A alta diversidade observada em Anastrepha fraterculus em toda sua área de distribuição caracteriza a existência do complexo fraterculus. A correta identificação de espécies de Anastrepha aparentadas atualmente exige a utilização de uma série de técnicas. Assim, o presente trabalho propõe verificar quão semelhantes os morfotipos de duas populações do complexo A. fraterculus são, usando dados morfológicos (morfometria tradicional e geométrica) e moleculares (marcadores nucleares e mitocondriais). As amostras de dois municípios do Paraguai (Concepción e Santa Rosa) foram analisadas e seis morfotipos (chamados de M1 a M6) foram reconhecidos (M1-M5 em Concepción; M1-M4 e M6 em Santa Rosa), com base nas variações do ápice do acúleo, e um morfotipo com o acúleo típico do complexo fraterculus. A análise multivariada das oito medidas tomadas a partir do acúleo indicaram diferenças entre todos os morfotipos. A análise morfométrica baseada na morfometria convencional também revelou a existência de variabilidade entre os morfotipos estudados, mas alguns espécimes do morfotipo M4 foram similares aos espécimes de morfotipos M5 e M3, em Concepción. As asas também foram submetidas à morfometria geométrica usando 20 marcos, que indicou a existência de variabilidade entre e dentro dos morfotipos. Morfotipos da população de Concepción tendem a formar grupos distintos. No entanto, além das variações morfológicas de morfotipos de ambas as populações analisadas, sequências parciais da citocromo oxidase I gene (Cox1) e região do espaçador interno transcrito 1 (ITS1) foram muito semelhantes entre si. Portanto, esses marcadores moleculares não diferenciaram os morfotipos estudados, os quais foram muito similares aos espécimes com o acúleo típico do complexo fraterculus. / The high diversity observed in Anastrepha fraterculus throughout its distribution range characterizes the existence of the fraterculus complex. The correct identification of closely related species of Anastrepha currently requires the use of a number of techniques. Thus, the present work is proposed to verify how similar morphotypes of two populations of the A. fraterculus complex are, by using morphological (conventional and geometric morphometry) and molecular (nuclear and mitochondrial markers) data. Specimens from two municipalities of Paraguay (Concepción and Santa Rosa) were analyzed and six morphotypes (named from M1 to M6) were recognized (M1-M5 in Concepción; M1-M4 and M6 in Santa Rosa) based on variations in the apex of the aculeus, and a morphotype with the typical aculeus of the fraterculus complex. Multivariate analysis of eight measurements taken from the aculeus indicated differences among all morphotypes. Morphometric analysis based on conventional morphometry also revealed the existence of variability among the morphotypes studied, but some specimens from morphotype M4 were similar to specimens from morphotypes M5 and M3 in Concepción. Wings were also subjected to geometric morphometry by using 20 landmarks, which indicated the existence of variability between and within morphotypes. Morphotypes from the population of Concepcion tended to form separate groups. However, besides the morphological variations observed for morphotypes from both populations analyzed, partial sequences of the citochrome oxidase I (Cox1) gene and the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region were highly similar among them. Therefore, these molecular markers did not differentiate the morphotypes studied and were highly similar to specimens with the aculeus shape typical of the fraterculus complex.

