Tesis por compendio / [ES] La medicina actual se dirige hacia un enfoque más personalizado basándose en el diagnóstico molecular del paciente a través del estudio de biomarcadores específicos. Aplicando este principio molecular, el diagnóstico, pronóstico y selección de la terapia se apoyan en la identificación de variaciones específicas del genoma humano, como variaciones de un único nucleótido (SNV). Para detectar estos biomarcadores se dispone de una amplia oferta de tecnologías. Sin embargo, muchos de los métodos en uso presentan limitaciones como un elevado coste, complejidad, tiempos de análisis largos o requieren de personal y equipamiento especializado, lo que imposibilita su incorporación masiva en la mayoría de los sistemas sanitarios. Por tanto, existe la necesidad de investigar y desarrollar soluciones analíticas que aporten información sobre las variantes genéticas y que se puedan implementar en diferentes escenarios del ámbito de la salud con prestaciones competitivas y económicamente viables. El objetivo principal de esta tesis ha sido desarrollar estrategias innovadoras para resolver el reto de la detección múltiple de variantes genéticas que se encuentran en forma minoritaria en muestras biológicas de pacientes, cubriendo las demandas asociadas al entorno clínico. Las tareas de investigación se centraron en la combinación de reacciones de discriminación alélica con amplificación selectiva de DNA y el desarrollo de sistemas ópticos de detección versátiles. Con el fin de atender el amplio abanico de necesidades, en el primer capítulo, se presentan resultados que mejoran las prestaciones analíticas de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) mediante la incorporación de una etapa al termociclado y de un agente bloqueante amplificando selectivamente las variantes minoritarias que fueron monitorizadas mediante fluorescencia a tiempo real. En el segundo capítulo, se logró la discriminación alélica combinando la ligación de oligonucleótidos con la amplificación de la recombinasa polimerasa (RPA), que al operar a temperatura constante permitió una detección tipo point-of-care (POC). La identificación de SNV se llevó a cabo mediante hibridación en formato micromatriz, utilizando la tecnología Blu-Ray como plataforma de ensayo y detección. En el tercer capítulo, se integró la RPA con la reacción de hibridación alelo especifica en cadena (AS-HCR), en formato array para genotipar SNV a partir de DNA genómico en un chip. La lectura de los resultados se realizó mediante un smartphone. En el último capítulo, se presenta la síntesis de un nuevo reactivo bioluminiscente que se aplicó a la monitorización de biomarcadores de DNA a tiempo real y final de la RPA basada en la transferencia de energía de resonancia de bioluminiscencia (BRET), eliminando la necesidad de una fuente de excitación. Todas las estrategias permitieron un reconocimiento especifico de la variante de interés, incluso en muestras que contenían tan solo 20 copias de DNA genómico diana. Se consiguieron resultados sensibles (límite de detección 0.5% variante/total), reproducibles (desviación estándar relativa < 19%), de manera sencilla (3 etapas o menos), rápida (tiempos cortos de 30-200 min) y permitiendo el análisis simultaneo de varios genes. Como prueba de concepto, estas estrategias se aplicaron a la detección e identificación en muestras clínicas de biomarcadores asociados a cáncer colorrectal y enfermedades cardiológicas. Los resultados se validaron por comparación con los métodos de referencia NGS y PCR, comprobándose que se mejoraban los requerimientos técnicos y la relación coste-eficacia. En conclusión, las investigaciones llevadas a cabo posibilitaron desarrollar herramientas de genotipado con propiedades analíticas competitivas y versátiles, aplicables a diferentes escenarios sanitarios, desde hospitales a entornos con pocos recursos. Estos resultados son prometedores al dar respuesta a la demanda de tecnologías alternativas para el diagnóstico molecular personalizado. / [CA] La medicina actual es dirigeix cap a un enfocament més personalitzat basant-se en el diagnòstic molecular del pacient a través de l'estudi de biomarcadors específics. Aplicant aquest principi molecular, el diagnòstic, pronòstic i selecció de la teràpia es recolzen en la identificació de variacions específiques del genoma humà, com variacions d'un únic nucleòtid (SNV). Per a detectar aquests biomarcadors, es disposa d'una àmplia oferta de tecnologies. No obstant això, molts dels mètodes en ús presenten limitacions com un elevat cost, complexitat, temps d'anàlisis llargues o requereixen de personal i equipament especialitzat, la qual cosa impossibilita la seua incorporació massiva en la majoria dels sistemes sanitaris. Per tant, existeix la necessitat d'investigar i desenvolupar solucions analítiques que aporten informació sobre les variants genètiques i que es puguen implementar en diferents escenaris de l'àmbit de la salut amb prestacions competitives i econòmicament viables. L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi ha sigut desenvolupar estratègies innovadores per a resoldre el repte de la