<p> Neonatal rats exposed to heat stress were studied to determine the age at which the saliva-spreading response appears, and to elucidate any other heat defenses that might exist before the response develops.</p> <p> Saliva-spreading appeared on the 17th day of age, the age at which hypothalamic maturity is attained. This finding thus agrees with previous hypotheses that the hypothalamus is involved in the regulation of body temperature.</p> <p> The tolerance of rats to an ambient temperature of 40 C dropped from 16 - 26 hours to 2 - 4 hours in the first 10 days of life. Three factors accounted for this change: decreased body water, increased rates of water loss, and increased metabolic rate.</p> / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

Two manifestations of gene regulation-- dosage compensation and ontogenic regulation--were examined in normally positioned and relocated v+ genotypes in Drosophila melanogaster to determine the role of gene position in these control functions. Enzyme assays, used as criteria of gene activity, were performed on various genotypes containing different doses of v+ in normal and relocated positions in male and female flies. The results indicate that although differently positioned v+ genes may specify different tryptophan pyrrolase activities, they still show dosage compensation. In each case, the enzyme activity associated with each gene, either on the X, Y, or third chromosome, is twice as much in males as it is in females. This indicates that dosage compensation is not confined to the gene when located on the X chromosome. In order to determine if the pattern of activity of the gene during ontogeny is altered by relocation, T(l; 3)rasv genotypes and wild type controls were assayed at the same stages of development. The experimental design allowed a comparison of the ontogenic expression of three different genes--v+, Zw, and Pgd--through the activities of their associated enzymes. The results indicate that changing the gene's position may alter its ontogenic expression. Animals with v+ on the third chromosome have a unique peak of tryptophan pyrrolase activity in larvae which is not present in wild type. The activity in this peak is at l east 10 times higher than that observed in 72-hour wild type larvae, in fact, higher than that observed in any normal genotype at any time during development. With the exception of this peak, the developmental curves of enzyme activity are similar, although the relocated genes specify consistently lower enzyme activities than do normally positioned genes. The unique peak is not the result of a general physiological effect since the patterns of Zw and Pgd activity appear to be the same in wild type and translocated v+ genotypes. The relevance of the data to earlier studies and to models for gene regulation is discussed.

No presente trabalho foram estudadas a caracterização cinética e as propriedades bioquímicas da (Na+, K+)-ATPase branquial dos estágios ontogenéticos juvenil e adulto do camarão de água doce M. amazonicum. Em ambos os estágios de desenvolvimento foi expressa uma (Na+, K+)-ATPase com peso molecular de 105 kDa. A estimulação da atividade (Na+, K+)-ATPase de animais adultos pelo ATP apresentou comportamento michaeliano (V=181,8±77,83 U mg-1; KM=0,11±0,01 mmol L-1). Entretanto a estimulação da atividade (Na+, K+)-ATPase pelo Mg2+ (V=174,7±74,76 U mg-1; K0,5=0,27±0,05 mmol L-1; n= 2,5), Na+ (V=175,5±75,12 U mg-1; K0,5=4,73±0,81 mmol L-1; n= 1,9), K+ (V=171,2±73,28 U mg-1; K0,5=1,00±0,17 mmol L-1; n=1,2) e NH4+ (V=194,2±63,34 U mg-1; K0,5= 4,76±2,15 mmol L-1; n=1,9) ocorreu segundo cinética cooperativa. Nos animais juvenis, a modulação da atividade (Na+, K+)-ATPase pelo ATP, também apresentou comportamento michaeliano (V=189,52±32,45 U mg-1; KM= 0,14±0,02 mmol L-1). O mesmo foi observado para o K+ (V=178,56±30,58 U mg-1; KM= 1,30±0,22 mmol L-1) e o NH4+ (V=205,91±35,26 U mg-1; KM=1,88±0,32 mmol L-1). Para o Mg2+ (V=168,35±28,83 U mg-1; K0,5=0,51±0,09 mmol L-1; n=3,5) e o Na+ (V=165,48±28,33 U mg-1; K0,5=4,92±0,84 mmol L-1; n=1,3), a estimulação da enzima ocorreu através de interações sítio-sítio. Na presença de K+ e NH4+ a atividade da enzima de animais adultos, foi estimulada 30% e o K0,5 aumentou 3 vezes. Já os animais juvenis, apresentaram um aumento de 12% na velocidade máxima e o K0,5 aumentou 2 vezes. Na presença de K+ a atividade ATPase total dos animais adultos foi inibida 62% pela ouabaína com Ki=114±2,41 µmol L-1. Já para os animais juvenis, a inibição foi da ordem de 87% com Ki=91,22±15,62 µmol L-1. Na presença de NH4+ a inibição pela ouabaína da atividade ATPase total dos animais adultos foi da ordem de 70% com Ki=57,95±17,04 µmol L-1 enquanto para os juvenis a inibição foi da ordem de 85% com Ki=53,98±9,24 µmol L-1. / In the present work the kinetic characterization and biochemical properties of the (Na+, K+)-ATPase gill in ontogenetic stages of juvenile and adult freshwater prawn M. amazonicum was studied. In both stages of development the (Na+, K+)-ATPase was expressed as a molecular weight of 105 kDa. The stimulation of activity (Na+, K+)-ATPase by ATP in adult animals showed a michaeliano comportament (V=181.8±77.83 U mg-1, KM=0.11±0.01 mmol L -1). However the stimulation of activity (Na+, K+)-ATPase by Mg2 + (V=174.7±74.76 U mg-1, K0,5 =0.27±0.05 mmol L-1, n=2.5 ), Na+ (V=175.5±75.12 U mg-1, K0,5=4.73±0.81 mmol L-1, n=1.9), K+ (V =171.2±73,28 U mg-1, K0,5=1.00±0.17 mmol L-1, n=1,2) and NH4+ (V=194.2±63.34 U mg-1, K0,5=4, 76±2.15 mmol L-1, n=1.9) ocorred second cooperative kinetics. In juvenile animals, modulation of the activity (Na+, K+)-ATPase by ATP, exhibited behavior michaeliano (V=189.52±32.45 U mg-1, KM=0.14±0.02 mmol L-1). The same was observed for K+ (V=178.56±30.58 U mg-1, KM=1.30±0.22 mmol L-1) and NH4+ (V=205.91±35.26 U mg -1, KM=1.88±0.32 mmol L-1). For Mg2 + (V=168.35±28.83 U mg-1, K0,5=0.51 ± 0.09 mmol L-1, n=3.5) and Na+ (V=65.48±28 mmol L-1, 33 U mg-1, K0,5=4.92±0.84 mmol L-1, n=1.3), stimulation of the enzyme occurred through site-site interactions. In the presence of K+ and NH4+ the enzyme activity of adult animals, was stimulated 30% and K0,5 increased by 3 times. Already the young animals showed a 12% increase in speed and K0,5 increased by 2 times. In the presence of K+ ATPase activity of the total adult animals was inhibited 62% by ouabain with Ki=114±2.41 mmol L-1. As for the juvenile animals, the inhibition was approximately 87% with Ki=1.22±15.62 mmol L-1. In the presence of NH4+ by ouabain inhibition of total ATPase activity of adult animals was about 70% with Ki=57.95±17.04 mmol L-1 while for juveniles the inhibition was approximately 85% with Ki=53.98 ± 9.24 mmol L-1.