Avaliou-se a bioatividade de derivados do nim (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) como componente de isca para adultos e como regulador de crescimento de Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) e Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.), determinando-se, ainda, o efeito de concentrações subletais de extratos de nim e o efeito deterrente de oviposição do extrato metanólico de folhas sobre C. capitata. Utilizando o extrato aquoso de amêndoas de nim, estimou-se a CL50 para adultos e imaturos, cujos valores foram 7.522 e 1.368 ppm para os adultos e 13.028 e 9.390 ppm para os imaturos de A. fraterculus e C. capitata, respectivamente. Subsequentemente, o óleo de amêndoas, os extratos de folhas, de ramos e de amêndoas de nim em diferentes solventes (água, metanol, diclorometano e hexano) foram comparados com base nas CL50 obtidas para adultos e para imaturos. Posteriormente, foram estimadas concentrações subletais (CL15 = 39 ppm, CL30 = 225 ppm e CL45 = 888 ppm) do extrato aquoso de amêndoas para adultos de C. capitata e avaliouse nessas concentrações o efeito do extrato aquoso de amêndoas, de folhas em metanol e de ramos em diclorometano sobre a reprodução e a longevidade dessa espécie. A deterrência de oviposição do extrato metanólico de folhas de nim em diferentes concentrações (10.000, 18.000, 32.000 e 56.000 ppm) para C. capitata foi avaliada tratando bagas de uva, que foram expostas às fêmeas com chance e sem chance de escolha. Verificou-se que os derivados do nim na concentração de até 7.522 e 1.368 ppm não afetaram os adultos de A. fraterculus e C. capitata, respectivamente. Já para a fase imatura, os extratos de amêndoas e de ramos em diclorometano na concentração de 13.028 ppm causaram mortalidade de A. fraterculus e na concentração de 9.390 ppm o extrato de amêndoas em metanol e em diclorometano causaram mortalidade de C. capitata. Houve redução da fecundidade total e da fertilidade no 8º dia quando os insetos foram alimentados com extrato de ramos em diclorometano a 888 ppm. A longevidade de machos e fêmeas e o período de pré-oviposição não foram afetados pelos tratamentos. O extrato de folhas em metanol provocou deterrência de oviposição para C. capitata em situação de chance de escolha, porém, em confinamento, o referido extrato não afetou o comportamento dessa espécie. A experiência recente de C. capitata não alterou a sua resposta em relação a bagas de uva tratadas. A atividade biológica dos derivados do nim em relação às moscas-das-frutas é discutida. / The bioactivity of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) as adult bait and as larval growth regulator for Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) and Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.) was evaluated. Besides, the effect of sublethal concentrations of neem extracts and the oviposition deterrency of the methanolic extract from leaves on C. capitata was evaluated. The estimated LC50 of aqueous extract from seed kernels were 7,522 and 1,368 ppm for adults and 13,028 and 9,390 ppm for immatures of A. fraterculus and C. capitata, respectively. In addition, the oil from seed kernels and the extracts from leaves, branches and seed kernels in different solvents (water, methanol, dichloromethane and hexane) were compared based on the LC50 obtained for adults and immatures. After that, sublethal concentrations from aqueous extract from neem seed kernels for C. capitata adults were estimated (LC15 = 39 ppm, LC30 = 225 ppm and LC45 = 888 ppm) and the effects of such concentrations on the reproduction and logenvity of this species were also accessed. Oviposition deterrency of C. capitata to grapes treated with leaf methanolic extract at different concentrations (10,000; 18,000; 32,000 and 56,000 ppm) was evaluated in free-choice or no-choice test. It was verified that the neem extracts on the concentrations up to 7,522 and to 1,368 ppm did not affect the adults of A. fraterculus and C. capitata, respectively. On the other hand, the extract from seed kernels and branches in dichloromethane at 13,028 ppm provoked mortality in A. fraterculus larvae and the seed kernel extract in methanol and dichloromethane at 9,390 ppm provoked high mortality in C. capitata larvae. The total fecundity was reduced significantly and the fertility decreased on the 8th day when the insects were fed on branch extract in dichloromethane at 888 ppm. The longevity of males and females and the pre-oviposition period were not affected by treatments. The leaf extract in methanol provoked oviposition deterrency for C. capitata in free-choice test, but did not affect its behavior in no-choice test. The C. capitatas early experience did not affect its answer to the grapes treated in free-choice and no-choice situations. The biological activity of the neem extracts to fruit flies is discussed.

