The opportunity cost of conveyance corridors; highways, hydro lines and pipelines is the monetary value of resource uses foregone; the lost value of physical production resulting from the allocation of land to right-of-way use. Theoretical models were developed for calculating the resource uses foregone and under the criteria of measurability and availability of data, practical equations for conveyance corridors traversing agricultural and forested areas were formulated. Use of practical equations was illustrated by creating hypothetical corridors through the Municipalities of Elton and North Cypress (agricultural application) and through Township 61, Ranges 27 and 28 (forestry application). Conflict between rights-of-way and recreational areas was difficult to quantify and strict economic analysis of opportunity costs was not possible. An alternative technique of reclamation, reparation and mitigation (RRM) was therefore proposed for evaluating opportunity costs. Difficulty in defining wildlife prices and determining the effects of corridors on wildlife prevented the use of the developed economic equation. Thus the alternative technique of RRM was suggested to quantify wildlife opportunity costs. Application of the model produced a comparison of corridor opportunity costs. For a hypothetical corridor, 120 feet wide and 42 miles long traversing agricultural land the highway had a loss of $1, 087,000 and the hydro line with wooden towers a loss of $4000 with steel towers, $13,000. The pipeline had a range of opportunity costs from a benefit of $11,000 to a loss of $127,000. All values were calculated for 50 years, undiscounted. One equation was derived for all corridors in forested areas. Application of this model to a hypothetical corridor, 120 feet wide and 12.6 miles long produced for all corridors, and opportunity cost of $151,000 (calculated for 50 years undiscounted). A questionnaire inquiring about the effects of pipelines on soil productivity was sent (summer 1973) to farmers having a pipeline traversing their property. Nine percent of the respondents indicated an increase in yield due to the pipeline, 25 percent reported no change and 66 percent indicated a decrease in crop yield. However, general lack of data of effects of pipelines on soil productivity suggest the need for further study. Numerous ways are available for reducing opportunity costs of corridors; of which multiple use is one of the best. All land has potential for wildlife utilization and a review of literature suggests that corridors are suitable for wildlife production. Thus where active primary production is not possible or too costly it is recommended that steps be taken to use idle right-of-way lands for wildlife enhancement and production.

<p>Every consumer decision incurs a cost. An hour spent researching products is an hour not spent working. Vacation days used in the winter are vacation days not used in the summer. A dollar spent on a car payment is a dollar not spent dining out. What determines the extent to which consumers consider such opportunity costs when making decisions?</p><p>Although every purchase requires an outlay cost (i.e., spending dollars in order to obtain a good), outlay costs only have economic significance because some other good or service must be given up as a result. Consumers have unlimited wants but limited resources, so satisfying one want means not satisfying another (the opportunity cost). An opportunity cost is "the evaluation placed on the most highly valued of the rejected alternatives or opportunities" (Buchanan 2008) or "the loss of other alternatives when one alternative is chosen" (Oxford English Dictionary 2010). Opportunity costs are foundational to the science of economics and, normatively, consumers should account for opportunity costs in every decision they make. I define opportunity cost consideration as "considering alternative uses for one's resources when deciding whether to spend resources on a focal option."</p><p>Because consumers face opportunity costs, every purchase decision is effectively a choice among alternative resource uses, not just a decision of whether or not to make a particular purchase. When consumers consider their opportunity costs, alternative resource uses specify the broadest form of competition that products face: each resource use competes for share-of-wallet with all other potential resource uses. Understanding when consumers consider a purchase decision as an allocation across multiple options, and what those considered options are, allows researchers and practitioners to better understand why consumers make the purchases that they do, why they restrain from making the purchases that they do not, and how to influence purchases of focal options by increasing or decreasing consideration of alternative resource uses.</p><p>What determines when consumers consider opportunity costs? In Essay 1, I propose that consumers consider opportunity costs when they perceive immediate resource constraints. In Essay 2, I propose that consumers consider opportunity costs when the resource in use increases the accessibility of alternative resource uses in memory.</p><p>Beyond addressing when consumers consider opportunity costs, I address three additional questions. First, who is more likely to consider opportunity costs? Individuals with a high propensity to plan are likely to consider opportunity costs even when they are not immediately constrained. Second, which opportunity costs are consumers more likely to consider? Consumers are more likely to consider opportunity costs that are more typical of the category of possible resource uses than opportunity costs that are less typical of the category of possible resource uses. Third, what are the consequences of opportunity cost consideration? Individuals who consider their opportunity costs are more sensitive to their value than those who do not consider them. In addition to aiding our understanding of the consumer decision process, understanding opportunity cost consideration has important implications for consumers' sensitivities to the structure of the decision environment, understanding the nature of competition and cross-price elasticities, memory for foregone options, and construction of preferences.</p> / Dissertation