No presente trabalho foram estudadas a caracterização cinética e as propriedades bioquímicas da (Na+, K+)-ATPase branquial dos estágios ontogenéticos juvenil e adulto do camarão de água doce M. amazonicum. Em ambos os estágios de desenvolvimento foi expressa uma (Na+, K+)-ATPase com peso molecular de 105 kDa. A estimulação da atividade (Na+, K+)-ATPase de animais adultos pelo ATP apresentou comportamento michaeliano (V=181,8±77,83 U mg-1; KM=0,11±0,01 mmol L-1). Entretanto a estimulação da atividade (Na+, K+)-ATPase pelo Mg2+ (V=174,7±74,76 U mg-1; K0,5=0,27±0,05 mmol L-1; n= 2,5), Na+ (V=175,5±75,12 U mg-1; K0,5=4,73±0,81 mmol L-1; n= 1,9), K+ (V=171,2±73,28 U mg-1; K0,5=1,00±0,17 mmol L-1; n=1,2) e NH4+ (V=194,2±63,34 U mg-1; K0,5= 4,76±2,15 mmol L-1; n=1,9) ocorreu segundo cinética cooperativa. Nos animais juvenis, a modulação da atividade (Na+, K+)-ATPase pelo ATP, também apresentou comportamento michaeliano (V=189,52±32,45 U mg-1; KM= 0,14±0,02 mmol L-1). O mesmo foi observado para o K+ (V=178,56±30,58 U mg-1; KM= 1,30±0,22 mmol L-1) e o NH4+ (V=205,91±35,26 U mg-1; KM=1,88±0,32 mmol L-1). Para o Mg2+ (V=168,35±28,83 U mg-1; K0,5=0,51±0,09 mmol L-1; n=3,5) e o Na+ (V=165,48±28,33 U mg-1; K0,5=4,92±0,84 mmol L-1; n=1,3), a estimulação da enzima ocorreu através de interações sítio-sítio. Na presença de K+ e NH4+ a atividade da enzima de animais adultos, foi estimulada 30% e o K0,5 aumentou 3 vezes. Já os animais juvenis, apresentaram um aumento de 12% na velocidade máxima e o K0,5 aumentou 2 vezes. Na presença de K+ a atividade ATPase total dos animais adultos foi inibida 62% pela ouabaína com Ki=114±2,41 µmol L-1. Já para os animais juvenis, a inibição foi da ordem de 87% com Ki=91,22±15,62 µmol L-1. Na presença de NH4+ a inibição pela ouabaína da atividade ATPase total dos animais adultos foi da ordem de 70% com Ki=57,95±17,04 µmol L-1 enquanto para os juvenis a inibição foi da ordem de 85% com Ki=53,98±9,24 µmol L-1. / In the present work the kinetic characterization and biochemical properties of the (Na+, K+)-ATPase gill in ontogenetic stages of juvenile and adult freshwater prawn M. amazonicum was studied. In both stages of development the (Na+, K+)-ATPase was expressed as a molecular weight of 105 kDa. The stimulation of activity (Na+, K+)-ATPase by ATP in adult animals showed a michaeliano comportament (V=181.8±77.83 U mg-1, KM=0.11±0.01 mmol L -1). However the stimulation of activity (Na+, K+)-ATPase by Mg2 + (V=174.7±74.76 U mg-1, K0,5 =0.27±0.05 mmol L-1, n=2.5 ), Na+ (V=175.5±75.12 U mg-1, K0,5=4.73±0.81 mmol L-1, n=1.9), K+ (V =171.2±73,28 U mg-1, K0,5=1.00±0.17 mmol L-1, n=1,2) and NH4+ (V=194.2±63.34 U mg-1, K0,5=4, 76±2.15 mmol L-1, n=1.9) ocorred second cooperative kinetics. In juvenile animals, modulation of the activity (Na+, K+)-ATPase by ATP, exhibited behavior michaeliano (V=189.52±32.45 U mg-1, KM=0.14±0.02 mmol L-1). The same was observed for K+ (V=178.56±30.58 U mg-1, KM=1.30±0.22 mmol L-1) and NH4+ (V=205.91±35.26 U mg -1, KM=1.88±0.32 mmol L-1). For Mg2 + (V=168.35±28.83 U mg-1, K0,5=0.51 ± 0.09 mmol L-1, n=3.5) and Na+ (V=65.48±28 mmol L-1, 33 U mg-1, K0,5=4.92±0.84 mmol L-1, n=1.3), stimulation of the enzyme occurred through site-site interactions. In the presence of K+ and NH4+ the enzyme activity of adult animals, was stimulated 30% and K0,5 increased by 3 times. Already the young animals showed a 12% increase in speed and K0,5 increased by 2 times. In the presence of K+ ATPase activity of the total adult animals was inhibited 62% by ouabain with Ki=114±2.41 mmol L-1. As for the juvenile animals, the inhibition was approximately 87% with Ki=1.22±15.62 mmol L-1. In the presence of NH4+ by ouabain inhibition of total ATPase activity of adult animals was about 70% with Ki=57.95±17.04 mmol L-1 while for juveniles the inhibition was approximately 85% with Ki=53.98 ± 9.24 mmol L-1.