O emprego de resíduos da indústria como materiais alternativos na Engenharia vem sendo tópico recorrente em pesquisas de desenvolvimento de novos materiais, devido a uma maior consciência da opinião pública quanto ao impacto ambiental oriundo da produção industrial. Buscando colaborar com esta discussão, esta pesquisa procurou inserir dois resíduos (cinza volante e cal de carbureto), gerados na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre, como alternativa de solução em Engenharia. Analisando-se a microestrutura da cinza volante, observa-se que ela é formada por esferas ocas e plerosferas (esferas ocas preenchidas por esferas menores). Foi estudado o ganho de resistência da mistura promovido pela moagem da cinza volante em um moinho de bolas cerâmicas, visando uma potencialização da reatividade do material. A fim de possibilitar a utilização destes resíduos, é necessário um estudo do seu comportamento mecânico decorrente da cimentação proporcionada pela mistura e compactação destes materiais. A presente pesquisa busca fornecer subsídios para que seja possível determinar o seu comportamento, através do uso da relação porosidade (η)/teor volumétrico de cal (LV) obtidas a partir da identificação e quantificação das variáveis mais importantes no controle da resistência da mistura dos dois resíduos, com e sem o processo de moagem da cinza, levando a formulação de equações para previsão da resistência à compressão simples do material cimentado para cinza volante com diferentes tempos de moagem e cura acelerada. Para isso, foram realizados ensaios de compressão simples em corpos de prova com 5, 10 e 15% de cal, com peso específico aparente seco de 11, 12 e 13 kN/m3, curados por 7 dias, com umidade de 18% para os tempos de moagem 0, 2 e 6h nas temperaturas 23 e 40°C, e 0 e 6h a 60°C. Os resultados apontam que o aumento do teor de cal gerou ganhos de resistência para as maiores temperaturas de cura; a diminuição da porosidade proporcionou um ganho de resistência para todas as combinações; o aumento da temperatura foi importante no ganho de resistência entre 23oC e 40oC; a moagem da cinza por 2h promoveu ganhos significativos de resistência em relação à não moída, porém, para 6h de moagem os ganhos não foram significativos para as temperaturas de cura de 23oC e 60oC. A relação η/LV, ajustada por um expoente [η/(Lv)0,07], mostrou-se adequada na formulação de equações na previsão da resistência do material cimentado para todas as temperaturas e tempos de moagem estudados. Além disso, a existência de relações únicas e distintas no controle da resistência à compressão simples em função da porosidade, teor volumétrico de cal, temperatura de cura e tempo de moagem, mostraram-se úteis para formulações de dosagem. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância que comprovou que todos os fatores controláveis escolhidos para o experimento são significativos, assim como todas suas interações. / The use of industry by-products as alternative materials in Engineering has been a recurring topic of research in development of new materials, mainly, due to a larger public conscience regarding the environmental impact of industrial production of waste. Aiming to contribute on this discussion, this research sought to introduce two by-products (fly ash and carbide lime), produced on the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre, as an alternative Engineering solution. Analyzing the microstructure of the fly ash, it is observed that it is composed by void spheres and plerospheres (void spheres filed with smaller ones). Having that in mind, it was studied the admix strength gain promoted by the grinding of de fly ash on a ceramic ball mill, aiming an enhancement of the reactivity of the material. In order to enable the use of these byproducts, it is necessary the study of its mechanical behavior due to the cementation provided by the mixture and compaction of these materials. The current research seeks to provide subsides in order to determine its behavior, through the use of the ratio porosity (η)/ volumetric lime content (LV), obtained from the identification and quantification of the most important variables on the control of the strength of the admixes of both by-products, with or without the process of fly ash grinding. This means, the formulation of equations for the simple compressive strength forecast of the cemented material for the fly ash with different grinding times and accelerated curing temperature. In order to do so, it were realized simple compression tests with 5, 10 and 15% of lime, with a specific dry unit weight of 11, 12 and 13 kN/m3, cured for 7 days, with water content of 18% for the grinding times of 0, 2 and 6h to the curing temperatures of 23 and 40oC, and 0 and 6h to 60oC. The results show that, the increase of lime content provided strength gains for the higher temperatures; the decrease of porosity generated strength gain to all the combinations; the increase in curing temperature was important on the strength gain between 23oC and 40oC; the grinding of fly ash for 2h promoted significant strength gains when compared to the not ground samples, however, for 6h of grinding the strength gain wasn’t significant for the 23oC and 60oC curing temperatures. The η/LV ratio, adjusted by an exponent [η/(LV)0,07], presented itself adequate for the formulation of the equations for the forecast of the strength gain of the cemented material to all the studied temperatures and grinding times. Besides that, the existence of unique and distinct relationships on the control of the simple compression strength depending on the porosity, volumetric lime content, curing temperature and grinding time, have been shown useful for the dosage formulation. The results were submitted to variance analysis, which demonstrated that all the factors chosen on the experiment were significant, as all their interactions.

