Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Title from title frame. Also available in printed format.

The ever-increasing demands for transmission capacity are the cause for the quick evolution of optical communication systems. Channel transmission at 100 Gb/s is already being considered by network operators. The major transmission impairments at these high rates are intra-channel and inter-channel nonlinearities, nonlinear phase noise, and polarization mode dispersion. By implementing LDPC-coded modulation schemes with soft decoding and Bahl-Cocke-Jelinek-Raviv (BCJR) algorithm for equalization we have demonstrated significant improvements in system performance experiencing several impairments simultaneously. The new turbo-equalization scheme is used as a mean to simultaneously mitigate both linear and nonlinear impairments. This approach is general and applicable to both direct and coherent detection.We provide comprehensive study of LDPC codes suitable for implementation in high-speed optical transmission systems. We determine channel capacity based on the forward step of the BCJR algorithm and show that by using LDPC codes we can closely approach the maximum transmission capacity that is possible. We propose the multilevel maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) turbo equalization scheme based on multilevel BCJR algorithm and an LDPC decoder, which considers independent symbols transmitted over both polarizations as two dimensional super-symbols. The use of multilevel modulation schemes provide higher spectral efficiency, while all related signal processing is performed at lower symbol rates, where dealing with PMD compensation and fiber nonlinearities mitigation is more manageable. We show significant improvement in system performance over a system employing an equalizer that considers symbols transmitted in different polarizations as independent.

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Στα οπτικά τηλεπικοινωνιακά συστήματα μεγάλων αποστάσεων το κύριο μέλημα είναι η καταπολέμηση των φαινομένων διάδοσης στις οπτικές ίνες. Από το 2004 και μετά το ενδιαφέρον της ερευνητικής κοινότητας έχει στραφεί προς τα οπτικά τηλεπικοινωνιακά συστήματα με δέκτες σύμφωνης φώρασης, καθώς οι τελευταίοι επιτρέπουν την αντιμετώπιση των φαινομένων διάδοσης με ηλεκτρονικά μέσα. Οι σύμφωνοι δέκτες έχουν κατά πολύ αυξημένη πολυπλοκότητα και κόστος σε σχέση με τους δέκτες άμεσης φώρασης, κάνοντας χρήση επιπλέον διατάξεων όπως laser τοπικού ταλαντωτή και προσαρμοσμένες φωτοδιόδους. Όμως, οι δέκτες σύμφωνης φώρασης διατηρούν όλη την πληροφορία (πλάτος και φάση) κατά τη μετατροπή του σήματος από οπτικό σε ηλεκτρονικό, σε αντίθεση με τους δέκτες άμεσης φώρασης που διατηρούν μόνο την πληροφορία που μεταφέρεται από τη στιγμιαία ισχύ του σήματος. Το μεγάλο αυτό πλεονέκτημα των σύμφωνων δεκτών δίνει τη δυνατότητα της αντιμετώπισης των φαινομένων διάδοσης, όπως ο θόρυβος φάσης που θα αναλυθεί σε αυτήν την εργασία, με χρήση συστημάτων ψηφιακής επεξεργασίας σήματος. Ο θόρυβος φάσης είναι ένας από τους σημαντικότερους περιοριστικούς παράγοντες της απόδοσης ενός σύμφωνου οπτικού τηλεπικοινωνιακού συστήματος. Η εκτίμηση και η απαλοιφή του αποτελεί πάντα αναγκαίο και θεμελιώδες βήμα της σωστής ανάκτησης των δεδομένων στο δέκτη, αλλά και σημαντικότατο παράγοντα της επιτυχούς σχεδίασης ενός οπτικού τηλεπικοινωνιακού συστήματος. Παραδοσιακά, για τον προσδιορισμό του θορύβου φάσης, χρησιμοποιείται ένα κύκλωμα PLL (Phase Locked Loop). Το κύκλωμα αυτό όμως παρουσιάζει αυξημένη πολυπλοκότητα, όσον αφορά την υλοποίησή του σε hardware. Έτσι, το επιστημονικό ενδιαφέρον έχει στραφεί πια στη χρήση προσαρμοστικών αλγορίθμων προσδιορισμού θορύβου φάσης. Για την εκτίμηση του θορύβου φάσης χρησιμοποιούνται κυρίως τυφλοί προσαρμοστικοί εξισωτές πρόσθιας τροφοδότησης, αλλά έχουν προταθεί στη βιβλιογραφία και εξισωτές με ανατροφοδότηση απόφασης. Στην πράξη όμως, μόνο οι εξισωτές πρόσθιας τροφοδότησης είναι υλοποιήσιμοι σε hardware αφού η ανάδραση στα οπτικά δίκτυα εισάγει σημαντική καθυστέρηση. Στην παρούσα εργασία μελετάμε με