This study provides heuristic approaches, including an ant colony optimization (ACO) inspired heuristic, to solve a crane scheduling problem that exists in most shipyards, where cranes are a primary means of processing and handling materials. Cranes move on a network of tracks, thus, blocking of crane movements is an issue. The crane scheduling problem consists of two major sub-problems: scheduling problem that determines the best overall order in which jobs are to be performed; the assignment problem that assigns cranes to jobs. The proposed heuristic consists of an Earliest Due Date sorting procedure in combination with an ACO assignment procedure that aims to satisfy the objectives of minimizing makespan while maximizing crane utilization. Test data sets of various sizes are generated and the results of the proposed approach are compared to other developed heuristics. The proposed approach outperforms others in both objective measures and obtains solutions in a timely manner.

The overall performance of a scramjet-powered vehicle not only depends on the performance of individual components but also on how the components interact with one another. Because scramjet engines must be integrated into the vehicle design, the optimization of the design of one component may detrimentally offset the performance of other components. This thesis addresses the optimization of the thrust nozzle of a scramjet-powered vehicle and shows how the optimization must include the integration of the nozzle into the overall vehicle design. The basic scramjet vehicle configuration chosen for the study is the somewhat conventional design of a vehicle with an axisymmetric centrebody, where fuel and payload may be stored, and a quasi-axisymmetric cowl. Six internal intake-combustor-nozzle modules are arranged around the centrebody. Paull et al. (1995) tested a configuration of this type (referred to as model 0) and demonstrated that, at some conditions, a net positive thrust could be produced. They suggest that the thrust nozzle of the vehicle has potential for design change that could lead to significantly improved performance. The main aim of the present study is to test this hypothesis. An important decision that was made early in the present project was that the research would focus on unfuelled operation of the vehicle design. This still allowed the influence of integration of the optimized nozzle to be studied but removed the complications introduced by combustion processes. In order to integrate optimization of design of the thrust nozzle, it was necessary to analyze the performance of the complete scramjet vehicle design. A simple analysis methodology that captures the important physical processes occurring in the flow through and around the vehicle is necessary so that rapid calculations can be made in an iterative optimization program. Therefore, the force prediction methodology that was developed used a combination of simple hypersonics theories and inviscid 3-D CFD modelling instead of using a full 3-D Navier-Stokes equation solver to minimize the calculation time. The pressure forces and viscous forces on the model were calculated separately for each component of the scramjet vehicle designs. The theory of van Driest (1956) for skin friction drag in turbulent boundary layers was found to produce best agreement with measurements. Therefore, it was employed to estimate the turbulent skin friction drag in the present research. To validate the current force prediction methodology, the net axial drag force on an unfuelled quasi-axisymmetric scramjet model derived from the design of Paull et al. (1995) and designed for operation at Mach 6 (model 1) was measured in the T4 Stalker tube at The University of Queensland using a single component Stress Wave Force Balance. (The design of Paull et al. (1995) is referred to here as model 0.) Tests were performed with Mach 6, Mach 8, and Mach 10 nozzles attached to the end of the shock tube. In order to get a wide range of flow conditions the nozzle-supply enthalpy was varied from 3 to 10 MJ/kg and the nozzle-supply pressure from 35 to 45 MPa. A reduction of the drag coefficient of model 1 was observed with decreasing nozzle-supply enthalpy for each of the tunnel nozzles tested. The performance of model 1 was analyzed using the force prediction methodology. Generally, the force prediction results were in good agreement with experimental results. The results indicate that the internal intakes provide 50% of the total drag. The skin friction drag in the combustion chambers and the nozzles account for 30% of the total drag. In order to investigate the influence on the overall performance of the vehicle obtained by improving the nozzle performance, optimization and parametric studies of quasi-axisymmetric scramjet nozzle designs were conducted. The vehicle which was optimized in this study is of a similar configuration to the model used in Paull et al. (1995). The vehicles are optimized for minimum fuel-off net axial drag for a design flight Mach number of 8 using the force prediction methodology and the Nelder and Mead (1965) optimization algorithm. The optimization studies focused on the combustion chamber and the nozzle. Therefore, the shape of the conical forebody and the intake were not changed. The external flow over the cowl was taken into account during the optimization studies. The results showed that a long nozzle with a large external cowl deflection angle, which allowed the nozzle area ratio to be increased, did not give better performance than a short nozzle with a smaller area ratio. This was due to the competing effects of increased external drag on the cowl and increased nozzle thrust as the nozzle area ratio increased. The optimum shape gave limited improvement compared with that of Paull et al. (1995). While fuelled performance of the vehicle was not the focus of the present investigation, a preliminary theoretical study of fuelled operation was performed. A parametric study to vary the nozzle length and external cowl deflection angle was performed for different flight Mach numbers. The results indicate a larger nozzle and higher external cowl deflection angle are appropriate for fuelled cases compared with unfuelled cases. The net axial force on a model with a geometry close to the optimum design (model 2) was measured in the T4 shock tunnel in order to check that the optimization procedure was valid. Model 2 showed generally better performance than other models experimentally. For the Mach 6 nozzle tests, although model 2 has some performance losses due to the spillage of flow around the intakes, model 2 shows approximately a 20% lower drag coefficient than model 1 and shows slightly better performance than model 0. For all test conditions, a break-down of the components of the drag coefficient indicates that the nozzle of model 2 produces approximately three times more thrust than the nozzle of model 0 and approximately twice more than that of model 1. For the Mach 8 nozzle tests, model 2 has approximately a 20% lower drag coefficient than model 1. However, for the Mach 10 nozzle tests, no significant differences between the models were observed in the measurements. Finally, the measurements and optimization study indicate that when model 2 is fuelled, it could be expected to be capable of cruise up to Mach 8 because of its very effective nozzle.