detecció múltiple de variants genètiques que es troben en forma minoritària en mostres biològiques de pacients, cobrint les demandes associades a l'entorn clínic. Les tasques d'investigació es van centrar en la combinació de reaccions de discriminació al·lèlica amb amplificació selectiva de DNA i al desenvolupament de sistemes òptics de detecció versàtils. Amb la finalitat d'atendre l'ampli ventall de necessitats, en el primer capítol, es presenten resultats que milloren les prestacions analítiques de la reacció en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) mitjançant la incorporació d'una etapa al termociclat i d'un agent bloquejant amplificant selectivament les variants minoritàries que van ser monitoritzades mitjançant fluorescència a temps real. En el segon capítol, es va aconseguir la discriminació al·lèlica combinant el lligament d'oligonucleòtids amb l'amplificació de la recombinasa polimerasa (RPA), que en operar a temperatura constant va permetre una detecció tipus point-of-care (POC). La identificació de SNV es va dur a terme mitjançant hibridació en format micromatriu, utilitzant la tecnologia Blu-Ray com a plataforma d'assaig i detecció. En el tercer capítol, es va integrar la RPA amb la reacció d'hibridació al·lel específica en cadena (AS-HCR), en format matriu per a genotipar SNV a partir de DNA genòmic en un xip. La lectura dels resultats es va realitzar mitjançant un telèfon intel·ligent. En l'últim capítol, es presenta la síntesi d'un nou reactiu bioluminescent que es va aplicar al monitoratge de biomarcadors de DNA a temps real i final de la RPA basada en la transferència d'energia de ressonància de bioluminescència (BRET), eliminant la necessitat d'una font d'excitació. Totes les estratègies van permetre un reconeixement específic de la variant d'interès, fins i tot en mostres que només contenien 20 còpies de DNA genòmic diana. Es van aconseguir resultats sensibles (límit de detecció 0.5% variant/total), reproduïbles (desviació estàndard relativa < 19%), de manera senzilla (3 etapes o menys), ràpida (temps curts de 30-200 min) i permetent l'anàlisi simultània de diversos gens. Com a prova de concepte, aquestes estratègies es van aplicar a la detecció i identificació en mostres clíniques de biomarcadors associats a càncer colorectal i a malalties cardiològiques. Els resultats es van validar per comparació amb els mètodes de referència NGS i PCR, comprovant-se que es milloraven els requeriments tècnics i la relació cost-eficàcia. En conclusió, les investigacions dutes a terme van possibilitar desenvolupar eines de genotipat amb propietats analítiques competitives i versàtils, aplicables a diferents escenaris sanitaris, des d'hospitals a entorns amb pocs recursos. Aquests resultats són prometedors en donar resposta a la demanda de tecnologies alternatives per al diagnòstic molecular personalitzat. / [EN] Current medicine is moving towards a more personalized approach based on the patients' molecular diagnosis through the study of specific biomarkers. Diagnosis, prognosis and therapy selection, applying this molecular principle, rely on identifying specific variations in the human genome, such as single nucleotide variations (SNV). A wide range of technologies is available to detect these biomarkers. However, many of the employed methods have limitations such as high cost, complexity, long analysis times, or requiring specialized personnel and equipment, making their massive incorporation in most healthcare systems impossible. Therefore, there is a need to research and develop analytical solutions that provide information on genetic variants that can be implemented in different health scenarios with competitive and economically feasible performances. The main objective of this thesis has been to develop innovative strategies to solve the challenge of multiple detection of genetic variants that are found in a minority amount in patient samples, covering the demands associated with the clinical setting. Research tasks focused on the combination of allelic discrimination reactions with selective DNA amplification and the development of versatile optical detection systems. In order to meet the wide range of needs, in the first chapter, the analytical performances of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were improved by incorporating a thermocycling step and a blocking agent to amplify selectively minority variants that were monitored by real-time fluorescence. In the second chapter, allelic discrimination was achieved by combining oligonucleotide ligation with recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), which operates at a constant temperature, allowing point-of-care (POC) detection. SNV identification was carried out by hybridization in microarray format, using Blu-Ray technology as the assay platform and detector. RPA was integrated with allele-specific hybridization chain reaction (AS-HCR), in an array format to genotype SNV from genomic DNA on a chip in the third chapter. The reading of the results was performed using a smartphone. In the last chapter, a new bioluminescent reagent was synthesized. It was applied