Nesta dissertação foi estudada a zeólita sintetizada a partir de cinzas leves de carvão como um potencial adsorvente para a remoção de corante reativo preto 5 (RP5). Ensaios cinéticos e de equilíbrio foram realizados visando obter-se as melhores condições para a adsorção deste corante, e verificou-se a influência dos seguintes parâmetros: efeito do tempo de contato, concentração inicial do corante, dose do adsorvente, pH da solução aquosa, adição dos sais NaCl e Na2SO4 e temperatura. O tempo de equilíbrio foi alcançado após 420 min. Os dados de adsorção foram ajustados melhor ao modelo cinético de pseudo-segunda-ordem. Para o sistema corante/adsorvente foi aplicado o modelo de isoterma de adsorção de Langmuir, apresentando capacidade de adsorção máxima de 0,685 mg g-1. Os dados experimentais mostraram uma alta porcentagem de remoção de 47,7 a 88,1% de RP5 sobre a zeólita. A alta porcentagem indicou que o material zeolítico apresenta potencial para ser usado como adsorvente na remoção de corantes azo reativo de indústrias têxteis. Os parâmetros termodinâmicos foram avaliados e demonstraram que o processo de adsorção do RP5 sobre a zeólita é espontâneo e exotérmico. Os experimentos adicionando os sais foram realizados para uma melhor simulação das condições reais do efluente. Os resultados mostraram que o equilíbrio de adsorção do RP5 sobre a zeólita na presença de sais foram alcançados em um tempo menor e que quanto maior a concentração dos sais na solução, maior a capacidade de adsorção. O resultado obtido na avaliação da toxicidade pelo microcrustáceo Daphnia similis, o tratamento de adsorção com zeólita se mostrou extremamente favorável5 reduzindo a carga tóxica e cor do efluente aquoso. / In this dissertation was studied the zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as a potential adsorbent for the removal of reactive Black 5 dye (RP5). Equilibrium and kinetic experiments were conducted to obtain the best conditions for the adsorption of this dye, and observed the influence of the following parameters: effect of contact time, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose, pH of the aqueous solution, addition of NaCl and Na2SO4 and temperature. The equilibrium time was reached after 420 min. The adsorption data were fitted better by a pseudo-second-order. For the dye / adsorbent system was applied to the model of Langmuir adsorption isotherm, with maximum adsorption capacity of 0.685 mg g-1. The experimental data showed a high percentage of removal from 47.7 to 88.1% of RP5 on the zeolite. The high percentage indicates that the zeolitic material has a potential to be used as adsorbent in the removal of azo dye reactive textile industries. The thermodynamic parameters were evaluated and showed that the adsorption process of RP5 on the zeolite is spontaneous and exothermic. The experiments were performed by adding salts to better simulate actual conditions in the effluent. The results showed that the adsorption equilibrium of reactive black 5 on the zeolite in the presence of salts were achieved in a shorter time and that the higher the concentration of salts in solution, the higher the adsorption capacity. The result obtained in the evaluation of toxicity by microcrustacean Daphnia similis treatment with zeolit adsorption was extremely favorable, reducing the toxic load of waste water and color.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:16:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008- Bruno Gomes de Castro01.pdf: 514321 bytes, checksum: bd4fc9254117e81edaedf3e2ba5305e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-01 / Funda??o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / This study had the objective of evaluating the capacity of Stomoxys calcitrans fly to vehicular bacterial agents causing bovine mastitis. Just as evaluate the enterobacterian microbiota on the external surface, mouth parts and abdominal digestive tract of the stable fly. And also realize a survey of the bacterial microbiota of the cases of bovine mastitis on the visited properties. There were taken mastitis milk samples and 20 specimens of stable flies on 10 visited properties in the municipatility of Barra Mansa and Resende, Rio de Janeiro State. The collected milk was submitted to bacterial isolation in the laboratory of Bacteriology UFRRJ. Samples were subcultures on MacConkey (MC) agar, Brain-Heart Infusion agar (BHI) and Manitol-Phenol Red agar. The flies were individually washed in BHI broth, sterilized and had its mouth parts and abdominal intestinal content dissected under stereoscope microscope. These structures were macerated in BHI broth and, after 24 hours at 37 ?C, subcultured at MC agar, Agar Eosin Methilen Blue (EMB) and enriched in Sodium Tetrathionate Broth after incubation, and were subcultured in Salmonella-Shigella agar. After this stage, each isolated colony was observed for differences in morphology as size and pigment production characteristics to be identified through biochemical specific tests. It was also realized an antimicrobial