O presente trabalho é a continuação das pesquisas anteriores relacionadas às rochas metamáficas e metaultramáficas da região de Arroio Grande, sudeste do Escudo Sul-rio-grandense. A partir de estudos de campo, microscopia óptica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e difratometria de raios X, essa associação de rochas (anfibolitos, serpentinitos cromíferos, xistos magnesianos, micaxistos, quartzitos e mármores) foi interpretada como possíveis fragmentos de crosta oceânica relacionados ao encerramento de um paleo-oceano durante o ciclo orogênico Brasiliano/Pan-Africano no Neoproterozoico e denominada de Complexo Ofiolítico Arroio Grande. Nesta dissertação é apresentada uma breve descrição deste complexo ofiolítico e o seu contexto geológico, além de breves considerações sobre sua importância do ponto de vista da evolução do paleocontinente Gondwana Ocidental durante o Neoproterozoico. Em seguida, é apresentado o artigo denominado “Geologia da associação metamáfica-ultramáfica da região de Arroio Grande, sudeste do Escudo Sul-rio-grandense”, aceito para publicação no periódico Pesquisas em Geociências da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, no qual são caracterizadas as unidades metamáficas e metaultramáficas do referido complexo. Tais pesquisas têm como principal objetivo adicionar novos dados aos já existentes na literatura, aquecendo as discussões acerca da existência ou não de possíveis ofiolitos na porção oriental do Escudo Uruguaio-Sul-rio-grandense relacionados à ocorrência do paleo-oceano Adamastor, e dos modelos evolutivos para a reconstrução do paleocontinente Gondwana Ocidental. / The present work is the continuation of previous researches related to the metamafic and meta-ultramafic rocks located near the town of Arroio Grande, southeastern Sul-rio-grandense Shield. Through fieldwork, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, this rock association (amphibolites, chromian serpentinites, magnesian schists, mica schists, quartzites and marbles) was interpreted as possible slices of an oceanic crust related to the closure of a paleo-ocean during the Brasiliano/Pan-African orogenic cycle and called Arroio Grande Ophiolitic Complex. A brief description of this ophiolitic complex and his geological setting is presented in this dissertation, with brief considerations on their importance, from the point of view of the Western Gondwana paleocontinent evolution during the Neoproterozoic Era. Subsequently, the article entitled "Geology of the Arroio Grande meta-mafic-ultramafic association, southeastern Sul-riograndense Shield”, accepted for publication in the Pesquisas em Geociências Journal of the Rio Grande do Sul Federal University is presented, where the metamafic and meta-ultramafic units of the aforesaid complex are characterized. Such researches have as main objective to add new data to existing literature, promoting discussions about the possible existence of ophiolites related to the occurrence of the Adamastor paleo-ocean in the eastern portion of the Uruguaio-Sul-rio-grandense Shield and about geologic evolution models for the reconstruction of Western Gondwana paleocontinent.