Orientador: Paulo Augusto Valente Ferreira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T07:28:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_IedaMariaAntunesdos_M.pdf: 574923 bytes, checksum: c12026b92ae45a86f10301a71da54f45 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Esta dissertação aborda o problema de, dado um conjunto de razões de funções afins, maximizar o valor da menor das razões sobre uma região viável politópica. Para problemas nesta formulação, que generaliza a Otimização Linear-Fracionária e estende as suas aplicações em Matemática, Engenharia e Economia, existem de algoritmos de Otimização Global eficientes. Nesta dissertação estes algoritmos são revistos e aplicados a um problema específico de Alocação de Potência em Sistemas de Comunicação. Testes computacionais demonstram que os algoritmos propostos são mais eficientes do que os disponíveis atualmente na literatura para a aplicação considerada / Abstract: This dissertation considers the problem of, given a set of ratios of affine functions, maximizing the smallest ratio over a polytopic feasible region. For problems in this formulation, which generalizes the Linear-Fractional Optimization problem and extends its applications in Mathematics, Engineering and Economy, there exist efficient Global Optimization algorithms. In this dissertation these algorithms are reviewed and applied to a specific Power Allocation problem in Communication Systems. Computational tests show that the proposed algorithms are more efficient than the currently available in the literatura for the application considered / Mestrado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

A modelagem de processos em física e engenharia frequentemente resulta em problemas inversos. Em geral, esses problemas apresentam difícil resolução, pois são classificados como mal-postos. Resolvê-los, tratando-os como problemas de otimização, requer a minimização de uma função objetivo, que mede a discrepância entre os dados experimentais e os obtidos pelo modelo teórico, somada a uma função de regularização. Na maioria dos problemas práticos, essa função objetivo é não-convexa e requer o uso de métodos de otimização estocásticos. Dentre eles, tem-se o algoritmo de recozimento simulado (Simulated Annealing), que é baseado em três pilares: i) distribuição de visitação no espaço de soluções; ii) critério de aceitação; e iii) controle da estocasticidade do processo. Aqui, propomos uma nova generalização do algoritmo de recozimento simulado e da função de regularização. No algoritmo de otimização, generalizamos o cronograma de resfriamento, que usualmente são considerados algébricos ou logarítmicos, e o critério de Metropolis. Com relação à função de regularização, unificamos as versões mais utilizadas, em uma única fórmula. O parâmetro de controle dessa generalização permite transitar continuamente entre as regularizações de Tikhonov e entrópica. Por meio de experimentos numéricos, aplicamos nosso algoritmo na resolução de dois importantes problemas inversos na área de Física Médica: a determinação do espectro de um feixe de raios X, a partir de sua curva de atenuação, e a reconstrução da imagem na tomografia de impedância elétrica. Os resultados mostram que o algoritmo de otimização proposto é eficiente e apresenta um regime ótimo de parâmetros, relacionados à divergência do segundo momento da distribuição de visitação. / Modeling of processes in Physics and Engineering frequently yields inverse problems. These problems are normally difficult to be solved since they are classified as ill-posed. Solving them as optimization problems require the minimization of an objective function which measures the difference between experimental and theoretical data, added to a regularization function. For most of practical inverse problems, this objective function is non-convex and needs a stochastic optimization method. Among them, we have Simulated Annealing algorithm, which is based on three fundamentals: i) visitation distribution in the search space; ii) acceptance criterium; and iii) control of process stochasticity. Here, we propose a new generalization of simulated annealing algorithm and of the regularization function. On the optimization algorithm, we have generalized both the cooling schedule, which usually is algebric or logarithmic, and the Metropolis acceptance criterium. Regarding to regularization function, we have unified the most used versions in an unique equation. The generalization control parameter allows exchange continuously between the Tikhonov and entropic regularization. Through numerical experiments, we applied our algorithm to solve two important inverse problems in Medical Physics: determination of a beam X-rays spectrum from its attenuation curve and the image reconstruction of electrical impedance tomography. Results show that the proposed algorithm is efficient and presents an optimal arrangement of parameters, associated to the divergence of the visitation distribution.