resistance test to verify to which antibiotics the isolated bacteria were sensible. When were coincidences between the enterobacterian species in the milk and on the flies evaluated segments, was realized a Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR) as an instrument of evaluating the genetic diversity and the eletrophoretic profile similarity the bacterial subpopulations. In agreement with the obtained results, was verified that the mastitis milk had as etiological agents specially the species Staphylococcus aureus, coagulasenegative staphylococci and Escherichia coli. The antimicrobials with less resistance rate were Amoxilin-Clavulanic Acid and Norfloxacin. Regarding to the enterobacterian microbiota verified on S. calcitrans segments, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter agglomerans, Enterobacter cloacae e Salmonella spp were the most prevalent bacteria. The segment with the higher number of isolations was the external surface, with 73 (45.91%) distinct colonies isolated. The mouth parts had 46 (28.93%) colonies and the abdominal digestive tract 40 (25.16%) isolated colonies. The eletrophoretic profile similarity happened just on E. coli subpopulations on milk samples and S. calcitrans segments of the same property. This way, was possible to observe that the flies do not act as a vehicle of any bovine mastitis causative E. coli. Regarding to the identified E. coli, was verified that 13.79% were Shiga Toxin-Producing, and the genes stx1, stx2 and eae were identified. On the present study, was verified that this fly has the capacity to act as vehicle to enterobacterian, on its external surface as well as inside its body. The stable fly control may contribute to the improvement on animal productivity and sanity. / Este estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar a capacidade da mosca Stomoxys calcitrans em veicular agentes bacterianos causadores de mastite bacteriana bovina, bem como avaliar a microbiota enterobacteriana na superf?cie externa, aparelho bucal e trato digest?rio abdominal da mosca dos est?bulos; e fazer um levantamento da microbiota bacteriana nos casos de mastite bovina das propriedades visitadas. Foram coletadas amostras de leite com mastite e 20 esp?cimes da mosca dos est?bulos em 10 propriedades visitadas nos munic?pios de Barra Mansa e Resende, Estado do Rio de Janeiro. No Laborat?rio de Bacteriologia da UFRRJ foi realizado o isolamento bacteriano do leite coletado em Agar MacConkey (MC), Agar Infuso C?rebro Cora??o (BHI) e Manitol Vermelho de Fenol. As moscas foram lavadas individualmente em Caldo BHI, esterilizadas e, sob a luz de um microsc?pio estereosc?pio, tinham seu aparelho bucal e conte?do intestinal abdominal dissecado. Estas estruturas foram maceradas em Caldo BHI e ap?s 24 horas a 37 ?C repicados em Agar MC, Agar Eosina Azul de Metileno (EMB) e enriquecidos em Caldo Tetrationato de S?dio que ap?s incuba??o, era repicado em Agar Salmonella-Shigella. Ap?s esta etapa, cada col?nia isolada era avaliada quanto ?s suas caracter?sticas morfo-tintoriais para serem identificadas atrav?s de testes bioqu?micos espec?ficos. Tamb?m foi realizado o teste de resist?ncia antimicrobiana, com a finalidade de se verificar, as quais antibi?ticos as bact?rias isoladas foram sens?veis. Quando havia coincid?ncia de esp?cies enterobacterianas no leite e nos segmentos avaliados das moscas, se realizava a t?cnica de an?lise do polimorfismo dos segmentos de DNA obtidos por amplifica??o rand?mica (RAPD-PCR) como instrumento de avalia??o da diversidade gen?tica e das rela??es de clonalidade entre estas subpopula??es bacterianas. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, foi verificado que o leite com mastite, teve como principais agentes etiol?gicos as esp?cies Staphylococcus aureus, Estafilococos Coagulase Negativa (ECN) e Escherichia coli. Os antimicrobianos com menor taxa de resist?ncia foram Amoxicilina/?cido Clavul?nico e Norfloxacina. Com rela??o ? microbiota enterobacteriana verificada nos segmentos de S. calcitrans, foi observado que Escherichia coli, Enterobacter agglomerans, Enterobacter cloacae e Salmonella spp foram as bact?rias mais prevalentes. O segmento com o maior n?mero de isolados foi a superf?cie externa, onde foram isoladas 73 col?nias distintas (45,91%), seguida pelo aparelho bucal com 46 col?nias (28,93%), e pelo trato digest?rio abdominal com 40 col?nias isoladas (25,16%). Houve clonalidade apenas de sub-popula??es de E. coli entre as amostras de leite e de segmentos de S. calcitrans de uma mesma propriedade. Desta forma, foi poss?vel observar que as moscas n?o veiculavam nenhuma E. coli causadora de mastite bovina. No que se refere ?s E. coli identificadas, foi verificado que 13,79% eram Shiga-Toxig?nicos, sendo identificados os genes stx1, stx2 e eaeA. No presente estudo, verificou-se que esta mosca tem a capacidade de veicular enterobact?rias, tanto em sua superf?cie externa como no interior de seu corpo. O controle da mosca dos est?bulos poder? contribuir para melhora na sanidade e produtividade animal.