to real-time and endpoint DNA biomarker monitoring based on bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), eliminating the need for an excitation source. All the strategies allowed specific recognition of the target variant, even in samples containing as few as 20 copies of target genomic DNA. Sensitive (limit of detection 0.5% variant/total), reproducible (relative standard deviation < 19%), simple (3 steps or less), fast (short times of 30-200 min) results were achieved, allowing simultaneous analysis of several genes. As proof of concept, these strategies were applied to detect and identify biomarkers associated with colorectal cancer and cardiological diseases in clinical samples. The results were validated by comparison with reference methods such as NGS and PCR, proving that the technical requirements and cost-effectiveness were improved. In conclusion, the developed research made it possible to develop genotyping tools with competitive analytical properties and versatile, applicable to different healthcare scenarios, from hospitals to limited-resource environments. These results are promising since they respond to the demand for alternative technologies for personalized molecular diagnostics. / The authors acknowledge the financial support received from the Generalitat Valenciana PROMETEO/2020/094, GRISOLIA/2014/024 PhD Grant and GVA-FPI-2017 PhD grant, the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness MINECO projects CTQ2016-75749-R and PID2019-110713RB-I00 and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). / Lázaro Zaragozá, A. (2022). Study of Strategies for Genetic Variant Discrimination and Detection by Optosensing [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/185216 / Compendio

The reliable quantitative detection of biomarkers and pathogens at picomolar or even lower concentration would be a great help in point-of-care testing but is not readily available today. Integrated optical waveguides, which interact with the biochemical species to be monitored, are promising candidates for the detection of such ultra-low concentrations. The focus of this thesis is on optical waveguides in the shape of micro-ring or micro-racetrack resonators that are manufactured by UV-assisted nanoimprint lithography. This replica manufacturing technology is analyzed using analytical and numerical models in order to identify and quantify the main influence factors that determine the limit of detection of such biosensors. Potential biosensor applications are evaluated and general design rules are derived. The resulting measurements confirm the high potential of the chosen approach with respect to excellent sensitivity, low limit of detection and high dynamic range. With suitable optimization of the sensor layout, a further improvement of the performance by one to two orders of magnitude is possible.:Editor’s Preface Variables and constants Abbreviations 1 Introductions 1.1 Medical laboratory diagnostics 1.2 Biosensor technologies for point-of-care testing 1.3 Integrated optical waveguides and microresonators 1.4 Outline of the thesis 2 Basics 2.1 Guided waves in planar optical waveguides 2.1.1 Planar optical waveguides 2.1.2 Propagation of optical waves 2.1.3 Coupled modes in waveguides 2.2 Planar optical microresonators 2.2.1 Basic layouts and parameters 2.2.2 Manufacturing 2.2.3 Biosensing 2.3 Functionalization and biofunctionalization 3 UV-NIL Polymer Microresonator Biosensor Design 3.1 UV-assisted nanoimprint lithography 3.2 Waveguide cross-sections and refractive indices 3.2.1 Analytical waveguide modeling 3.2.2 Mode diagrams 3.2.3 Conclusions 3.3 Waveguide coupling 3.4 Waveguide losses 3.4.1 Absorption loss 3.4.2 Roughness loss 3.4..3 Substrate loss 3.4.4 Radiation loss due to bending 3.5 Sensitivity of the effective index to analyte binding 3.6 Overall sensitivity and detection limit 3.7 Generic design guidelines 3.8 Parameter selection for UV-NIL polymer waveguides 3.9 Comparison of polymer and silicon-based waveguides 3.9.1 Waveguide geometry 3.9.2 Radiation loss due to bending 3.9.3 Material damping 3.9.4 Surface roughness 3.9.5 Coupling channel widths and coupling coefficients 3.9.6 Conclusions 4 Characterization and Proof of Concept 4.1 Manufacturing-based design limits and chosen designs 4.2 Measurement setup and characterization process 4.3 Optical properties of UV-NIL polymer microresonators 4.4 Proof of concept 4.4.1 Sensitivity to bulk solutions 4.4.2 Reproducibility and drift 4.4.3 Comparison with theory 4.4.4 Comparison with literature 4.4.5 Sensitivity improvement 4.5 Asymmetry of the resonance curves 4.5.1 Cavity lifetime 4.5.2 Thermal influence 4.5.3 Summary 4.6 Conclusions 5 Integration into a biosensor platform 5.1 Chemical functionalization by oxygen plasma 5.2 Preparation of a biosensor characterization assay 5.2.1 Binding of fluorescent nanoparticles onto polymer surfaces 5.3 Microfluidic system 5.3.1 Programmable microfluidic system 5.3.2 System evaluation and improvement 5.4 Conclusions 6 Conclusions Declaration of authorship Acknowledgements Publications and awards / Der zuverlässige quantitative Nachweis von