A practical engineering design problem is used to examine the over-conservativeness of designs obtained using deterministic optimization with worst-case parameter assumptions and a safety factor. Additionally, an attempted application of reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) demonstrates the limits of RBDO for practical problems. The design problem considered here is TESCO's Internal Casing Drive System (ICDS), which is used in feeding pipeline, or casing, into predrilled holes. After developing a finite element model of the ICDS, experimental data is used to successfully validate modeling methods and assumptions. The validated model is then subjected to multiple analyses to determine an appropriate design configuration to be used as the starting point for optimization. Worst-case, safety factor-based design optimization (SFBDO) is then applied considering two and three design variables, and is successful in increasing the critical load of the ICDS, Pcrit, by 35% and 45%, respectively. An efficient and recognized RBDO method, Sequential Optimization and Reliability Assessment, is selected for application to the design problem to determine an optimum design based on reliability. Due to the optimization formulation, however, SORA cannot be applied. The ICDS design problem represents a practical example that demonstrates the difficulties and limits in applying RBDO to practical engineering design problems. To evaluate the over-conservativeness of worst-case SFBDO, structural reliability analysis is performed on the deterministic optimum designs. It is found that the value of Pcrit for both the two and three variable optimum designs can be increased by 53% while maintaining acceptable probability of failure, demonstrating the over-conservativeness of the worst-case SFBDO. / Thesis (Master, Mechanical and Materials Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2008-09-05 10:51:26.273

Orientadores: Barbara Janet Teruel Mederos, Roberto Funes Abrahão / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T02:04:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SalazarChacon_NeilFernando_M.pdf: 1380961 bytes, checksum: da7eea90033285a7e1733b3db5b11ab4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: No Brasil as perdas de produtos hortícolas são significativas e dentre as principais causas cita-se o uso de caixas inadequadas e a ausência da cadeia do frio. As caixas para produtos hortícolas disponíveis no mercado, em sua maioria, são desenvolvidas de forma empírica, sem atender às exigências estruturais e área efetiva de aberturas, para facilitar a troca de calor e ventilação. Este trabalho propõe um método de projeto de caixas para mangas (Mangifera Indica L.), baseado em simulação computacional, otimização e validação experimental, buscando minimizar o volume de material construtivo das caixas (madeira de reflorestamento Pinnus Elliotti), associado a aspectos estruturais, ergonômicos e distribuição da área efetiva de aberturas. Foram projetados e construídos três protótipos de caixas, de ripas retas com diferentes configurações e área efetiva de aberturas (54% e 36%). A eficiência do resfriamento das mangas (variedade Tommy Atkins) foi avaliada através da determinação do tempo de resfriamento de 6 kg de frutas, acondicionadas nos três modelos desenvolvidos, e submetidas ao resfriamento rápido num sistema com ar forçado e duas vazões de ar (0,22 m3 s- 1 e 0,43 m3 s-1), a uma temperatura de 6ºC e umidade relativa média de 85±2,1%. O tempo de resfriamento das frutas também foi determinado quando a mesma quantidade foi condicionada nas caixas de papelão usadas comercialmente (7% e 0% de área efetiva de abertura). Foi aplicado o Método dos Elementos Finitos implementado no programa ANSYS, para o dimensionamento e otimização estrutural do modelo com o melhor comportamento com relação ao resfriamento. Todas caixas de madeira contendo frutas foram submetidas a ensaios de vibração, por um período de duas horas e uma freqüência de 20 Hz. Não houve diferença significativa no meio tempo de resfriamento dos frutos acondicionados nas caixas de madeira (38,00±1,70 min), no entanto na comparação com as caixas de papelão a diferença foi significativa (82,74±29,58 min). O modelo escolhido para a otimização estrutural possuía 36% de área efetiva de aberturas e duas ripas laterais. Após a otimização a diminuição de volume total de material foi de 60% e a redução da seção transversal das colunas da ordem de 83%, com relação às condições iniciais de projeto. Não houve indícios de danos mecânicos nas frutas depois de submetidas à vibração. A simulação computacional para o estudo estrutural, acoplada a algoritmos de otimização, pode ser usada como ferramenta de apoio para desenvolver projetos de caixas de madeira, com grande aproximação, atendendo a critérios geométricos, ergonômicos e térmicos / Abstract: Horticulture product losses in Brazil are significant and among the main causes for this are the use of inappropriate boxes and the absence of the cold chain. Most of the boxes available in the market for horticulture products are developed empirically without satisfying structural demands and the openings effective area for to facilitate the exchange of heat and ventilation. This study proposes a project method for mango boxes (Mangifera Indica L.) based on computer simulations, optimization and experimental validation, seeking to minimize the amount of construction material for the boxes (reforestation wood - Pinnus Elliotti) associated with structural and ergonomic aspects and the openings effective area. Three box prototypes were designed and built using straight laths with different configurations and openings effective area (54% and 36%). The cooling efficiency the mango (Tommy Atkins variety) was evaluated by determining the cooling time for 6 kg of fruit packed in the three different models and submitted to cooling in a forced-air system and two air flows (0.22 m3 s- 1 and 0.43 m3 s-1), at a temperature of 6ºC and average relative humidity of 85±2.1%. Fruit cooling time was also determined when the same amount was packed in the commercially used cardboard boxes (7% and 0% of openings effective area). The Finite Element Method was applied, implemented in the ANSYS program, for the dimensioning and structural optimization of the model with the best behavior in relation to cooling. All wooden boxes with fruit underwent vibration testing for a two hour period at a frequency of 20 Hz. There was no significant difference in average cooling time for fruit packed in the wooden boxes (36.08±1.44 min); however, the difference was significant in comparison to the cardboard boxes (82.63±29.64 min). The model chosen for structural optimization had a 36% openings effective area and two side laths. After optimization, the reduction in total volume of material was 60% and the reduction in the cross section for columns was about 83% compared to the project¿s initial conditions. There was no indication of mechanical damage in the fruit after it underwent vibration testing. Computer simulations for the structural study, together with optimization algorithms, can be used as an effective support tool to develop projects for wooden boxes, with geometric, ergonomic and thermal criteria / Mestrado / Tecnologia Pós-Colheita / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

In this thesis analysis and design of helicopter rotor blades were discussed for reduced vibrational level. For this purpose an optimization procedure was developed which involves coupling of the comprehensive rotorcraft analysis tool CAMRAD JA and the gradient based optimization algorithm. The main goal was to achieve favorable blade structural dynamics characteristics that would lead to reduction in vibrational level. For this purpose blade stiffness and mass distributions were considered as the design variables. In order to avoid likely occurrences of unrealistic results, the analyses were subjected to constraints which were sensitive to the design variables. The optimization procedure was applied on two isolated rotor blades and a full helicopter with main rotor, tail rotor and fuselage by using natural frequency separation and hub load minimization respectively. While the former approach relied on the blade natural frequencies, the latter approach involved higher harmonic aerodynamic and blade motion calculations. For both approaches, the improvement in vibration characteristics and blade mass and stiffness distributions of the initial design and the design after optimization analyses were compared and discussed.