As cinzas resultantes da queima de carvão por usinas termelétricas tem sido uma fonte de contaminação constante devido a seu descarte sobre o solo de forma inadequada. Os elementos tóxicos presentes na cinza de carvão quando lixiviados da cinza para o solo podem ficar biodisponíveis e serem absorvidos por plantas, consumidos por animais ou ainda transportados para diversas matrizes ambientais, tais como, águas subterrâneas e águas superficiais. Ensaio de germinação e desenvolvimento das radículas de Lactuca sativa e ensaio de toxicidade aguda com Daphnia similis foram realizados para avaliar a toxicidade dos percolados de colunas de cinza de carvão e de solo com cinza de carvão. De acordo com os valores obtidos por meio dos ensaios de germinação e desenvolvimento das radículas de L. sativa foram observados efeitos tóxicos à germinação das sementes de L. sativa nos percolados da coluna de cinza de carvão. Os valores médios de CI50(120h) destes percolados variaram de 27,6 a 90,6% e os valores do índice de germinação (IG) variaram de 6,7 a 40,8. Nos ensaios de toxicidade aguda com os organismos teste D. similis também foram observados efeitos tóxicos à mobilidade e/ou sobrevivência dos organismos expostos aos percolados da coluna de cinza de carvão. Os valores obtidos para CE50(48h) nestes percolados variaram de 25,6 a 84,1%. Os percolados das colunas de solo com cinza de carvão não apresentaram toxicidade tanto à L. sativa como à D. similis. Os resultados obtidos por meio destes ensaios ecotoxicológicos para os percolados das colunas de cinza de carvão e de solo com cinza de carvão indicam que o solo das colunas retiveram as substâncias tóxicas lixiviadas da cinza de carvão, ou seja, os solos utilizados nestas colunas atuaram como filtros. / The coal fly ash of power plants has been a constant source of contamination due to the improperly disposed on the soil. The toxic elements leached from coal fly ash when in contact with soil could become bioavailable and be absorbed by plants, consumed by animals or transported to different environmental matrices, such as groundwater and surface water. Seed germination and root elongation tests with Lactuca sativa and acute toxicity tests with Daphnia similis were done to evaluate the toxicity of the leachate from coal fly ash and soil with coal fly ash columns. According to the values obtained for the seed germination and root elongation tests were observed toxic effects to seed germination of L. sativa for the leachates from coal fly ash column. The mean values of IC50(120h) for these leachates ranged from 27.6 to 90.6% and the germination index values (IG) ranged from 6.7 to 40.8. In the acute toxicity tests with test organisms D. similis were also observed toxic effects to mobility and/or survival of organisms exposed to leachates of the coal fly ash column. The values obtained for EC50(48h) for these leachates range from 25.6 to 84.1%. The leachates of soil with coal fly ash columns not presented toxicity to both test organisms, L. sativa and D. similis. The data obtained by these ecotoxicological tests to the leachates of soil coal fly ash and soil with coal fly ash columns indicate that the soil of the columns have retained the toxic substances leached from the coal fly ash, thus the soils used in these columns have acted as filters.

The Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae), a major pest of horticulture in eastern Australia, is a relatively poor coloniser of new habitat. This thesis examines behavioural properties that might limit the ability of B. tryoni to establish new populations. As the potential for B. tryoni to establish an outbreak population may be most directly limited by mechanisms associated with dispersal and mating behaviour, these two factors were the focus of this research project. The relevance of dispersal and mating behaviour for control of outbreak populations was assessed. Dispersal (i) Dispersal patterns of males and females are not different. Dispersal of post-teneral male B. tryoni from a point within an orchard near Richmond, New South Wales, was monitored following temporally replicated releases. Application of sterile insect technique (SIT) requires knowledge of dispersal from a release point so that effective release rates can be determined. In addition, dispersal following introduction to new habitat can lead to low or negative population growth and an Allee effect. In Spring and Autumn, 2001 � 2003, three different strains of B. tryoni were released: (1) wild flies reared from infested fruit collected in the Sydney Basin; (2) a laboratory-reared strain with a colour mutation (white marks); and (3) sterile flies obtained by gamma-irradiation of a mass-reared strain. Dispersal was monitored using a grid of traps baited with the male attractant, cuelure. During the majority of releases, flies were massmarked using a self-marking technique and fluorescent pigment powder to enable identification of recaptured flies. A preliminary study found that fluorescent pigment marks had no effect on adult survival and marks did not fade significantly in the laboratory over a period of five weeks after eclosion. As cuelure repels inseminated sexually mature female B. tryoni, unbaited, coloured flat sticky traps, and black and yellow sticky sphere traps baited with a food lure (protein autolysate solution) were used to supplement traps baited with cuelure. The effectiveness of these two sticky trap types was assessed, and recaptures used to compare patterns of dispersal from a release point by male and female B. tryoni. Fluorescent yellow (chartreuse), green, and