Biomarkern und Krankheitserregern in pikomolarer oder noch niedrigerer Konzentration wäre eine große Hilfe bei Tests am Point-of-Care, ist aber heute nicht ohne weiteres verfügbar. Integrierte optische Wellenleiter, die mit den zu überwachenden biochemischen Spezies interagieren, sind vielversprechende Kandidaten für den Nachweis solcher ultraniedriger Konzentrationen. Der Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit liegt auf optischen Wellenleitern in Form von Mikro-Ring- oder Mikro-Spur-Resonatoren, die durch UV-unterstützte Nanoimprint-Lithographie hergestellt werden. Diese Replika-Herstellungstechnologie wird mit Hilfe analytischer und numerischer Modelle analysiert, um die wichtigsten Einflussfaktoren zu identifizieren und zu quantifizieren, die die Nachweisgrenze solcher Biosensoren bestimmen. Potenzielle Biosensoranwendungen werden bewertet und allgemeine Designregeln abgeleitet. Die daraus resultierenden Messungen bestätigen das hohe Potenzial des gewählten Ansatzes in Bezug auf ausgezeichnete Empfindlichkeit, niedrige Nachweisgrenze und hohen Dynamikbereich. Bei geeigneter Optimierung des Sensorlayouts ist eine weitere Verbesserung der Leistung um ein bis zwei Größenordnungen möglich.:Editor’s Preface Variables and constants Abbreviations 1 Introductions 1.1 Medical laboratory diagnostics 1.2 Biosensor technologies for point-of-care testing 1.3 Integrated optical waveguides and microresonators 1.4 Outline of the thesis 2 Basics 2.1 Guided waves in planar optical waveguides 2.1.1 Planar optical waveguides 2.1.2 Propagation of optical waves 2.1.3 Coupled modes in waveguides 2.2 Planar optical microresonators 2.2.1 Basic layouts and parameters 2.2.2 Manufacturing 2.2.3 Biosensing 2.3 Functionalization and biofunctionalization 3 UV-NIL Polymer Microresonator Biosensor Design 3.1 UV-assisted nanoimprint lithography 3.2 Waveguide cross-sections and refractive indices 3.2.1 Analytical waveguide modeling 3.2.2 Mode diagrams 3.2.3 Conclusions 3.3 Waveguide coupling 3.4 Waveguide losses 3.4.1 Absorption loss 3.4.2 Roughness loss 3.4..3 Substrate loss 3.4.4 Radiation loss due to bending 3.5 Sensitivity of the effective index to analyte binding 3.6 Overall sensitivity and detection limit 3.7 Generic design guidelines 3.8 Parameter selection for UV-NIL polymer waveguides 3.9 Comparison of polymer and silicon-based waveguides 3.9.1 Waveguide geometry 3.9.2 Radiation loss due to bending 3.9.3 Material damping 3.9.4 Surface roughness 3.9.5 Coupling channel widths and coupling coefficients 3.9.6 Conclusions 4 Characterization and Proof of Concept 4.1 Manufacturing-based design limits and chosen designs 4.2 Measurement setup and characterization process 4.3 Optical properties of UV-NIL polymer microresonators 4.4 Proof of concept 4.4.1 Sensitivity to bulk solutions 4.4.2 Reproducibility and drift 4.4.3 Comparison with theory 4.4.4 Comparison with literature 4.4.5 Sensitivity improvement 4.5 Asymmetry of the resonance curves 4.5.1 Cavity lifetime 4.5.2 Thermal influence 4.5.3 Summary 4.6 Conclusions 5 Integration into a biosensor platform 5.1 Chemical functionalization by oxygen plasma 5.2 Preparation of a biosensor characterization assay 5.2.1 Binding of fluorescent nanoparticles onto polymer surfaces 5.3 Microfluidic system 5.3.1 Programmable microfluidic system 5.3.2 System evaluation and improvement 5.4 Conclusions 6 Conclusions Declaration of authorship Acknowledgements Publications and awards

Attitude and position determination systems in satellites are absolutely necessary to keep the desired trajectory. A very accurate, reliable and most used sensor for attitude determination is the star tracker, which orient itself in space by observing and comparing star constellations with known star patterns. For on earth tests of movements and docking maneuvers of spacecrafts, the new Spacecraft Maneuvering and Docking (SMD) facility at the chair of Aerospace Information Technology at the University of Würzburg has been built. Air bearing systems on the space ve- hicles help to create micro gravity environment on a smooth surface and simulate an artificial space-like surrounding. A new star tracker based optical sensor for indoor application need to be developed in order to get the attitude and position of the vehicles. The main objective of this thesis is to research on feasible star tracking algorithms for the SMD facility first and later to implement a star detection software framework with new developed voting methods to give the star tracker system its fully autonomous function of attitude determination and position tracking. Furthermore, together with image processing techniques, the software framework is embedded into a controller board. This thesis proposes also a wireless network system for the facility, where all the devices on the vehicles can uniquely communicate within the same network and a devel- opment of a ground station to monitor the star tracker process has also been introduced. Multiple test results with different scenarios on position tracking and attitude determination, discussions and suggestions on improvements complete the entire thesis work.

