Ce travail de thèse s'est intéressé à l'étude des facteurs permettant d'expliquer les performances fonctionnelles des membres inférieurs des personnes âgées. Dans une première étude, nous avons montré que la puissance maximale (Pmax) ainsi que sa composante appelée la vitesse optimale (Vopt) obtenues lors d'un test de force-vitesse des extenseurs du genou, sont des facteurs déterminants de la performance fonctionnelle des personnes âgées évaluées sur 3 tests : marche sur 6m, se relever et s'assoir 5 fois de suite à partir d'une chaise et monter 6 marches d'escalier. Ainsi, plus une personne possède une Pmax et une Vopt élevées, plus ses performances lors de tests fonctionnels seront élevées. De plus, la Vopt étant considérée comme une évaluation indirecte du pourcentage de fibres rapides, les sujets ayant les plus grandes valeurs de Vopt sont les plus performantes aux tests fonctionnels. La deuxième étude a mesuré et comparé l'activité électromyographique (EMG) du quadriceps lors des tests de contraction isométrique volontaire maximal (IMVC), de détermination de la puissance maximale et des tests fonctionnels cités cidessus. La mesure du signal EMG au cours de ces différents tests a permis de déterminer dans quelle mesure le type de tâche induit une activation maximale ou non. Les personnes âgées montrent une capacité à davantage activer leurs quadriceps lors des tests de de contraction concentrique plutôt qu'isométrique ou excentrique. Les tests utilisant l'IMVC comparé aux tests de détermination de la puissance et de monté de marche, et de lever de chaise ne seraient pas les tests les plus appropriés pour mesurer les capacités maximales d'activation neuromusculaires chez la personne âgée. Il ressort de ces résultats une amélioration du testing de la personne âgée et des orientations pour la réhabilitation / This work has focused on the study of factors that explain the functionals performances of the lower limbs of the elderly. In a first study we showed that the maximum power (Pmax) and its component called the optimal speed (Vopt) obtained during a test of force-velocity of the knee extensors, are important determinants of functional performance elderly evaluated on three tests: walking on 6m, sit to stand 5 times from a chair and climbing 5 stairs. The more a person has a high Pmax and Vopt, the more its performance during functional tests will be. In addition, Vopt is considered an indirect assessment of the percentage of fast fibers; subjects with the highest values of Vopt are best performers during functional tests. The second study measured and compared the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the quadriceps when tested for isometric maximum voluntary contraction (IMVC), determination of maximum power and functional tests mentioned above. Measurement of EMG signal during these tests was used to determine to what extent the type of task induced a maximum activation or not. Older people show a greater ability to activate their quadriceps muscles when tested for concentric contraction rather than isometric or eccentric contractions. Tests using the IMVC compared to tests for determining the power, sit-tostand and stairs climbing would not be the most appropriate tests to measure the maximum neuromuscular activation capacity in the elderly. From these results improved testing of the elderly and guidelines for rehabilitation are proposed

The main objective of wave energy converters (WECs) is to ensure reliable electricity production at a competitive cost. Two challenges to achieving this are ensuring an efficient energy conversion and offshore survivability.         This thesis work is structured in three different sections: Control and maximum power optimization, forces and dynamics analysis in extreme wave conditions, and statistical modeling of extreme loads in reliability analysis.        The need for prediction and future knowledge of waves and wave forces is essential due to the non-causality of the optimal velocity relation for wave energy converters. Using generic concepts and modes of motion, the sensitivity of the prediction horizon to various parameters encountered in a real system is elaborated. The results show that through a realistic assumption of the dissipative losses, only a few seconds to about half a wave cycle is sufficient to predict the required future knowledge for the aim of maximizing the power absorption.          The results of a 1:30 scaled wave tank experiment are used to assess the line force and dynamic behaviour of a WEC during extreme wave events. Within the comparison of different wave type representations, i.e. irregular, regular and focused waves, of the same sea state, the results show that not all the wave types deliver the same maximum line forces. As a strategy of mitigating the line forces during extreme wave events, changing the power take-off (PTO) damping may be employed. With consideration of the whole PTO range, the results indicate an optimum damping value for each sea state in which the smallest maximum line force is obtained. Although wave breaking slamming and end-stop spring compression lead to high peak line forces, it is possible that they level out due to the overtopping effect. Waves with a long wavelength result in large surge motion and consequently higher and more damaging forces.         On the investigation of reliability assessment of the wave energy converter systems, computing the return period of the extreme forces is crucial. Using force measurement force data gathered at the west coast of Sweden, the extreme forces are statistically modelled with the peak-over-threshold method. Then, the return level of the extreme forces over 20 years for the calm season of the year is computed.