προσομοίωση την απόδοση πέντε διαφορετικών προσαρμοστικών αλγορίθμων εκτίμησης του θορύβου φάσης σε σύμφωνα συστήματα δεκαεξαδικής ορθογωνικής διαμόρφωσης πλάτους 16-QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation). Πρόκειται για τον αλγόριθμο του Pfau, τον αλγόριθμο του Fatadin, τον αλγόριθμο ελαχίστων μέσων τετραγώνων (LMS, Least Mean Square), τον κανονικοποιημένο αλγόριθμο ελαχίστων μέσων τετραγώνων (NLMS, Normalized LMS) και τον αλγόριθμο ελαχίστων μέσων τετραγώνων με περιορισμούς (Constrained LMS). / The subject of this Diploma Thesis is the phase noise estimation in long-haul terrestrial coherent optical communications systems, using 16-QAM modulation (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation). Five adaptive equalization algorithms are studied by simulation. The phase noise is a limiting factor of coherent optical communications systems efficiency. The phase noise etsimation is necessary for the right data recovery at the receiver and for the successful design of a coherent optical communications system. Traditionally, a PLL (Phase Locked Loop) circuit is used for the phase noise estimation. However, the implementation of PLL in hardware show increased complexity. Thus, scientific interest is focused to the adaptive algorithms for the phase noise estimation. Blind adaptive feed forward equalizers are used for the phase noise estimation, while decision feedback equalizers have been also proposed in the literature. In practice, however, only the feed forward equalizers are achievable in hardware since the feedback introduces significant delay in optical networks. In this Diploma Thesis we study, by simulation, the performance of five different adaptive phase noise estimation algorithms in 16-QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) coherent systems. These algorithms are: the Pfau algorithm , Fatadin algorithm, the Least Mean Square Algorithm (LMS Algorithm), the Normalized LMS (NLMS) and the Constrained LMS.

Free-space optical communication technology has many advantages over RF/microwave in satellite and other spacecraft applications where reductions in size, weight and prime power requirements are combined with increased data transfer capability over long distances. Ultimately, the design and implementation of free-space optical communication systems is dependent on suitable analysis of the link. The analysis of these systems is difficult due to the complicated time-varying propagation of optical energy over the free-space channel. This difficulty is combined with a shortage of suitable analytical expressions for adequately determining the performance of free-space optical receivers. As the link must be modeled and analyzed, simulation of the free-space optical communication link can initiate the process of exploring the application of lightwave technology to the free-space channel. A prohibitive amount of time is required to simulate receiver bit error rate (BER) performance at the low error rates of interest. This dissertation presents the results achieved in reducing the amount of time required to simulate, to a given accuracy, the bit error rate performance of an APD based free-space optical receiver. An improved technique for the importance sampling simulation of direct detection APD receivers has been developed. Two methods for efficiently simulating and biasing the probability distribution function of the APD process are presented and discussed. This is the first use the Webb, McIntyre, Conradi statistics in importance sampling simulation of an APD. The general procedure for applying importance sampling to the optical communication system simulation problem is presented in detail. The technique of importance sampling has been extended to include the simulation of maximum likelihood optical M-ary PPM receivers, an optical receiver relevant to free-space applications. The use of importance sampling is shown to reduce the time required to simulate M-PPM APD receivers by several orders of magnitude, from 9000 years to less than one hour in one example. / Ph. D.