O presente trabalho é a continuação das pesquisas anteriores relacionadas às rochas metamáficas e metaultramáficas da região de Arroio Grande, sudeste do Escudo Sul-rio-grandense. A partir de estudos de campo, microscopia óptica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e difratometria de raios X, essa associação de rochas (anfibolitos, serpentinitos cromíferos, xistos magnesianos, micaxistos, quartzitos e mármores) foi interpretada como possíveis fragmentos de crosta oceânica relacionados ao encerramento de um paleo-oceano durante o ciclo orogênico Brasiliano/Pan-Africano no Neoproterozoico e denominada de Complexo Ofiolítico Arroio Grande. Nesta dissertação é apresentada uma breve descrição deste complexo ofiolítico e o seu contexto geológico, além de breves considerações sobre sua importância do ponto de vista da evolução do paleocontinente Gondwana Ocidental durante o Neoproterozoico. Em seguida, é apresentado o artigo denominado “Geologia da associação metamáfica-ultramáfica da região de Arroio Grande, sudeste do Escudo Sul-rio-grandense”, aceito para publicação no periódico Pesquisas em Geociências da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, no qual são caracterizadas as unidades metamáficas e metaultramáficas do referido complexo. Tais pesquisas têm como principal objetivo adicionar novos dados aos já existentes na literatura, aquecendo as discussões acerca da existência ou não de possíveis ofiolitos na porção oriental do Escudo Uruguaio-Sul-rio-grandense relacionados à ocorrência do paleo-oceano Adamastor, e dos modelos evolutivos para a reconstrução do paleocontinente Gondwana Ocidental. / The present work is the continuation of previous researches related to the metamafic and meta-ultramafic rocks located near the town of Arroio Grande, southeastern Sul-rio-grandense Shield. Through fieldwork, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, this rock association (amphibolites, chromian serpentinites, magnesian schists, mica schists, quartzites and marbles) was interpreted as possible slices of an oceanic crust related to the closure of a paleo-ocean during the Brasiliano/Pan-African orogenic cycle and called Arroio Grande Ophiolitic Complex. A brief description of this ophiolitic complex and his geological setting is presented in this dissertation, with brief considerations on their importance, from the point of view of the Western Gondwana paleocontinent evolution during the Neoproterozoic Era. Subsequently, the article entitled "Geology of the Arroio Grande meta-mafic-ultramafic association, southeastern Sul-riograndense Shield”, accepted for publication in the Pesquisas em Geociências Journal of the Rio Grande do Sul Federal University is presented, where the metamafic and meta-ultramafic units of the aforesaid complex are characterized. Such researches have as main objective to add new data to existing literature, promoting discussions about the possible existence of ophiolites related to the occurrence of the Adamastor paleo-ocean in the eastern portion of the Uruguaio-Sul-rio-grandense Shield and about geologic evolution models for the reconstruction of Western Gondwana paleocontinent.

O presente trabalho é a continuação das pesquisas anteriores relacionadas às rochas metamáficas e metaultramáficas da região de Arroio Grande, sudeste do Escudo Sul-rio-grandense. A partir de estudos de campo, microscopia óptica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e difratometria de raios X, essa associação de rochas (anfibolitos, serpentinitos cromíferos, xistos magnesianos, micaxistos, quartzitos e mármores) foi interpretada como possíveis fragmentos de crosta oceânica relacionados ao encerramento de um paleo-oceano durante o ciclo orogênico Brasiliano/Pan-Africano no Neoproterozoico e denominada de Complexo Ofiolítico Arroio Grande. Nesta dissertação é apresentada uma breve descrição deste complexo ofiolítico e o seu contexto geológico, além de breves considerações sobre sua importância do ponto de vista da evolução do paleocontinente Gondwana Ocidental durante o Neoproterozoico. Em seguida, é apresentado o artigo denominado “Geologia da associação metamáfica-ultramáfica da região de Arroio Grande, sudeste do Escudo Sul-rio-grandense”, aceito para publicação no periódico Pesquisas em Geociências da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, no qual são caracterizadas as unidades metamáficas e metaultramáficas do referido complexo. Tais pesquisas têm como principal objetivo adicionar novos dados aos já existentes na literatura, aquecendo as discussões acerca da existência ou não de possíveis ofiolitos na porção oriental do Escudo Uruguaio-Sul-rio-grandense relacionados à ocorrência do paleo-oceano Adamastor, e dos modelos evolutivos para a reconstrução do paleocontinente Gondwana Ocidental. / The present work is the continuation of previous researches related to the metamafic and meta-ultramafic rocks located near the town of Arroio Grande, southeastern Sul-rio-grandense Shield. Through fieldwork, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, this rock association (amphibolites, chromian serpentinites, magnesian schists, mica schists, quartzites and marbles) was interpreted as possible slices of an oceanic crust related to the closure of a paleo-ocean during the Brasiliano/Pan-African orogenic cycle and called Arroio Grande Ophiolitic Complex. A brief description of this ophiolitic complex and his geological setting is presented in this dissertation, with brief considerations on their importance, from the point of view of the Western Gondwana paleocontinent evolution during the Neoproterozoic Era. Subsequently, the article entitled "Geology of the Arroio Grande meta-mafic-ultramafic association, southeastern Sul-riograndense Shield”, accepted for publication in the Pesquisas em Geociências Journal of the Rio Grande do Sul Federal University is presented, where the metamafic and meta-ultramafic units of the aforesaid complex are characterized. Such researches have as main objective to add new data to existing literature, promoting discussions about the possible existence of ophiolites related to the occurrence of the Adamastor paleo-ocean in the eastern portion of the Uruguaio-Sul-rio-grandense Shield and about geologic evolution models for the reconstruction of Western Gondwana paleocontinent.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Joint Program in Oceanography (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 135-140). / Chapter 1 presents the first published measurements of Sr-isotope variability in olivine-hosted melt inclusions. Melt inclusions in just two Samoan basalt hand samples exhibit most of the total Sr-isotope variability observed in Samoan lavas. Chapter 3 deals with the largest possible scales of mantle heterogeneity, and presents the highest magmatic 3He/4He (33.8 times atmospheric) discovered in Samoa and the southern hemisphere. Along with Samoa, the highest 3He/4He sample from each southern hemisphere high 3He/4He hotspot exhibits lower 143Nd/144Nd ratios than their counterparts in the northern hemisphere. Chapter 2 presents geochemical data for a suite of unusually enriched Samoan lavas. These highly enriched Samoan lavas have the highest 87Sr/86Sr values (0.72163) measured in oceanic hotspot lavas to date, and along with trace element ratios (low Ce/Pb and Nb/U ratios), provide a strong case for ancient recycled sediment in the Samoan mantle. Chapter 4 explores whether the eclogitic and peridotitic portions of ancient subducted oceanic plates can explain the anomalous titanium, tantalum and niobium (TITAN) enrichment in high 3He/4He ocean island basalts (OIBs). The peridotitic portion of ancient subducted plates can contribute high 3He/4He and, after processing in subduction zones, a refractory, rutile-bearing eclogite may contribute the positive TITAN anomalies. / by Matthew G. Jackson. / Ph.D.

