Thesis: M.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1980 / Includes bibliographical references. / by Peter Maynard Osterberg. / M.S. / M.S. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1980. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Includes bibliographcial references. / by Helen Louise Graham. / M.S.

Object recognition--"What is in this image?"--is one of the basic problems of computer vision. Most work in this area has been on finding basic-level object categories such as plant, car, and bird, but recently there has been an increasing amount of work in fine-grained visual categorization, in which the task is to recognize subcategories of a basic-level category, such as blue jay and bluebird. Experimental psychology has found that while basic-level categories are distinguished by the presence or absence of parts (a bird has a beak but car does not), subcategories are more often distinguished by the characteristics of their parts (a starling has a narrow, yellow beak while a cardinal has a wide, red beak). In this thesis we tackle fine-grained visual categorization, guided by this observation. We develop alignment procedures that let us compare corresponding parts, build classifiers tailored to finding the interclass differences at each part, and then combine the per-part classifiers to build subcategory classifiers. Using this approach, we outperform previous work in several fine-grained categorization settings: bird species identification, face recognition, and face attribute classification. In addition, the construction of subcategory classifiers from part classifiers allows us to automatically determine which parts are most relevant when distinguishing between any two subcategories. We can use this to generate illustrations of the differences between subcategories. To demonstrate this, we have built a digital field guide to North American birds which includes automatically generated images highlighting the key differences between visually similar species. This guide, "Birdsnap," also identifies bird species in users' uploaded photos using our subcategory classifiers. We have released Birdsnap as a web site and iPhone application.

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Technology: Electrical Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology 2014 / Three-dimensional (3D) artefact detection can provide the conception of vision and real time interaction of electronic products with devices. The orientation and interaction of electrical systems with objects can be obtained. The introduction of electronic vision detection can be used in multiple applications, from industry, in robotics and also to give orientation to humans to their immediate surroundings. An article covering holograms states that these images can provide information about an object that can be examined from different angles. The limitations of a hologram are that there must be absolute immobilization of the object and the image system. Humans are capable of stereoscopic vision where two images are fused together to provide a 3D view of an object. In this research, two digital images are used to determine the artefact position in space. The application of a camera is utilized and the 3D coordinates of the artefact are determined. To obtain the 3D position, the principles of the pinhole camera, a single lens as well as two image visualizations are applied. This study explains the method used to determine the artefact position in space. To obtain the 3D position of an artefact with a single image was derived. The mathematical formulae are derived to determine the 3D position of an artefact in space and these formulae are applied in the pinhole camera setup to determine the 3D position. The application is also applied in the X-ray spectrum, where the length of structures can be obtained using the mathematical principles derived. The XYZ coordinates are determined, a computer simulation as well as the experimental results are explained. With this 3D detection method, devices can be connected to a computer to have real time image updates and interaction of objects in an XYZ coordinate system. Keywords: 3D point, xyz-coordinates, lens, hologram

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M.Sc. / In this thesis we study the techniques used to calculate the Hamilton operators related to linear optical quantum computing. We also discuss the basic building blocks of linear optical quantum computing (LOQC) by looking at the logic gates and the physical instruments of which they are made.

With the requirement to store and transmit information efficiently, an ever increasing number of uses of data compression techniques have been generated in diverse fields such as television, surveillance, remote sensing, medical processing, office automation, and robotics. Rapid increases in processing capabilities and the speed of complex integrated circuits make data compression techniques a prime candidate for application in the areas mentioned above. This report addresses, from a theoretical viewpoint, three major data compression techniques, Pixel Coding, Predictive Coding, and Transform Coding. It begins with a project description and continues with data compression techniques, focusing on Differential Pulse Code Modulation.

This work develops an exact logical operation model to predict the performance of the all-optical shared-memory architecture (OSMA) class of packet switches and provides a means to obtain a reasonable approximation of OSMA switch performance within certain types of networks, including the Banyan family. All-optical packet switches have the potential to far exceed the bandwidth capability of their current electronic counterparts. However, all-optical switching technology is currently not mature. Consequently, all-optical switch fabrics and buffers are more constrained in size and can cost several orders of magnitude more than those of electronic switches. The use of shared-memory buffers and/or links with multiple parallel channels (channel grouping) have been suggested as ways to maximize switch performance with buffers of limited size. However, analysis of shared-memory switches is far more difficult than for other commonly used buffering strategies. Obtaining packet loss performance by simulation is often not a viable alternative to modeling if low loss rates or large networks are encountered. Published models of electronic shared-memory packet switches (ESMP) have primarily involved approximate models to allow analysis of switches with a large number of ports and/or buffer cells. Because most ESMP models become inaccurate for small switches, and OSMA switches, unlike ESMP switches, do not buffer packets unless contention occurs, existing ESMP models cannot be applied to OSMA switches. Previous models of OSMA switches were confined to isolated (non-networked), symmetric OSMA switches using channel grouping under random traffic. This work is far more general in that it also encompasses OSMA switches that (1) are subjected to bursty traffic and/or with input links that have arbitrary occupancy probability distributions, (2) are interconnected to form a network and (3) are asymmetric.

D.Ed. / Stereopsis -- binocular depth perception is a visual function which falls within the ambit of the hyperacuities. The term, Hyperacuity, is one coined by Westheimer (1976) to describe thresholds of discrimination which cannot be explained on the basis of the optical components or sensory elements of the eyes alone. By implication such levels of discrimination are effected by higher levels of brain function. It is reasoned that an individual's stereoscopic hyperacuity should in some way relate to other measures of higher sensory and motor brain functions. In a school situation hyperacuity should relate to measures of intelligence, as well as scholastic and sporting achievement. The design and implementation of an experiment to test this premise forms the basis of this thesis. A literature review is reported of current knowledge relevant to this study together with a description of the stereoscopic testing instruments commonly available in clinical practice. A rationale for modifying these instruments and testing methods to suit the needs of this study is also included. This study exposes new knowledge about the process of static nearpoint stereopsis. This stereopsis proves to be a complex of diverse skills, which are significantly age-related and developmental in nature. These skills are seen to influence and be influenced by educational interventions. It may be concluded from this study that there is value in measuring stereopsis in more depth than has been done previously and that it is crucial to measure the speed of stereo performance in its own right in addition to the measures of stereoacuity. The study reveals significant differences of performance which relate to stereopsis in front as opposed to behind the plane of regard and also related to figure/ground contrast differences. The two non-stereoscopic tests and the six different stereoscopic tests described in this thesis prove to be highly discriminative and diagnostic with respect to age, grade level, I.Q., scholastic achievement and sporting ability.