Orientador: Edson Moschim / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T09:27:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Muramoto_WillianSadaiti_M.pdf: 2409655 bytes, checksum: 095d332f24becfd479ff86a233ffcc95 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta um estudo e simulações de um enlace atmosférico para comunicações ópticas e como os diversos fatores intrínsecos ao enlace podem influenciar na qualidade do sinal. O uso de um canal atmosférico para a propagação de um sinal óptico é chamado de FSO, Óptica do Espaço Livre, que é uma alternativa barata para enlaces de curto alcance, devido aos baixos custos no seu desenvolvimento, instalação e manutenção. A principal contribuição deste trabalho esta na reunião dos modelos matemáticos que caracterizam o enlace óptico atmosférico / Abstract: This is a study and simulation on free space optical communication analyzing many factors that can influence the transmitted signal quality. The use of an atmospheric channel to propagate optical signal is called FSO, Free Space Optics, and it is a cheap alternative for low length paths, because the low cost in it development, installation and maintenance. The mainly contribution for this work are in group many characteristic equations for atmospheric optical links / Mestrado / Engenharia de Computação / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Apresenta-se a evolução dos sitemas de comunicação, com ênfase especial nos sistemas com tecnologia óptica. Discute-se a necessidade contínua do aumento de capacidade de tais sistemas de comunicação, e a consequente repercussão sobre os futuros sistemas ópticos. Em vista da necessidade do aumento de capacidade dos futuros sistemas de comunicação óptica, apresentam-se em seguida duas propostas recentes da literatura, sendo uma referente à realização de um gerador de pulsos ópticos estreitos, e a outra referente à implementação de um extrator de relógio realizado com técnicas ópticas. Apresenta-se um breve resumo da teoria das malhas de sincronismo de fase, ou PLLs, mostrando como as duas propostas discutidas realizam funções típicas desses sistemas. Ressalta-se a necessidade dos PLLs de sistemas ópticos possuirem ganhos de malha (parâmetro K) elevados. Após a caracterização dos requisitos necessários para PLLs de futuros sistemas ópticos, e após um resumo de alguns conceitos necessários da teoria de redes e filtros elétricos, apresentam-se dois tipos de projeto de filtros para aqueles PLLs. As duas formas de projeto tem como objetivo viabilizar o uso de filtros de tipo e ordem arbitrários. Um tipo de projeto visa a realização da função de transferência do PLL com a curva de resposta igual à de um filtro escolhido. O outro tipo de projeto parte da realização do filtro de loop do PLL com as características de um tipo de filtro escolhido, e define métodos para ajustar a função de transferência resultante para esse PLL. Apresentam-se algoritmos para o cálculo de parâmetros importantes nos dois procedimentos. Após a discussão dos dois pontos de vista de projeto, apresentam-se exemplos de realização de PLLs de acordo com as técnicas apresentadas. Para cada exemplo, mostram-se as curvas de resposta em frequência tanto do PLL como do correspondente filtro de loop, bem como o lugar das raízes e a resposta de captura do PLL obtido. O processo de captura foi estudado por simulações que procuram reproduzir o mais fielmente possível as condições reais de implementação, sem entretanto considerar efeitos de ruído. Finalmente, mencionam-se brevemente possíveis linhas de pesquisa futuras, sendo o foco principal o uso de filtros com pólos e zeros finitos. / The evolution of communication systems is discussed, with emphasis on optical technology. Special consideration is given to the continuous need for increasing the capacity of such systems, and the impact over future optical communication. In view of the great demands imposed over the capacity of future optical systems, an overview is presented of two recent proposals found in the literature, one of such proposals being the implementation of a generator of short optical pulses, and the other being a clock extractor device realized through the use of optical techniques. A brief review is made of phase-locked loop (or PLL) theory, to show how the discussed proposals could be used to realize tipical functions found in these systems. The very high loop gains (the so-called parameter K) that must be used in PLLs of optical communication systems are emphasized. After discussion of the necessary characteristics for PLLs of future optical systems, and also after a review of some concepts of the theory of electrical networks and filters, two design procedures for filters to be used in such PLLs are presented. Both designs have the goal of allowing the use of loop filters with any type and order. The first type of design has the objective to realize a PLL transfer function that has a frequency response identical to the response of a chosen type of filter. The other design starts with a chosen type of filter for a PLL loop filter, arriving to an suitable PLL transfer function. Some algorithms for determination of important design parameters are also presented. After the discussion of the two types of design, some examples of PLLs obtained by such methods are presented. For each example, frequency response curves are presented for the PLL and the respective loop filter, as well as the root locus and the capture response for the PLL so obtained. The capture process was studied through the use of simulations with parameters intended to approximate real implementation conditions, although noise effects are not considered. Finally, some possible research lines are discussed, whose main focus is on filters with finite poles and zeros.

