Modern day technological advancements are moving at a rapid pace. In the field of Artificial Intelligence, algorithms are becoming ever faster and process larger amounts of data. These fast algorithms call for data structures that can store this processed data compactly. This premise also holds true in the AI subfield of planning. In the common planning approach of state space search, found states are memorized as to not unnecessarily revisit them. Research has put a big focus on improving the speed of state space searches which in turn leads to a lot of states being stored. A crucial bottleneck then occurs when memory runs out due to storing these large amounts of states. This is where this project, with its exploration of compact state set representations, comes into the picture. This project's focus is on exploring memory usage for planning by state space search. More specifically, the project investigates compact state set representations for an A* state space search's closed- and open lists. It was hypothesized that the closed list would be the larger of the two which is why a focus was put on testing compact representations of that state set. Results from this project confirm this hypothesis as it is shown that the closed list is the largest and most critical of the two (although the differences between the two become increasingly small for strong heuristics).  Four different state set representations were tested for use as closed lists in an A* algorithm: Level-Ordered Edge Sequences (LOES), compressed LOES (cLOES), Binary Decision Diagram (BDD) and an explicit representation. A primary focus was put on exploring the LOES data structure because of the limited amount of research done on the data structure. Explicit representation was used as the main point of comparison with it being a very commonly used standard in state space search. The results from this project show that LOES managed to lower memory usage significantly for large tasks when compared to the explicit representation. The lower memory usage did, however, come at the cost of speed with LOES being noticeably slower. Although less drastic, the same differences could be seen when comparing LOES to its compressed version, cLOES. Out of all the tested state set representations, cLOES was shown to be the most compact but also the slowest. Moreover, the results indicated that, even if most tasks didn't benefit from the additional compression provided by cLOES in comparison to normal LOES, the tasks that did, benefited a lot. Lastly, the BDD data structure gave more inconclusive results. The poor BDD results were seemingly caused by an unfit implementation for the closed list use case. The results did, however, suggest that BDD was faster but less compact than LOES for large tasks. The different closed list state set representations were also tested with four different heuristics: blind, max, CEGAR and Merge-and-Shrink heuristic. A takeaway from these tests was that stronger heuristics resulted in fewer states being stored in the open- and closed list. Moreover, the closed states made up a smaller portion of the total amount states for the stronger heuristics. This smaller number of stored closed states made, as a consequence, the differences between the tested state set representations less pronounced. For large tasks, however, the closed list did get big enough to experience the effect of the efficient closed list implementations. Conclusively, LOES and cLOES proved strong replacements to explicit representation. Especially in use cases where compactness is more critical than speed such as in embedded systems. Additionally, even though strong heuristics lessened the effect of efficient state set representations, there are still notable advantages to be found for big tasks where the closed list grows large enough.

Este trabalho se volta à evolução do Partido dos Trabalhadores no estado de São Paulo. No contexto mais amplo do debate sobre partidos políticos, o PT sempre se apresentou como um contraponto nas abordagens sobre o sistema político brasileiro que, partindo de diferentes paradigmas teóricos, chegou sempre ao diagnóstico de que estas instituições estariam fadadas a serem organizações frágeis. Daí a análise do partido sob o ponto de vista da organização ser particularmente interessante. Serão observados os movimentos de expansão e retração da estrutura do partido para além do seu núcleo de origem a partir da base de filiados, do comportamento nas disputas no nível local e do desempenho nas eleições proporcionais. Todos esses aspectos se mostram relacionados no desenvolvimento da organização no estado onde nasceu. / This dissertation seeks to understand the evolution of the Workers Party (PT) in the state of São Paulo. In the broader context of the debate on political parties, the PT was always presented as a counterpoint in the approaches of the Brazilian political system that, starting from different theoretical paradigms, the researchers always concluded that these institutions were bound to be fragile organizations. Therefore, the analysis of the party from the point of view of its organization becomes particularly interesting. The movements of expansion and contraction of the partys structure will be observed considering not only the core founder who leads the party, but also based on its membership roster, its behavior in disputes at the local level and its performance in proportional elections. All these aspects are related to the development of the organization in the state that the party was born.

Este trabalho se volta à evolução do Partido dos Trabalhadores no estado de São Paulo. No contexto mais amplo do debate sobre partidos políticos, o PT sempre se apresentou como um contraponto nas abordagens sobre o sistema político brasileiro que, partindo de diferentes paradigmas teóricos, chegou sempre ao diagnóstico de que estas instituições estariam fadadas a serem organizações frágeis. Daí a análise do partido sob o ponto de vista da organização ser particularmente interessante. Serão observados os movimentos de expansão e retração da estrutura do partido para além do seu núcleo de origem a partir da base de filiados, do comportamento nas disputas no nível local e do desempenho nas eleições proporcionais. Todos esses aspectos se mostram relacionados no desenvolvimento da organização no estado onde nasceu. / This dissertation seeks to understand the evolution of the Workers Party (PT) in the state of São Paulo. In the broader context of the debate on political parties, the PT was always presented as a counterpoint in the approaches of the Brazilian political system that, starting from different theoretical paradigms, the researchers always concluded that these institutions were bound to be fragile organizations. Therefore, the analysis of the party from the point of view of its organization becomes particularly interesting. The movements of expansion and contraction of the partys structure will be observed considering not only the core founder who leads the party, but also based on its membership roster, its behavior in disputes at the local level and its performance in proportional elections. All these aspects are related to the development of the organization in the state that the party was born.

Submitted by Julia Guerreiro (juliamguerreiro@gmail.com) on 2017-09-05T20:38:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - JG.pdf: 1555166 bytes, checksum: 7b6f1a336ae6f5132313851dce52f83e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2017-09-12T09:54:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - JG.pdf: 1555166 bytes, checksum: 7b6f1a336ae6f5132313851dce52f83e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-12T12:39:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - JG.pdf: 1555166 bytes, checksum: 7b6f1a336ae6f5132313851dce52f83e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-15 / This dissertation focuses on conciliating two apparently contradictory facts: a fall in electoral volatility and a high turnover rate in the Chamber of Deputies. We use the case of Brazil and explore the hypothesis that politicians will use the advantages resulting from the fall in electoral volatility rates in different ways, depending on the type of party to which they belong. It is assumed that the decrease in volatility is greater in more institutionalized parties and for the incumbents of these parties. Given that institutionalized parties are able to provide clearer information, which helps incumbents improve their electoral strategies, the reasons for their defeats – whether due to intraparty or interparty competition – will vary according to their party’s level of institutionalization. / Esta tese busca conciliar dois fatos aparentemente contraditórios: a queda na volatilidade eleitoral e a alta taxa de renovação na Câmara dos Deputados. Utilizamos o caso do Brasil e exploramos a possibilidade de que políticos irão se apropriar das vantagens resultantes de uma queda na volatilidade eleitoral de maneiras diferentes, dependendo do tipo de partido ao qual ele pertence. Assumimos que a queda na volatilidade é maior em partidos mais institucionalizados e para incumbentes destes partidos. Dado que partidos mais institucionalizados são capazes de prover informações mais claras para seus candidatos, o que ajuda incumbentes a melhorarem as suas estratégias eleitorais, as razões para as derrotas – seja por conta da competição dentro da lista partidária ou por conta da competição entre partidos – irão variar de acordo com o grau de institucionalização do partido.