L’objectif de la thèse est de développer un dispositif de micro positionnement intégrant à la fois les actionneurs et les capteurs. Un dispositif a été conçu afin de réaliser des déplacements dans les plans sur une course millimétrique. Le dispositif compact ne nécessite pas de système de guidage additionnel et selon le mode d’utilisation de ces moteurs, il est capable de réaliser des translations dans le plan ou des rotations autour d’un axe perpendiculaire au plan. Le dispositif comprend quatre moteurs électromagnétiques linéaires fixés orthogonalement sur une structure en forme de croix. Chaque moteur consiste en une paire de bobines planes entrelacées fixe et une barre ’aimants mobile. Un capteur de déplacement intégré dans la structure en croix permettant de mesurer le déplacement de celle-ci a été conçu et fabriqué. Ce capteur est constitué d’une tête de mesure à fibres optiques placé face à un réseau en silicium réalisé par des techniques de microfabrication. Afin de minimiser les erreurs d’assemblage, la structure en croix a également été micro fabriquée. Le dispositif est capable de réaliser un déplacement de 10 mm et une rotation de ±11° autour de l’axe perpendiculaire au plan du dispositif. La résolution de déplacement du dispositif est de 1,4 µm avec une précision de 31 nm en boucle fermée. Le dispositif peut également atteindre une vitesse de déplacement de 12 mm/s. / The objective of thesis is to develop an integrated micro positioning system for micro applications. A unique micro positioning system design capable to deliver millimeter level strokes with pre-embedded auto guidance feature in micro application has been realized. The design integrates, a stack of orthogonally arranged four electromagnetic linear motors. Each linear motor consists of a fixed planar electric drive coil and mobile permanent magnet array. The optimal design of the system delivers a small footprint size. In addition, to measure and control the displacement, a high resolution compact optical displacement measurement sensor has been designed and fabricated in silicon material using microfabrication technology. Furthermore, a light weight silicon cross structure was fabricated using dry etching technology to reduce components assembly errors. The device is capable to deliver 10 mm displacement stroke with a rotation of ±11° about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the device. The displacement resolution of the device is 1.4 µm with a precision of 31 nm in closed loop control. The device can realize displacement with a speed of 12 mm/s.

Ce mémoire présente l'étude d'un capteur chimique à fibre optique à gradient d'indice inversé basé sur la résonance de plasmons de surface. Des dispositifs optiques à prisme ou mettant en jeu des fibres optiques classiques en silice utilisant cette technique de mesure sont déjà commercialisés. L'objectif de notre travail a été de caractériser théoriquement et expérimentalement un nouveau type de fibre optique permettant d'accroître les performances de ce capteur et d'en simplifier l'instrumentation. Un état de l'art des capteurs à plasmons de surface est présenté. Les structures basées sur une fibre optique (unimodale, multimodale) font l'objet d'une présentation détaillée mettant en évidence les caractéristiques des montages employés ainsi que leurs performances respectives. Nous avons cherché à déterminer le profil d'indice de réfraction du cœur de la fibre rendant les angles d'incidence à l'interface cœur-gaine quasiment égaux quels que soient les rayons se propageant dans la fibre. Ceci a été réalisé en utilisant une source lumineuse ponctuelle monochromatique positionnée dans l'axe et à une distance définie de l'entrée de la fibre. Le profil idéal présente un gradient d'indice inversé très proche d'un profil parabolique inversé pour lequel l'indice est minimal au centre du cœur de la fibre. Une description des caractéristiques de cette fibre comprenant l'étude de la propagation des rayons a été réalisée. Le phénomène de plasmon de surface est ensuite décrit, de manière générale puis ses conditions d'excitation dans la fibre employée sont étudiées. Une étude expérimentale et théorique a été menée sur les paramètres les plus influents du capteur (nature et épaisseur du métal, position de la source ...). La présentation de deux applications pratiques (détection de traces de toluène dans un milieu aqueux et étude en temps réel du mécanisme de formation d'une monocouche auto-assemblée) montre les champs d'applications du dispositif optique simple développé.

