fe + placebo; (4) placebo + placebo. Supplements were provided four times a week for a duration of 8.5 months (excluding school holidays). Physical activity of a subgroup of subjects (n=98) was recorded on four random school days at baseline, midpoint and endpoint (12 days in total) during three different time periods namely class time 1 (08h00-10h30), break time (10h30–11h00) and class time 2 (11h00–12h00). Classroom behaviour of study subjects was assessed by teachers at baseline and endpoint using the Conners’ Teacher Rating Scale–Revised: Short Forms (CTRS). Iron status indicators and red blood cell (RBC) FA composition were measured at baseline and endpoint. Treatment effects were assessed for activity and CTRS scores. Furthermore, the relationship between activity, CTRS scores and iron/FA status indicators was determined using bivariate correlation and multivariate linear regression analysis. Results: Overall activity of all subjects varied over time from baseline and midpoint to endpoint. A significant cycle x age interaction (P = 0.005) as well as a significant cycle x time period x gender interaction (P = 0.036) was observed on overall activity. There were no significant interactions of cycle or time period with treatment. However, there was a significant main effect of DHA/EPA supplementation for lower class time 1 activity at endpoint (P = 0.014). Biological markers indicating better or poorer iron status were positively and negatively associated with activity at break time, respectively. Subjects in the group receiving both iron and DHA/EPA supplements showed a significant improvement from baseline to endpoint on the cognitive problems/inattention subscale (P = 0.005) of the CTRS. Hyperactivity scores increased iv significantly from baseline to endpoint in all groups (P = 0.006). DHA (r = –.203; P = 0.040) and EPA (r = –.199; P = 0.044) content of RBC were negatively associated with activity at class time 1. No significant associations were observed between activity and CTRS scores at baseline. At endpoint, class time 1 activity was positively associated with all CTRS subscale scores except for the cognitive problems subscale, which only bordered significance (correlation, P = 0.051; regression, P = 0.073). Conclusions: These findings suggest that n–3 FA supplementation may have an influence on ADHD–related behaviour during class time. During school break time when subjects were allowed to move around freely, iron status was positively associated with spontaneous motor activity. Furthermore, the accelerometer might be a useful complimentary tool for assessing both classroom and break time activity behaviour in school children. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Nutrition))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

O uso do ácido acetilsalicílico, universalmente aceito na prevenção e tratamento da doença aterosclerótica, pode resultar em respostas terapêuticas variáveis classificando os pacientes em respondedores (normais) ou baixo respondedores (resistentes). A dose de 100mg/dia pode inibir de forma insuficiente a agregação plaquetária. Por isso, doses maiores têm sido utilizadas ou, eventualmente, associadas a outros antiplaquetários visando à redução do número de baixo respondedores. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do ácido acetilsalicílico na redução da agregação plaquetária in vitro. Para tal, 152 indivíduos de ambos os sexos, não aparentados, de qualquer etnia, sem limite de faixa etária, portadores de doença arterial coronária crônica, atendidos no Ambulatório de Coronariopatias do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, foram incluídos no estudo. Na primeira consulta, todos foram submetidos à anamnese e exame clínico completo e estavam em uso prévio de ácido acetilsalicílico 100mg/dia, por um período superior a 30 dias. Os pacientes selecionados foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo AAS 200, composto por aqueles que foram tratados com ácido acetilsalicílico na dose de 200mg/dia e grupo Ômega 3 composto por aqueles tratados com ácido acetilsalicílico 100mg/dia em associação a ácido graxo ômega 3 na dose de 1.000mg/dia. A agregação plaquetária foi mensurada, in vitro, pelo agregômetro Multiplate, na primeira e segunda consulta. Adicionalmente, amostras de sangue foram obtidas para análise bioquímica e identificação dos polimorfismos nos genes COX-1 (rs 384787; rs 3842798) relacionado com a atividade do ácido acetilsalicílico e ITGB 3 relacionado com a codificação da glicoproteína IIIa (GPIIIa-rs 5918), subunidade do receptor de fibrogênio. Análise da função