Apresenta-se a evolução dos sitemas de comunicação, com ênfase especial nos sistemas com tecnologia óptica. Discute-se a necessidade contínua do aumento de capacidade de tais sistemas de comunicação, e a consequente repercussão sobre os futuros sistemas ópticos. Em vista da necessidade do aumento de capacidade dos futuros sistemas de comunicação óptica, apresentam-se em seguida duas propostas recentes da literatura, sendo uma referente à realização de um gerador de pulsos ópticos estreitos, e a outra referente à implementação de um extrator de relógio realizado com técnicas ópticas. Apresenta-se um breve resumo da teoria das malhas de sincronismo de fase, ou PLLs, mostrando como as duas propostas discutidas realizam funções típicas desses sistemas. Ressalta-se a necessidade dos PLLs de sistemas ópticos possuirem ganhos de malha (parâmetro K) elevados. Após a caracterização dos requisitos necessários para PLLs de futuros sistemas ópticos, e após um resumo de alguns conceitos necessários da teoria de redes e filtros elétricos, apresentam-se dois tipos de projeto de filtros para aqueles PLLs. As duas formas de projeto tem como objetivo viabilizar o uso de filtros de tipo e ordem arbitrários. Um tipo de projeto visa a realização da função de transferência do PLL com a curva de resposta igual à de um filtro escolhido. O outro tipo de projeto parte da realização do filtro de loop do PLL com as características de um tipo de filtro escolhido, e define métodos para ajustar a função de transferência resultante para esse PLL. Apresentam-se algoritmos para o cálculo de parâmetros importantes nos dois procedimentos. Após a discussão dos dois pontos de vista de projeto, apresentam-se exemplos de realização de PLLs de acordo com as técnicas apresentadas. Para cada exemplo, mostram-se as curvas de resposta em frequência tanto do PLL como do correspondente filtro de loop, bem como o lugar das raízes e a resposta de captura do PLL obtido. O processo de captura foi estudado por simulações que procuram reproduzir o mais fielmente possível as condições reais de implementação, sem entretanto considerar efeitos de ruído. Finalmente, mencionam-se brevemente possíveis linhas de pesquisa futuras, sendo o foco principal o uso de filtros com pólos e zeros finitos. / The evolution of communication systems is discussed, with emphasis on optical technology. Special consideration is given to the continuous need for increasing the capacity of such systems, and the impact over future optical communication. In view of the great demands imposed over the capacity of future optical systems, an overview is presented of two recent proposals found in the literature, one of such proposals being the implementation of a generator of short optical pulses, and the other being a clock extractor device realized through the use of optical techniques. A brief review is made of phase-locked loop (or PLL) theory, to show how the discussed proposals could be used to realize tipical functions found in these systems. The very high loop gains (the so-called parameter K) that must be used in PLLs of optical communication systems are emphasized. After discussion of the necessary characteristics for PLLs of future optical systems, and also after a review of some concepts of the theory of electrical networks and filters, two design procedures for filters to be used in such PLLs are presented. Both designs have the goal of allowing the use of loop filters with any type and order. The first type of design has the objective to realize a PLL transfer function that has a frequency response identical to the response of a chosen type of filter. The other design starts with a chosen type of filter for a PLL loop filter, arriving to an suitable PLL transfer function. Some algorithms for determination of important design parameters are also presented. After the discussion of the two types of design, some examples of PLLs obtained by such methods are presented. For each example, frequency response curves are presented for the PLL and the respective loop filter, as well as the root locus and the capture response for the PLL so obtained. The capture process was studied through the use of simulations with parameters intended to approximate real implementation conditions, although noise effects are not considered. Finally, some possible research lines are discussed, whose main focus is on filters with finite poles and zeros.

The main objective of this research is to design, simulate, and evaluate telescope array-based receiver architectures for the inter-planetary optical communication links, which is able to provide broadband data support for future deep-space and universe exploration missions. The major aspects of this research are as follows: (1) evaluation and performance comparison of telescope arrays-based receiver with a large, monolithic telescope-based receiver, (2) mathematical modeling and analysis of the impact of various limiting factors (i.e., background noise, atmospheric turbulence, synchronization and tracking errors) on the performance of optical array receiver, (3) design and evaluation of subsystems and adaptive signal processing algorithms for the mitigation of the above-mentioned deleterious effects, and (4) development of an end-to-end simulation and analysis platform for an optical communication link between a transmitter in Mars orbit and an Earth-based array receiver after integration of the proposed sub-systems. In the second part of this research, I aim to extend the analysis to the free-space, short-range, terrestrial optical communication links. In this part, the objective is the development of the efficient simulation tools for the analysis of receiver performance and optical beam propagation through turbulent atmospheric channel. In the experimental part of the research, the investigation of the use of adaptive optics (AO) subsystems for turbulence and background noise compensation in the deep-space optical communication links will be carried out.