En aquesta memòria es presenten diversos treballs relacionats amb la utilització dels sensor de flux òptic de baix cost pel desenvolupament de nous sistemes de mesura compactes i de molt baix cost. Les aplicacions plantejades permeten aprofitar tot el potencial industrial d’aquest tipus de sensors. Els sensors de flux òptic tenen la peculiaritat d’incorporar dins d’un únic encapsulat un sistema d’adquisició d’imatges i un processador digital preprogramat per a realitzar el còmput de flux òptic (optical flow) de la imatge. D’aquesta manera, aquest tipus de sensors no requereixen cap sistema processador addicional i, en alguns casos, poden funcionar sense cap altre element addicional de control. Actualment, l’èxit dels sensors de flux òptic ha facilitat la seva producció industrial massiva amb costos de fabricació molt baixos el que ha incentivat el desenvolupament de noves aplicacions en camps tan diversos com la robòtica on el cost és un element fonamental en les aplicacions destinades a un mercat de consum. En aquesta memòria es presenta, per una banda, l’anàlisi de l’estat de l’art dels sensors de flux òptic i les seves aplicacions, i per l’altra, el treball de recerca realitzat sobre l’ús d’aquest sensor per a desenvolupar un codificador rotatiu incremental, un codificador absolut, un sistema de detecció de monedes falses de 2 euros, i per a realitzar el seguiment de la pupil•la de l’ull d’una persona amb discapacitat. Els resultats obtinguts a partir de les proves experimentals realitzades amb els diferents sensors de flux òptics utilitzats als dispositius proposats han permès validar les propostes realitzades i la versatilitat del disseny del sensor. / En esta memoria se presentan diversos trabajos de investigación relacionados con la utilización de sensores de flujo óptico de bajo coste para el desarrollo de nuevos sistemas de medida compactos y de muy bajo coste. Las aplicaciones planteadas permiten aprovechar todo el potencial industrial de este tipo de sensores. Los sensores de flujo óptico tienen la particularidad de incorporar dentro de un único encapsulado un sistema de adquisición de imágenes y un procesador digital preprogramado para realizar el cómputo de flujo óptico (optical flow) de la imagen. De esta manera, este tipo de sensores no requieren ningún sistema procesador adicional y, en algunos casos, pueden funcionar sin ningún otro elemento adicional de control. Actualmente, el éxito comercial de los sensores de flujo óptico ha facilitado su producción industrial masiva con costes de fabricación muy bajos lo que ha incentivado el desarrollo de nuevas aplicaciones en campos tan diversos como la robótica donde el coste es un elemento fundamental en las aplicaciones destinadas a un mercado de consumo. En esta memoria se presenta, por un lado, el análisis del estado del arte de los sensores de flujo óptico y sus aplicaciones, y por el otro, el trabajo de investigación realizado sobre la utilización del sensor para el desarrollo de un codificador rotativo incremental, un codificador absoluto, un sistema de detección de monedas falsas de 2 euros y para realizar el seguimiento de la pupila del ojo de una persona con el fin de desarrollar un dispositivo apuntador que pueda ser de utilidad para una persona con discapacidad. Los resultados obtenidos en las pruebas experimentales realizadas con los diferentes sensores de flujo óptico utilizados en los dispositivos propuestos han permitido validar las propuestas realizadas y la versatilidad del diseño del sensor. / This work presents the research performed with optical flow sensors and the proposal of several new compact and low cost applications developed to take full advantage of the industrial potential of these sensors. Optical flow sensors include into the same chip an image acquisition system and a digital signal processor programmed to compute the optical flow of the image acquired. These sensors do not require additional post-processing and can operate without any other additional external control or processing device. Currently, the commercial success of the optical flow sensors has fostered its massive industrial production and has reduced its final cost. This characteristic, combined with the versatility of the design of the sensor, has also fostered the development of a huge range of new applications in different areas, such as robotics, where the cost is a fundamental factor that prone the development and commercialization of new consumer applications. This works presents, in one hand, a review of the state of the art of the research and development related with optical flow sensors and, in the other hand, a set of new applications proposed to take full advantage of the characteristics of the sensor. The new applications proposed are: a relative encoder, an absolute encoder, a counterfeit system for the 2€ case, and an accessibility device that tracks the pupil of the user to control pointer displacement in a computer screen. This device has been designed specifically to help people with mobility impairments in the upper extremities that cannot use the computer mouse. In all cases, the experimental results achieved with the different optical flow sensors used in the new applications proposed have validated the utility and versatility of each proposal and the utility and versatility of the design of this optical sensor.