plaquetária (Aspitest) foi realizada em ambos os grupos. Os valores de corte para o Aspitest, relativo à medida de inibição da ciclooxigenase 1 pelo ácido acetilsalicílico, foram: <= 30 AUC para os muito bons respondedores, > 30 e 40 AUC para os não respondedores. Para a dosagem plasmática de tromboxane, utilizou-se o kit Elisa e, para sua qualificação, a espectrofotometria. Para o DNA genômico, extraído do sangue total periférico, utilizou-se o sistema automatizado QIA cube seguido pela amplificação, pela PCR, da região do DNA que continha o polimorfismo. Os dados foram analisados pelo software SPSS-20 e o nível de significância adotado de 5% (p < 0,05). O teste paramétrico t Student foi utilizado para os dados com distribuição normal (teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov) e os testes não paramétricos Mann-Whitney ou Wilcoxon para os demais dados. A frequência das variáveis qualitativas foi determinada pelo teste do qui-quadrado. A redução dos níveis séricos de VLDL e triglicérides foram semelhantes nos dois grupos e a redução do número de monócidos foi estatisticamente maior no grupo ômega 3. Dos 152 pacientes incluídos no estudo, 38 (25,2%) não eram respondedores ao tratamento prévio com o ácido acetilsalicílico, na posologia de 100mg/dia. A frequência genotípica e alélica dos polimorfismos e a presença do alelo raro foram semelhantes nos grupos respondedor e não respondedor ao ácido acetilsalicílico. A função plaquetária e a produção de tromboxane foram semelhantes nos grupos AAS 200 e Ômega 3. A redução do Aspitest foi observada apenas no grupo não respondedor. A presença do alelo raro do polimorfismo rs 3842787 (gene PTGS1) associou-se à pior resposta do Aspitest e o alelo raro do polimorfismo rs 5918 (gene ITGB3) associou-se à pior resposta à concentração de tromboxane, após 30 dias de tratamento. Em conclusão, 1) os resultados desse estudo mostraram que a associação do ácido acetilsalicílico na dose de 100mg/dia e ômega3 na dose de 1.000mg/dia não reduziu a agregação plaquetária in vitro; 2) os pacientes não respondedores que fizeram uso de ácido acetilsalicílico na dose de 200mg/dia, após 30 dias, tiveram redução no Aspitest e passaram a ser considerados respondedores; 3) A presença dos alelos rs 384787 (COX1-PTGS1) foi responsável pela pior resposta ao Aspitest e a do alelo rs 5918 pela pior resposta ao tromboxane B2. A farmacogenética abre novas perspectivas para o tratamento clínico personalizado da antiagregação plaquetária. / The use of acetylsalicylic acid for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic disease may result in different therapeutic responses. Based on that, patients are classified in responders (normal) or low responders (resistant). In clinical practice, the use of 100mg/daily of acetylsalicylic acid may be insufficient for platelet aggregation inhibition, therefore either higher doses or combination with other antiplatelet agents have been used in order to reduce the rates of low responders. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of acetylsalicylic acid in reducing platelet aggregation in vitro. One hundred, fifty-two subjects of both genders, unrelated, of any ethnicity, at any age, and with diagnosis of chronic coronary artery disease followed at the Coronary Artery Disease Section of Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology were included in the study. All patients underwent anamnesis and clinical examination at first consultation. All subjects were on aspirin use (100mg/daily) for at least 30 days before inclusion. Patients were divided into two groups: group ASA, composed by those treated with 200mg of acetylsalicylic acid only and group Omega 3, composed by those treated with 100mg of acetylsalicylic acid in addition to 1.000 mg of omega 3 fatty acid. Platelet aggregation was measured by Multiplate aggregometer at first and second visits. In each visit, blood samples were obtained for biochemical analysis and identification of gene polymorphisms of COX-1 (RS 384 787; rs 3842798) related to the activity of acetylsalicylic acid and of 3 ITGB related glycoprotein IIIa (GPIIIa RS-5918) coding. Platelet function was also analyzed. Cut-off values for Aspitest related to inhibition of cyclooxygenase 1 by acetylsalicylic acid were <= 30 AUC for very good responders, > 30 <= 40 AUC for good responders, and > 40 AUC for non-responders. Elisa test was used for thromboxane plasmatic dosage assessment whereas spectrophotometry was used for its quality evaluation. For genomic DNA extracted from peripheral whole blood, we used QIA cube automated system followed by the amplification by PCR of the region of DNA containing the polymorphism. Data was analyzed by SPSS-20 software. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Parametric Student t test was used for data with normal distribution (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test) and non-parametric Mann-Whitney or Wilcoxon for other data. The frequency of qualitative variables was analyzed using chi-square test. There was a reduction of VLDL and triglycerides serum levels in both groups, however, the reduction of monocytes was statistically higher in Omega 3 group. Out of 152 patients included in the study, 38 (25.2%) were non responders to prior treatment with acetylsalicylic acid (100mg/daily). Genotypic and allelic polymorphism frequencies and the presence of the rare allele were similar in the responder and non-responder groups. Platelet function and thromboxane production were similar between groups ASA and Ômega 3. Aspitest reduction was observed only in the non-responder group. The presence of rare allele of rs 3842787 polymorphism (PTGS1 gene) was associated with worse response to Aspitest whereas the presence of rare allele of rs 5918 polymorphism (ITGB3 gene) was associated with poor response to thromboxane concentration. In conclusion, 1) the combination of aspirin 100mg/daily and omega 3 1.000 mg/daily did not reduce platelet aggregation in vitro; 2) Non-responders who received aspirin 200mg/daily presented reduction in the Aspitest and were considered responsive after 30 days of treatment; 3) The presence of the alleles rs 384,787 (COX1-PTGS1) was associated with worse response to Aspitest and the presence of the allele rs 5918 was associated with worst response to thromboxane B2. More data is needed to confirm our results. The pharmacogenetics will be an important tool for clinicians in order to customize specific treatment for each patient in platelet aggregation.

Human skin has distinct lipid metabolism and production of bioactive lipid mediators that can be modulated by nutritional supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), of which eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids exert anti-inflammatory effects. The aims of this project were to gain better understanding of their individual mechanisms in human epidermis and dermis. HaCaT keratinocytes, 46BR.1N fibroblasts, primary human epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts were treated with EPA or DHA for 72h and then sham-irradiated or exposed to 15 mJ/cm2 ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Viability was measured by the MTT assay. The expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), microsomal prostaglandin synthase-1 (mPGES-1) and 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) proteins was explored by western blotting. Human skin explants (n=4 donors) were cultured for 3 or 6 days and supplemented with EPA, DHA or vehicle. Culture media were collected to evaluate tissue damage and PUFA cytotoxicity (lactate dehydrogenase assay). Epidermal and dermal lipid profiles were assessed by gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Primary keratinocytes were treated with fatty acids and various lipid mediators for 48h. Their effect was determined by the scratch assay and transepithelial electrical resistance. UVR upregulated COX-2 in HaCaT and primary epidermal keratinocytes, but did not affect mPGES-1 and 15-PGDH protein expression. UVR upregulated COX-2 and mPGES-1 in 46BR.1N fibroblasts but had no effect on 15-PGDH expression. The same UVR dose did not alter the expression of COX-2, mPGES-1 and 15-PGDH in primary dermal fibroblasts. Only EPA attenuated COX-2 expression in HaCaT and primary keratinocytes and either EPA or DHA had any effect in 46BR.1N and primary fibroblasts. Skin explants showed initial post-biopsy tissue damage. EPA and DHA supplementation augmented cellular levels of the corresponding fatty acids in both epidermis and dermis to a different extent. Increased uptake of DHA in the dermis was accompanied by reduced arachidonic acid levels. EPA treatment stimulated the production of PGE3 and various HEPE in epidermis, while DHA treatment caused high levels of HDHA species in dermis. N-3 PUFA and their derivatives delayed wound healing, cell migration and epidermal barrier permeability, while n-6 PUFA lipids showed the opposite effect. Overall, these findings suggest that EPA and DHA differently affect skin cells and skin, with EPA preference in epidermis and DHA in the dermis. These results highlight the importance of differential skin responses that could be important in skin health and disease.