Dans une problématique de réinterprétation géodynamique de la zone de suture Yarlung Zangbo (ZSYZ) au sens large, la pétrographie, la chimie minérale et la li- thogéochimie ont été effectuées sur des roches mafiques, ultramafiques et sédimentaires provenant de trois unités géologiques situées immédiatement au sud des ophiolites de la ZSYZ : le mélange ophiolitique crétacé précoce, le mélange de Yamdrock mésozoïque et le flysch triasique tardif. La majorité des roches mafiques du mélange ophiolitique montrent des caractéristiques géochimiques typiques d'un bassin d'arrière-arc, certaines d'un arc intra-océanique. De même, les roches ultramafiques possèdent des caractéristiques géochimiques qui suggèrent une origine dans un environnement de supra-subduction. Ces caractéristiques varient selon le taux de fusion partielle et le degré d'interac- tion magma-manteau enregistrés par les péridotites. Une analogie peut être faite avec des systèmes océaniques modernes de type arc-bassin. Le mélange ophiolitique résulte bien de la désagrégation des massifs ophiolitiques sus-jacents. Les roches mafiques du mélange de Yamdrock montrent une affinité géochimique avec le magmatisme intra- plaque océanique (de type OIB). Les roches mafiques du flysch triasique montrent une signature géochimique double qui suggère qu'elles dérivent d'une même source magma- tique intraplaque enrichie, mais qu'elles ont subi des processus d'assimilation et de cris- tallisation fractionnée (ACF). Cette contamination crustale continentale semble résulter de la dislocation de la Plaque Indienne lors de l'ouverture de l'Océan Néo-Téthys. Une analogie peut être faite avec le point chaud de la Réunion, dans l'Océan Indien, et les Trapps de Deccan, à l'ouest de l'Inde. Les roches sédimentaires de ces deux unités possèdent une signature géochimique qui concorde avec un environnement de déposition le long d'une marge passive et avec une source au niveau de la croûte continentale supérieure ancienne de l'Inde. Les blocs mafiques d'affinité intraplaque induiraient une contribution mafique et les batholites granitiques démembrés une contribution felsique à la source de ces turbidites. L'évolution paléozoïque du bassin néo-téthysien a ainsi été reconstituée en fonction de l'environnement tectonique défini pour chaque unité géologique associée à la ZSYZ.