clear unbaited flat sticky traps were relatively ineffective for monitoring dispersal of sterile male and female B. tryoni, recapturing only 0.1% of released sterile flies. Monitoring dispersal with sticky ball traps baited with protein autolysate solution was more successful, with yellow spheres and black spheres recapturing 1.7% and 1.5%, respectively. Trap colour had no effect on recaptures on flat sticky traps or sticky spheres. Equal recapture rates on yellow and black sticky sphere traps suggests that the odour of yeast autolysate solution was more important than colour for attraction of post-teneral flies to traps. Using the results of recaptures on odoriferous black and yellow sticky sphere traps within one week of release, regression equations of male and female recaptures per trap were found to be similar (Figure 4-3). This is the first study to clearly indicate that post-teneral dispersal patterns of male and female B. tryoni released from a point do not differ, enabling the use of existing models to predict density of both sexes of B. tryoni following post-teneral dispersal. (ii) Males disperse further in Spring than in Autumn, but this is not temperature-related. Analysis of replicated recaptures in traps baited with cuelure revealed that dispersal of male B. tryoni in an orchard near Richmond, New South Wales, was higher in Spring than in Autumn (Figure 5-6). As the maximum daily temperature was significantly higher in Spring than in Autumn this result was unexpected, since earlier studies have found that B. tryoni disperse at the onset of cool weather in search of sheltered over-wintering sites. Dispersal of post-teneral B. tryoni may have been affected by habitat suitability; it was found that seasonal trends in dispersal could have been influenced by local habitat variables. Low mean dispersal distances in Autumn may be explained by the presence of fruiting hosts in the orchard, or the availability of resources required by over-wintering flies. There was no significant correlation between temperature and mean dispersal distance, suggesting that higher rates of dispersal cannot be explained by temperature-related increases in activity. Recapture rate per trap was significantly negatively correlated with increasing daily maximum and average temperature. This may have consequences for detection of B. tryoni outbreaks in quarantine areas due to reduced cuelure trap efficiency. (iii) Maturity and source variation affect dispersal and response to cuelure. This research indicated that most male and female B. tryoni do not disperse far from a release point, suggesting that an invading propagule would not spread far in the first generation. However, there is considerable variation in flight capability among individuals. Comparison of wild, laboratory-reared white marks, and gamma-irradiated sterile male B. tryoni indicated that mean dispersal distance and redistribution patterns were not significantly affected by fly origin. Despite no difference in dispersal distance from the release point, recaptures of wild and sterile males per Lynfield trap baited with cuelure were highest within one week after release, whereas recaptures of white marks males per trap increased in the second week. This result may offer evidence to support the hypothesis that sterile male B. tryoni respond to cuelure at an earlier age. Rearing conditions used to produce large quantities of males for sterilisation by gamma-irradiation may select for earlier sexual maturity. Mating Behaviour (i) Density and sex ratio do not affect mating, except at low densities. Demographic stochasticity in the form of sex ratio fluctuations at low population density can lead to an observed Allee effect. The effect of local group density and sex ratio on mating behaviour and male mating success of a laboratory-adapted strain of B. tryoni was examined in laboratory cages. In the laboratory-adapted strain of B. tryoni used in this study, a group of one female and one male was sufficient for a good chance of mating success. The proportion of females mated and male mating success was not significantly affected by density or sex ratio, although variability in male mating success was higher at low density. This could indicate that mating success of B. tryoni can be reduced when local group density is low owing to decreased frequency in encounters between males and females. (ii) Mass-reared males exhibit aberrant mating behaviour, but this does not reduce mating success. Strong artificial selection in mass-rearing facilities may lead to decreased competitiveness of sterile males released in SIT programs as a result of alteration or loss of ecological and behavioural traits required in the field. The effects of domestication and irradiation on the mating behaviour of males of B. tryoni were investigated by caging wild, mass-reared and sterile (mass-reared and gammairradiated) males with wild females. Mating behaviour of mass-reared males was different from that of wild males, but behaviour of wild and sterile males was similar. Mass-reared males were found to engage in mounting of other males much more frequently than wild and sterile males, and began calling significantly earlier before darkness. Male calling did not appear to be associated with female choice of mating partners, although this does not exclude the possibility that calling is a cue used by females to discriminate between mating partners. Conditions used to domesticate and rear large quantities of B. tryoni for SIT may select for an alternative male mating strategy, with mass-reared males calling