The high cost of feed materials and feed additives in developing nations has elicited interest in the search for sustainable alternatives. Moringa (Moringa oleifera), one of such sustainable alternatives is a tropical plant that has its usefulness investigated in this study. A 42-day study was designed to determine the response of Ross 308 broilers to dietary Moringa oleifera leaf meal supplementation. The Moringa oleifera leaves used for the study were analysed for proximate, mineral and composition as well as phytochemical contents before being incorporated in the diet. Day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks (n = 500) were allotted to five treatments in completely randomized design with each treatment replicated five times and each replicate having 20 chicks. The birds were subjected to diets supplemented with Moringa oleifera leaf meal at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 g/kg feed at both starter and finisher stage, respectively and designated as T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5. Moringa oleifera leaf meal level that supported optimum production and physiological variables was modelled using the quadratic function. At day 42, three birds per replicate were slaughtered to evaluate carcass and organ yields. Result of the proximate composition revealed that MOLM is rich in protein (32.37%) and neutral detergent fibre (52.16%). Mineral assay indicated that MOLM was high in calcium, sodium, potassium, sulphur and iron. Daily feed intake (FI), average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio were the same among the treatments with the exception of starter broilers on diet T1 that had higher ADG (p<0.05) than those on the other diets. Final live weight (FLW), mortality and gizzard weight were influenced (p<0.05) by Moringa oleifera leaf meal supplementation. Moringa oleifera leaf meal supplementation had no effect on parameters measured. Moringa oleifera leaf meal supplementation at 39.98 and 35.80 g/kg feed supported optimum FLW and ADG at starter phase and 46.88 g/kg feed MOLM supported optimum FLW at finisher phase. In conclusion, Moringa oleifera leaf meal is a good source of nutrients and suitable for production of enhanced cut parts in broiler chickens. Birds on 50 and 75 g Moringa oleifera leaf meal/kg feed had higher (p<0.05) packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC) and glucose than those on the other 3 treatment diets. The white blood cell (WBC) counts for birds on 50 g Moringa oleifera leaf meal/kg feed were higher (p<0.05) than those on 100 g Moringa oleifera leaf meal/kg feed but similar (p>0.05) to those on 0, 25 and 75 g MOLM/kg feed. Blood platelet count maintained the trend 75 g > 0 g > 50 g > 100 g > 25 g MOLM/kg feed with birds on 75 g Moringa oleifera leaf meal/kg feed being statistically higher (p<0.05) than those on 25, 50 and 100 g MOLM/kg feed. Dietary Moringa oleifera leaf meal supplementation had no significant effect (p>0.05) on haemoglobin (Hb), total serum protein (TSP), albumin, cholesterol and uric acid. Triglyceride (TG) level of birds on 25, 75 and 100 g Moringa oleifera leaf meal/kg feed decreased significantly compared to those on 0 and 50 g MOLM/kg feed. Daily Moringa oleifera leaf meal supplementation had a significant effect (p<0.05) on the differential WBC count. Daily Moringa oleifera leaf meal supplementation with 26.99 g/kg feed and 31.95 g/kg feed respectively supported optimum PCV (38.62%) and glucose (245.42 mg/dl) in Ross 308 broilers. It is, therefore summarized that optimizing MOLM supplementation level in the ration of Ross 308 broilers could assist in improving their productivity. / Agriculture and  Animal Health / Ph. D. (Agriculture)

Nous proposons dans cette thèse, différents outils de réglage de tension et de gestion de la puissance réactive en fonction des conditions de raccordement des éoliennes au réseau électrique. Trois cas figure sont étudiés : raccordement direct sur un poste source de distribution, raccordement des éoliennes réparties dans un réseau de distribution et raccordement d’un ensemble de parcs éoliens au réseau de transport.Un algorithme de réglage basé sur l’asservissement de la puissance réactive est proposé pour le raccordement direct d'un parc sur un poste source. Un réglage coordonné de tension en présence de régleur en charge est proposé (D-RCT) pour le raccordement des éoliennes reparties dans un réseau de distribution. On propose aussi une version plus décentralisée du réglage coordonné (D2-RCT) qui pourrait être implantée sous forme de système multi-agents intelligents (SMA). Un system de control multi-niveaux est proposé pour le raccordement d’un ensemble de parcs éoliens au réseau de transport. Il permet de répondre de manière optimale à une demande puissance réactive envoyée par le gestionnaire du réseau de transport. Les différents types de réglages proposés sont basés sur des algorithmes d’optimisation multi-objectifs. Afin de valider en temps réel le bon fonctionnement des stratégies de réglages développées ainsi que leurs modes de communication, une implantation expérimentale sous simulateur temps réel RT-Lab a été effectuée. Enfin, les résultats des simulations montrent l’amélioration de l’intégration de la production décentralisée dans les réseaux électriques / In this PhD dissertation, we propose various voltage and reactive power regulation algorithms for different connection types of the wind farm to the power network. Three connection types are considered here: a wind farm connected directly to the distribution network, dispersed wind turbines connected to the distribution network and a set of wind farms connected to the transmission system.A closed loop controller (Wind Farm Controller) is proposed in case of a directly connected wind farm to the distribution network.A coordinated voltage control in the presence of on load tap changer (D-CVC) is proposed in case of dispersed wind turbines connected to the distribution network. We also propose a more decentralized version of D-CVC named D2-CVC; this version can be also implemented under multi-agent system (MAS).A multi-level control system is proposed in case of a set of wind farms connected to the transmission system. It allows the wind farms to optimally participate at reactive power balancing in transmission network. All the proposed voltage algorithms are based on a multi-objective optimization function. The experimental implementation of these regulation algorithms is run under RT-Lab real-time simulator. It allows validating their real-time operation and their communication modes before the implementation on a real site.The results of the current thesis show the improvement of distributed generation integration in the power system network