La semelle amphibolitique de la Colline de Belmina est une séquence métamorphique retrouvée sous la péridotite du complexe ophiolitique de Thetford Mines. L’étude géochimique montre que les échantillons prélevés représentent tous des basaltes primitifs de la série des tholéïtes Low-K. Selon la concentration des éléments traces immobiles, tels que le niobium et le tantale, trois groupes principaux sont distingués. Le premier groupe montre une anomalie positive en Nb-Ta, semblable à des valeurs issues de panaches mantéliques. Le second groupe montre une anomalie négative en ces éléments, suggérant une affinité plutôt d’arc volcanique. Le dernier groupe contient les échantillons sans anomalie importante, avec des valeurs de MORB normal, normalement formé en ride océanique. D’un point de vue géodynamique, deux analogues modernes sont proposés. Le premier est celui de la ride océanique de la mer East-Scotia. Le second, l’analogue de la subduction de la chaine de monts sous-marins Louisville sous l’arc Tonga-Kermadec. / The Belmina Ridge metamorphic sole is located under the western mantle sequences of the Thetford Mines ophiolite complex. Major elements geochemistry allowed determining that samples from the metamorphic sole are primitive basalts of the Low-K tholeiitic series. Three main groups have been determined based on immobile elements concentration such as niobium and tantalum. First group shows positive Nb-Ta anomaly, characteristic of mantle plume contamination. Second group shows negative Nb-Ta anomaly, as seen in volcanic arc sequences. The third group is made of samples that look more like N-MORB patterns of oceanic ridge. Two modern analogs are proposed as possible environments for the development of a sequence showing this kind of mixing. The first is the East-Scotia sea ridge, showing sequences with N-MORB, volcanic arc and OIB characteristics, produced within few million years. The second is the subduction of the Louisville seamounts chain under the Tonga-Kermadec volcanic arc.

Les éléments du groupe du platine (EGP) peuvent s’avérer très utiles pour aborder certains processus pétrogénétiques et géochimiques ayant affecté le manteau terrestre. Les péridotites mantelliques et certaines roches intrusives provenant de la section mantellique du Massif North Arm Mountain (MNAM) (Complexe Ophiolitique de Bay of Islands, Terre-Neuve) ainsi que de la Faille Transformante Garrett (FTG) ont fait l’objet d’une détermination des teneurs en Ir, Ru, Rh, Pt et Pd par spectrométrie de masse à émission de plasma. Ces données sur les teneurs en EGP ont été obtenues grâce à une méthode d’extraction et de dosage récemment mise au point.... / Québec Université Laval, Bibliothèque 2019

The thesis presents the application of the magnetotelluric (MT) sounding method to image Earth’s crust in Oman and South Australia. The aim of these MT surveys is to provide constraints on the geological interpretation of emplacement scenarios and the tectonic evolution of the geological domain. The thesis concentrates on the methodological aspects of the MT technique, e.g. the data analysis and modelling of electromagnetic fields. The phase tensor approach by Caldwell et al. (2004) is applied to the data and provides insights into the dimensionality of the MT data in even complex and electrically distorted terranes. Modelling and inversion of the MT data is performed with various 2-D and 3-D codes to show how the interpretation of the data can benefit from multiple modelling approaches. Data collected in a 2-D survey across the Oman ophiolite mountains show complex behaviour and 2-D inversion and 3-D forward modelling resolve ambiguities in the emplacement scenario of the Oman ophiolite. It is believed that initial underthrusting of the Jurassic-Cretaceous oceanic lithosphere was followed by exhumation. Further oceanic thrusting subsequently led to rising of lower-plate eclogites and eventually gravitational collapse of the ophiolite onto the margin (Gray et al., 2000). The 3-D inversion code by (Siripunvaraporn et al., 2005a) was expanded to incorporate static shift corrections and inversion model misfits have therefore improved significantly compared to inversion models without static shift correction. 2-D and 3-D surveys across the South Australian Gawler Craton reveal deep crustal conductors which are connected to near surface mineralisation systems of the IOCG Olympic Dam deposit in the north-eastern part of the craton and the Au-dominated central Gawler Craton provinces. / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2008

Pour le géologue, l'application de la méthode des traces de fission permet d'obtenir des renseignements précieux sur l'histoire thermique des roches. Dans ce travail, cette méthode est appliquée à l'étude des Alpes franco-italiennes, sur une transversale d'Ivrée au Mont Blanc, recoupant le massif du Grand Paradis et les ophiolites de la zone Piémontaise. La comparaison des résultats obtenus dans ces différentes unités, nous apporte des contraintes thermiques et temporelles pour les phases de métamorphisme Haute Pression et Schiste Vert. Nous proposons un modèle géodynamique de l'orogenèse alpine dans ce secteur des Alpes internes .

published_or_final_version / Earth Sciences / Master / Master of Philosophy