earlier and exercising less discrimination between potential mating partners. Despite differences in behaviour of wild, mass-reared and sterile males, frequency of successful copulations and mating success were similar. (iii) Pheromone-calling by males was increased in larger aggregations but this did not result in significantly more female visits. Finally, large laboratory cages with artificial leks were used to investigate the importance in B. tryoni of male group size for female visitation at lek sites and initiation of male pheromone-calling. Calling propensity of male B. tryoni was increased by the presence of conspecific males. Females visited the largest lek more frequently than single males, but there was no correlation between lek size and female visitation. Female B. tryoni had a limited capacity to perceive a difference between the number of calling males; female visitation at leks was only weakly associated with male calling, suggesting that lek size and the number of pheromone-calling males may not be the only factor important in locating mates in B. tryoni. The weak, but positive correlation between male calling and female visitation may indicate that passive attraction maintains lek-mating in B. tryoni. Further studies are essential on mating behaviour of B. tryoni, including identification of male mating aggregations in the field, measurement of habitat variables associated with male aggregations, the influence of density on wild B. tryoni mating success, and the role of pheromone-calling, in order to optimise use of SIT for control of this pest.

<p>The primary aim of these coal fired industries for co-disposing fly ash and brine was to use the fly ash as a sustainable salt sink. It is therefore important to study the interaction chemistry of the fly ash-brine systems to fully understand the leaching and mobility of the contaminant species, and to determine the possibility of capturing the salts from the brine solution when fly ash and brine are co-disposed. In order to achieve the aims and objectives of this study, several leaching procedures such as batch reaction tests, long-term fly ash-brine interaction tests, acid neutralization capacity (ANC) tests, up-flow percolation tests and sequential extraction tests were employed. The geochemical modeling software was applied to predict the formation of secondary mineral phases controlling the release of species in the fly ash-brine systems. Several analytical techniques such as x-ray diffraction (XRD), x-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersion spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) and ion chromatography (IC) were applied to characterize the fresh fly ashes, solid residues recovered from the fly ash-brine interaction tests, the brine sample used in this study and the leachate samples in order to determine the chemical and mineralogical compositions and speciation of the waste materials.</p>

There is a great need in the transportation industry for high strength, high stiffness and lightweight materials with excellent dimensional stability. The use of these materials reduces fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emission as well as malfunctioning of components when subjected to fluctuating temperatures. Metal matrix composites (MMCs) are designed to meet these needs of transportation and other industries. However, their use is limited by lack of information on their thermal behaviour. In addition, reactions that occur in MMCs alter their microstructure and properties. These reactions have been widely investigated using X-ray Diffractometry (XRD) and electron microscopy (EM). However, these techniques cannot provide information such as charge transfer and local elemental structures in materials. Synchrotron X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) could be used to identify reaction products in MMCs as well as provide information which XRD and EM cannot provide.<p> The thermal behaviour of Al-Mg alloy A535 containing fly ash particles as well as charge transfer and reactivity in particulate aluminium alloy metal matrix composites (MMCs) were investigated in this work. The materials studied were (i) Al-Cu-Mg alloy AA2618 and its composites reinforced with 10 and 15 vol.% alumina (Al2O3) particles and (ii) Al-Mg alloy A535 and its composites reinforced with a mixture of 5 wt.% fly ash and 5 wt.% silicon carbide, 10 wt.% and 15 wt.% fly ash. The investigative techniques used included Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA), Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), and synchrotron X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS).<p> The results obtained showed that the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of A535 decreased with the addition of fly ash and silicon carbide. Also, the addition of these particles improved the dimensional stability of the alloy in that the residual strain, åp, cycling strain, åc, and CTE decreased. The results obtained from XAS measurements showed evidence of charge redistribution in the aluminium in AA2618 with the addition of alumina particles. The results obtained from XAS measurements showed evidence of charge redistribution in the aluminium in AA2618 with the addition of alumina particles. The addition of alumina particles into AA2618 increased the p-orbital population and also changed the surface chemistry of the matrix. It was also demonstrated that the XAS technique can be used to determine the presence of various oxides in industrial fly ash and spinel (MgAl2O4) in alumina and fly ash particles extracted from the MMCs.