The two most common options for post-mining land uses in the southern Appalachians are forestry or hayland/pasture. Hayland/pasture has become the predominant reclamation type due to ease of establishment and strict regulation standards requiring quick and dense erosion control by herbaceous cover. Recently, more landowners have become interested in returning mined land to an economically valuable post-mining land use, such as forestry. Landowners are becoming more aware of the possible future profits from timber stand harvests, as well as other benefits (monetary and aesthetic) derived from a forestry post-mining land use. Although hayland/pasture lands can provide economic returns through forage and grazing rents, many post-mining pasture lands are left fallow, with no economic returns being gained. Current research has provided the biological and technical information needed to reclaim mine lands to productive forest stands and achieve bond release. Cost information though has been lacking, or variable at best. The purpose of this study is to understand the processes of reclamation for both forestry and hayland/pasture, and calculate detailed cost estimates for both reclamation types. Total costs of reclamation are determined using a cost engineering method, in conjunction with Office of Surface Mining Regulation and Enforcement bond calculation worksheets. In Kentucky, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia, hayland/pasture reclamation is more costly on a per acre basis. The cost of hayland/pasture reclamation is greater than the cost of forestry reclamation by $140 per acre to $350 per acre. In Ohio, forestry reclamation is more expensive by nearly $60 per acre. Grading costs are four times as costly for hayland/pasture reclamation, as compared to forestry reclamation. Pasture reclamation requires more grading passes to prepare the seedbed, requiring four passes. Forestry reclamation typically involves only grading the site with one dozer pass to prevent compaction of minesoils which inhibits tree growth. Hyrdoseeding costs are also higher for hayland/pasture reclamation due to higher application rates of fertilizer and herbaceous seed. The hydroseeding costs make up the largest percentage of the total per acre cost for both forestry and hayland/pasture reclamation. Lime and mulch costs are equal for both reclamation types and are included in the hydroseeding equation. Due to the increased grading costs and higher hydroseeding costs, hayland/pasture reclamation is more expensive for all states analyzed in the Appalachians, other than Ohio. These cost estimates can provide useful tools for mine operators and landowners to determine the most economical and suitable post-mining land use for their individual property. / Master of Science

Thesis (M.A.)--Ohio University, June, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 107-111).

Thesis (M.A.)--Ohio University, June, 2004. / Title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 107-111)