Este trabalho faz uma extensa e detalhada análise de sistemas ópticos coerentes baseados na tecnologia de acesso múltiplo por divisão de código, com ênfase naqueles em que o processo de codificação do sinal óptico é realizado por meio de deslocamentos de fase no domínio espectral (SPECTS-OCDMA). Apesar de ser um estudo numérico, esforços são concentrados na tentativa de aproximar estes cenários simulados aos cenários mais realistas, implementados em laboratórios. Nesse contexto, levando em consideração o impacto dos efeitos dispersivos e nãolineares da fibra óptica em sistemas SPECTS-OCDMA, são modelados diversos dispositivos que constituem o sistema de recepção do sinal óptico (nonlinear optical loop mirror e nonlinear thresholder), e mostradas suas influências no desempenho do sistema. Isso permite identificar o exato grau de interferência que cada código de uma determinada família de códigos causa nos outros códigos da mesma família. Esta análise é diferente de tudo previamente reportado para os sistemas OCDMA, porque até então sempre se supôs que todos os códigos de uma mesma família têm o mesmo desempenho. Também é demonstrado que uma escolha ótima do conjunto de códigos reduz consideravelmente a taxa de erro de bit (BER). Os conjuntos ótimos de códigos são obtidos em termos do padrão de interferência causado por todos os códigos no usuário de interesse. Isso permite mostrar que o uso de conjuntos ótimos de códigos não só melhora o desempenho geral do sistema em termos de BER, mas também elimina a quebra de ortogonalidade (nunca levada em consideração em análises anteriores de sistemas OCDMA) devido à diafonia (crosstalk). Este aspecto também é resolvido com detalhes neste trabalho uma vez que ele compromete seriamente a segurança do sistema contra espiões (intencionais e não intencionais). Ainda visando a modelagem de dispositivos voltados para sistemas ópticos coerentes, também foi investigado neste trabalho a evolução de pulsos ultracurtos e de alta potência (com fase modulada no domínio espectral) em fibras altamente não-lineares. Esse fenômeno conhecido por geração de luz supercontínua é caracterizado por um forte alargamento espectral induzido por efeitos não-lineares no meio óptico, e que encontra uma grande variedade de aplicações, como tomografia por coerência óptica, espectroscopia e metrologia de frequência. Entretanto, o ajuste do espectro obtido após a propagação para uma dessas aplicações requer uma escolha correta da fibra óptica e da fonte de pulsos ultracurtos utilizados. Uma vez que esses parâmetros estão definidos, fica muito difícil conseguir um ajuste fino do espectro obtido. Dessa forma, a vantagem da utilização de pulsos modulados é a possibilidade de se realizar uma sintonia fina do espectro obtido para uma aplicação desejada. Além disso, essa técnica permite a geração de pentes de frequências ópticos (optical frequency combs) sintonizáveis. / In this work we perform a comprehensive analysis of a spectral phase-encoded time spreading optical code division multiple access (SPECTS-OCDMA) system. Despite being a numerical study, efforts were concentrated on the investigation of more realistic scenarios using as much information as possible from implemented test-beds in laboratories. In this context, after take into account the impact of dispersive and nonlinear effects of optical fiber in SPECTS-OCDMA systems, some devices of the optical signal reception subsystem are modeled (nonlinear optical loop mirror and nonlinear thresholder), and their influences on system performance are shown. This allowed for the first time in the OCDMA literature the identification of the exact degree of interference that each code of a particular family of codes causes on other codes of the same family. This analysis considerably advances the common sense adopted in the literature in which all codes of the same family perform equally. It is demonstrated that an adequate (optimal) choice of codes can reduce considerably the bit error rate (BER). The optimal code-sets are obtained in terms of the interference pattern caused by every code on the code of interest. Furthermore, it is shown that the use of optimal code-sets not only improves the overall system performance in terms of BER, but also eliminates the orthogonality failure (never accounted for in previous OCDMA analysis) due to crosstalk. This issue is also addressed in details in this work since it seriously compromises the security of the system against (intentional or unintentional) eavesdroppers. Still aiming at modeling devices for coherent optical systems, it is investigated the evolution of ultrashort high-power pulses (spectrally phase modulated) in high nonlinear fibers. This phenomenon known as supercontinuum generation is characterized by strong spectral broadening induced by nonlinear effects in optical medium, and finds a wide range of applications such as optical coherence tomography, spectroscopy and frequency metrology. However, tailoring the supercontinuum (SC) spectra to a specific application requires the correct choice of the optical fiber and the ultrashort pulse source. Once these parameters are defined, it becomes very difficult to achieve a fine tune of the generated spectra. Therefore, an alternative is to phase modulate the input pulse to adjust the generated spectra to a specific application. Also, we show that this technique allow us to generate tunable optical frequency combs simply by adjusting the modulation parameters.