Orientador: Cláudio Kitano / Resumo: Os transformadores de potencial baseados em tecnologia óptica têm sido desenvolvidos com a finalidade de melhorar o desempenho na proteção e medição nos sistemas elétricos de potência. Estes transformadores de potencial podem ser projetados em torno dos moduladores eletro-ópticos de amplitude que, por sua vez, são baseados no efeito Pockels em cristal como o Niobato de Lítio. A expressão geral da transmissão (razão entre o retardo de fase e a tensão aplicada) de um modulador eletro-óptico de intensidades é idêntica à expressão do sinal de saída de um interferômetro de dois feixes. Através de processamento eletrônico de dois sinais interferométricos de saída, com fase relativa de 90o entre si, consegue-se demodular o sinal, independentemente das derivas ambientais. Esses interferômetros, chamados de interferômetros de quadratura, são amplamente utilizados em laboratórios de metrologia. Assim, em 2014, um método de detecção interferométrica de fase óptica foi desenvolvido no Laboratório de Optoeletrônica (LOE) da FEIS-UNESP, constituindo uma versão melhorada da técnica de phase-unwrapping. Este método é imune ao fenômeno de desvanecimento, consegue medir o tempo de atraso entre o estímulo e a resposta, tem ampla faixa dinâmica, reconstrói a forma de onda do sinal de modulação sem a necessidade de aplicação de filtros à saída interferométrica, possuindo, ainda, a capacidade de demodular sinais com formas de ondas não periódicas. Beneficiando-se dessas informações, promoveu-se a ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Optical technology-based potential transformers have been developed to improve performance in protection and measurement in electrical power systems. These potential transformers can be designed around amplitude electro-optical modulators which, in turn, are based on the crystal Pockels effect such as Lithium Niobate. The general expression of the transmission (ratio between phase delay and applied voltage) of an electro-optical modulator of intensities is identical to the expression of the output signal of a two-beam interferometer. By electronic processing of two interferometric output signals, with relative phase of 90o between each other, the signal can be demodulated, irrespective of the environmental drift. These interferometers, called quadrature interferometers, are widely used in metrology laboratories. Thus, in 2014, an optical phase interferometric detection method was developed at the FEIS-UNESP’s Optoelectronic Laboratory (LOE), constituting an improved version of the phase-unwrapping technique. This method is immune to the phenomenon of fading, can measure the delay time between the stimulus and the response, has a wide dynamic range, reconstructs the waveform of the modulation signal without the need of applying filters to the interferometric output, also possessing the ability to demodulate signals with non-periodic waveforms. Taking advantage of this information, the adaptation of the method to a high voltage optical sensor in a quadrature configuration was p... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Submitted by FERNANDO DA CRUZ PEREIRA (fernandocp.eng@gmail.com) on 2018-04-24T17:28:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Fernando da Cruz Pereira.pdf: 6132578 bytes, checksum: 5b74ffd75609af94d4d9dea04e13c167 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cristina Alexandra de Godoy null (cristina@adm.feis.unesp.br) on 2018-04-24T17:59:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pereira_fc_dr_ilha.pdf: 6132578 bytes, checksum: 5b74ffd75609af94d4d9dea04e13c167 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-24T17:59:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pereira_fc_dr_ilha.pdf: 6132578 bytes, checksum: 5b74ffd75609af94d4d9dea04e13c167 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os transformadores de potencial baseados em tecnologia óptica têm sido desenvolvidos com a finalidade de melhorar o desempenho na proteção e medição nos sistemas elétricos de potência. Estes transformadores de potencial podem ser projetados em torno dos moduladores eletro-ópticos de amplitude que, por sua vez, são baseados no efeito Pockels em cristal como o Niobato de Lítio. A expressão geral da transmissão (razão entre o retardo de fase e a tensão aplicada) de um modulador eletro-óptico de intensidades é idêntica à expressão do sinal de saída de um interferômetro de dois feixes. Através de processamento eletrônico de dois sinais interferométricos de saída, com fase relativa de 90o entre si, consegue-se demodular o sinal, independentemente das derivas ambientais. Esses interferômetros, chamados de interferômetros de quadratura, são