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Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:48:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Diesse_Aparecida_de_Oliveira_Sereia.pdf: 5904754 bytes, checksum: 9d2d63901ec5656e363f1db94a594b1e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-01 / The species Steindachneridion melanodermatum is an endemic fish to the Iguaçu River basin. Has great potential for pisciculture, however its initial development is still unclear, which limits the progress in the cultivation of this species. In this way, this study aimed to characterize the development ontogenetic of Surubim-do-iguaçu. The eggs larvae were obtained by induced spawning performed at the Experimental Station of Ichthyological Studies of the Ney Braga Power Plant (Salto Segredo Power Plant), Energy Company of Paraná (COPEL), between the months of January to March 2009. The morphometric and meristic variables were analyzed in 529 eggs, 370 larvae in preflexion, flexion and postflexion stages, and 117 juveniles. The eggs are spherical, transparent and non-adhesive, have an average diameter of 3.17 mm, perivitelline space of 0.96 mm and 2.12 mm calf. The larvae hath 33 hours and 30 minutes after fertilization (26.5° C). The larvae have a fusiform body without pigmentation initial, median eyes, intestine that goes beyond the middle portion of the body and the number of total myomeres ranged from 42 to 48. The juveniles resemble an adult, with a standard length of 28.43 mm and pigmentation formed by chromatophores punctiform irregularly distributed throughout the body / A espécie Steindachneridion melanodermatum é um peixe endêmico a bacia do rio Iguaçu que apresenta um grande potencial para a piscicultura, porém seu desenvolvimento inicial ainda é pouco conhecido, o que limita os progressos no cultivo desta espécie. Dessa forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar o desenvolvimento ontogenético do Surubim-do-iguaçu. Os ovos e larvas foram obtidos através de desovas induzidas realizadas na Estação Experimental de Estudos Ictiológicos da Usina Ney Braga (Salto Segredo), Companhia Paranaense de Energia (COPEL), entre os meses de janeiro e março de 2009. Foram analisadas as variáveis morfométricas e merísticas em 529 ovos, 370 larvas em diferentes estágios (pré-flexão, flexão e pós-flexão) e 117 juvenis. Os ovos são esféricos, transparentes e não adesivos, apresentam um diâmetro médio de 3,17 mm, espaço perivitelino de 0,96 mm e vitelo de 2,12 mm. A eclosão ocorreu 33 horas e 30 minutos após a fertilização a uma temperatura de 26,5 °C. As larvas apresentam um corpo fusiforme, sem pigmentação inicial, olhos medianos, intestino que ultrapassa a porção mediana do corpo e o número de miômeros totais que varia entre 42 48. Os juvenis se assemelham a um adulto, com um comprimento padrão de 28,43 mm e pigmentação formada por cromatóforos puntiforme distribuídos irregularmente pelo corpo

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