This study investigates women’s possibilities to actively participate in societal change in Egypt. It aims at enhancing the understanding of structural conditions for women’s agency and how these enables and/or restrains women’s participation in the aspiration for societal change as well as their aspiration to live a ‘full life’. Egypt was chosen as a field for studying women’s understanding of their opportunities of participation and empowerment before and during the revolution. The informants in the study are all consciously working for awareness and equality in society. Formal education in Egypt is criticized and the country suffers from a high illiteracy rate, making informal education an important way to attain knowledge that can assist women in their quest for societal change. The acknowledgment of participation as a human right is one of the issues women are fighting for in Egypt today. A specific interest in this study is what motivates some women to oppose social, cultural and political structures despite the often high personal cost, and how informal (educational) channels are being used in the quest for societal change. The theoretical construction in which the analysis is carried out is based on frictions between societal structures and agency, using the Capability Approach (Sen, 1999) which aims at understanding what agency women have in societal change. The concept of functionings is used to indicate what someone is able to do and be. By analyzing women’s valued functionings, their conditions and thus their sense of empowerment and their experienced opportunity costs emerge. Central to the analytically framed societal structures and how agency can be perceived within each structure are the social conversion factors, the norms that allow or hinder action. To frame the complexity of women’s conditions for active agency and the outcome of their actions, I use a theoretical framework that will comprise both goals and processes. Sen’s (1999) ideas on social choice along with Archer’s (1995) theory on social change, using her model of structural elaboration / reproduction, have proved useful when investigating women’s valued functionings and attained social changes. The results of the study show that when formal education is not adequate, knowledge is obtained outside the formal educational institutions. This is done through both non-formal and informal learning. However, to get access to informal learning, a number of valued functions have to be gained. These functionings are thus both conditions for change and an end in themselves. I try to show that the costs involved in transgressing the prevailing norms are high, but lack of hope, agency and empowerment are also experienced as a high cost for those who have, in fact, imagined another better life and are in opposition to the inhibitory societal structures. This is, however, a part of what motivates some women to continue to be involved in societal change in order to achieve a life they have reason to value.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-05-31T00:33:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AdrianaPellegriniManhaes_TESE.pdf: 3111265 bytes, checksum: d57769e61e98f4dddb1171bdf72cc466 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-06-02T23:30:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 AdrianaPellegriniManhaes_TESE.pdf: 3111265 bytes, checksum: d57769e61e98f4dddb1171bdf72cc466 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T23:30:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AdrianaPellegriniManhaes_TESE.pdf: 3111265 bytes, checksum: d57769e61e98f4dddb1171bdf72cc466 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-13 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq) / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / Muito tem se discutido na literatura sobre o papel da biodiversidade no funcionamento e servi?os do ecossistema, que s?o benef?cios essenciais para o bem-estar humano, derivados de processos ecol?gicos. Muitos experimentos em escala local j? evidenciaram a import?ncia da biodiversidade de plantas sobre o funcionamento do ecossistema, mas pouco se conhece ainda de como esta rela??o se desenvolve em sistemas naturais antropizados. Assim, o objetivo do primeiro cap?tulo desta tese foi avaliar como a biodiversidade de plantas e cobertura vegetal media os efeitos do uso da terra sobre as propriedades do ecossistema. Evidenciou-se a import?ncia da diversidade (funcional e taxon?mica) de plantas nas propriedades do ecossistema, como biomassa, fertilidade do solo e reten??o de ?gua no solo, al?m do efeito negativo do uso da terra. J? em uma escala maior, o entendimento da rela??o espacial dos servi?os com a biodiversidade tem dado suporte ?s pesquisa na ?rea de conserva??o da natureza. O segundo cap?tulo objetivou analisar a associa??o espacial entre biodiversidade de plantas e servi?os e como est?o distribu?dos nas unidades de conserva??o do bioma Caatinga. Mostrou-se que as unidades de conserva??o n?o est?o incluindo importantes ?reas com alta biodiversidade de plantas e a maioria dos servi?os do ecossistema (total de nove). Complementarmente, o cap?tulo 3 objetivou selecionar ?reas priorit?rias para conserva??o utilizando biodiversidade de plantas e servi?os do ecossistema como alvos, assim como incluir custos socioecon?micos. Como resultado, a inclus?o dos custos modificou a distribui??o das ?reas priorit?rias, diminuindo a porcentagem protegida de principais servi?os por?m, com pouca influ?ncia na prote??o da biodiversidade. Concluindo, esta tese contribui para o entendimento da rela??o entre biodiversidade de plantas e servi?os do ecossistema no bioma Caatinga, e recomenda??es podem ser feitas para pr?ticas de manejo em uma escala local, assim como, aplica??es para conserva??o em uma escala importante para tomadores de decis?es.

The thesis analyzes the measure of academic procrastination among students and the measure of general procrastination among working population with a university degree. The thesis includes 3 studies. In study 1 an experiment was conducted on 33 students of the University of Economics in Prague. The results show, that students achieve better academic results given external, evenly distributed deadlines compared to when they are allowed to set the deadlines themselves. The second study analyses long-term data about 1909 students of the University of Economics and their academic results. The results show that procrastination can influence as much as 8% of the final grade. Study 3 analyzes information about 2487 subjects and their tax-return forms. It puts into context the dates of submission of the tax returns and personal characteristics of the submitters. The results show that procrastination declines with age. Methods on how to fight procrastination are suggested at the end of the thesis.

No description available.

Introduction of emission trading scheme of tradable permits become a great phenomena among energy business agents. Each emitter of CO2 is granted or allocated definite amount of tradable permitts. These allow him to produce one tonne of CO2 or to sell them on the spot or forvard market. Since these tradable permits became valuable (behave as a commercial instrument) they carry two possible usage. To be consumed when producing MWh of energy of to be sold on the market. These alternative usage are according to economy theory opportunity costs, therefore should be considered as the implicit costs and implemented into the price setting. When operating on competitive market, this cost increase should be fully passed on to the price. In this paper we analyze this pass-through of the permits costs. By using regression analysis we try to estimate the pass-through rate of the permits costs in power energy market. We analyze the spot and futures market in the Czech Republic (PXE) and in Germany (EEX). Estimated pass through rate ranges between 0,65 and 1,2. The results emphasize that the energy market is quite competitive, because the costs are more or less fully passed on consumers. One interesting feature arose from results. The pass-through rate greater than one is sort of economically counter-intuitive and should be studied in more detail in some future work.