amplamente utilizados em laboratórios de metrologia. Assim, em 2014, um método de detecção interferométrica de fase óptica foi desenvolvido no Laboratório de Optoeletrônica (LOE) da FEIS-UNESP, constituindo uma versão melhorada da técnica de phase-unwrapping. Este método é imune ao fenômeno de desvanecimento, consegue medir o tempo de atraso entre o estímulo e a resposta, tem ampla faixa dinâmica, reconstrói a forma de onda do sinal de modulação sem a necessidade de aplicação de filtros à saída interferométrica, possuindo, ainda, a capacidade de demodular sinais com formas de ondas não periódicas. Beneficiando-se dessas informações, promoveu-se a adaptação do método a um sensor óptico de altas tensões em configuração de quadratura de sinais. Desta forma, a presente pesquisa aborda o estudo e o desenvolvimento de um sensor óptico de alta tensão com chaveamento de quadratura, baseado em célula Pockels, dando continuidade às pesquisas em desenvolvimento no LOE, de um sistema de sensoriamento eletro-óptico de alta tensão. O sensor de alta tensão com chaveamento de quadratura e realimentado por controle de fase, foi implementado e submetido a testes com aplicação de tensões entre 200 V e 8,4 kV (de pico) em 60 Hz, apresentado excelente linearidade na faixa de interesse e boa precisão na medição do conteúdo harmônico dos sinais. Tais resultados evidenciam o potencial do sistema para operar na análise da qualidade de energia elétrica em sistemas da classe de 13,8 kV. / Optical technology-based potential transformers have been developed to improve performance in protection and measurement in electrical power systems. These potential transformers can be designed around amplitude electro-optical modulators which, in turn, are based on the crystal Pockels effect such as Lithium Niobate. The general expression of the transmission (ratio between phase delay and applied voltage) of an electro-optical modulator of intensities is identical to the expression of the output signal of a two-beam interferometer. By electronic processing of two interferometric output signals, with relative phase of 90o between each other, the signal can be demodulated, irrespective of the environmental drift. These interferometers, called quadrature interferometers, are widely used in metrology laboratories. Thus, in 2014, an optical phase interferometric detection method was developed at the FEIS-UNESP’s Optoelectronic Laboratory (LOE), constituting an improved version of the phase-unwrapping technique. This method is immune to the phenomenon of fading, can measure the delay time between the stimulus and the response, has a wide dynamic range, reconstructs the waveform of the modulation signal without the need of applying filters to the interferometric output, also possessing the ability to demodulate signals with non-periodic waveforms. Taking advantage of this information, the adaptation of the method to a high voltage optical sensor in a quadrature configuration was promoted. In this way, the present research deals with the study and development of a high voltage optical sensor with quadrature switching, based on Pockels cell, giving continuity to researches in the LOE of a high voltage electro-optical sensing system. The high voltage sensor with quadrature switching and phase controlled feedback was implemented and submitted to tests with voltage between 200 V and 8.4 kV (peak) at 60 Hz, with excellent linearity in the range of interest and good accuracy in measuring the harmonic content of the signals. These results show the potential of the system to operate in the analysis of electric power quality in systems of the class of 13.8 kV.

In this diploma thesis, the reader is familiarized with polymer optical fiber (POF). Firstly is mentioned theoretical background of optical fibers and optical transmission. The following are the basic properties and significant parameters of POF, a more detailed description of each type POF and their essential advantages and disadvantages in comparison with established optical fibers based on glass. The next chapter describes the area of practical issues: working with fibers and fiber installation, as well as the available connectors and methods of measurement of POF. Closely are analyzed knowledge of the practice, including the utilize in the aerospace and automotive industries, as well as in industrial networks, access data networks and local area networks. The practical part includes the measurement of basic transmission and mechanical parameters, including analysis of the results. The conclusion summarizes all the findings and results of this work, including possible future developments.

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