Este trabalho propõe uma configuração de câmaras excitadas por linhas de transmissão, considerada como potencial solução para as restrições das câmaras reverberantes atuais. Dentre estas restrições menciona-se, por exemplo, as relativas à operação das câmaras em baixas frequências, cujas dimensões poderão representar uma restrição física à sua implementação em ambientes de teste. Outras características físicas podem ser consideradas também restritivas, ao se considerar o volume útil de trabalho e o modo de excitação das câmaras canônicas. Visando satisfazer os índices de mérito aplicáveis, as diversas configurações propostas são avaliadas, onde, além dos arranjos das linhas de transmissão, também são considerados os detalhes relativos às variações da excitação e da carga via controle eletrônico. A metodologia de análise de desempenho da câmara proposta utiliza, basicamente, métodos analíticos, numéricos e avaliações experimentais. A aplicação de algoritmos e métodos de otimização recomendados pela literatura atual e alguns procedimentos desenvolvidos e adaptados pelos autores, foram utilizados na busca de configurações que melhor satisfaçam os índices de mérito adotados. Diversos resultados, obtidos através de simulações numéricas e de avaliações experimentais realizadas em um protótipo são apresentados e comparados, visando uma análise das potencialidades e da aplicabilidade deste tipo de câmara às necessidades dos ensaios de compatibilidade eletromagnética de equipamentos e sistemas elétricos e eletrônicos. / This Thesis presents the proposition of a Transmission Line Excited Chamber configuration. This configuration is considered to be a potential solution for the constraints of reverberation chambers of nowadays. Among this constraints, e.g. the ones related to chamber operation at some MHz, is a physical restriction to implement in tests environments. Moreover the work volume and the canonical chamber excitation ways are also considered restrictions. In order to satisfy the chamber evaluation indexes of merit applicability, several transmission line sets are evaluated, including the details concerned to electronic exciting variation and load variation. The chamber performance analysis methodology is proposed in this work is based on analytical and numerical methods, and also experimental evaluations. Not only optimization algorithms and methods recommended by literature were used in order to reach the adopted indexes of merit but also procedures developed and adapted by the authors. To analyze the chamber capacity to reach all the electromagnetic compatibility test requirements applied to equipments and electric and electronic systems, several tests, were performed over one Transmission Line Excited Chamber prototype. The results obtained by numerical simulations and experimental evaluations are presented and compared.

Este trabalho propõe uma configuração de câmaras excitadas por linhas de transmissão, considerada como potencial solução para as restrições das câmaras reverberantes atuais. Dentre estas restrições menciona-se, por exemplo, as relativas à operação das câmaras em baixas frequências, cujas dimensões poderão representar uma restrição física à sua implementação em ambientes de teste. Outras características físicas podem ser consideradas também restritivas, ao se considerar o volume útil de trabalho e o modo de excitação das câmaras canônicas. Visando satisfazer os índices de mérito aplicáveis, as diversas configurações propostas são avaliadas, onde, além dos arranjos das linhas de transmissão, também são considerados os detalhes relativos às variações da excitação e da carga via controle eletrônico. A metodologia de análise de desempenho da câmara proposta utiliza, basicamente, métodos analíticos, numéricos e avaliações experimentais. A aplicação de algoritmos e métodos de otimização recomendados pela literatura atual e alguns procedimentos desenvolvidos e adaptados pelos autores, foram utilizados na busca de configurações que melhor satisfaçam os índices de mérito adotados. Diversos resultados, obtidos através de simulações numéricas e de avaliações experimentais realizadas em um protótipo são apresentados e comparados, visando uma análise das potencialidades e da aplicabilidade deste tipo de câmara às necessidades dos ensaios de compatibilidade eletromagnética de equipamentos e sistemas elétricos e eletrônicos. / This Thesis presents the proposition of a Transmission Line Excited Chamber configuration. This configuration is considered to be a potential solution for the constraints of reverberation chambers of nowadays. Among this constraints, e.g. the ones related to chamber operation at some MHz, is a physical restriction to implement in tests environments. Moreover the work volume and the canonical chamber excitation ways are also considered restrictions. In order to satisfy the chamber evaluation indexes of merit applicability, several transmission line sets are evaluated, including the details concerned to electronic exciting variation and load variation. The chamber performance analysis methodology is proposed in this work is based on analytical and numerical methods, and also experimental evaluations. Not only optimization algorithms and methods recommended by literature were used in order to reach the adopted indexes of merit but also procedures developed and adapted by the authors. To analyze the chamber capacity to reach all the electromagnetic compatibility test requirements applied to equipments and electric and electronic systems, several tests, were performed over one Transmission Line Excited Chamber prototype. The results obtained by numerical simulations and experimental evaluations are presented and compared.

Este trabalho aborda a modelagem matemática do processo de extração de óleos essenciais por arraste a vapor e a otimização deste processo em escala industrial. Utilizouse dados experimentais de óleos essenciais de alecrim e citronela obtidos em uma unidade industrial de extração por arraste a vapor. O modelo é constituído de um sistema de equações diferenciais parciais, que representam o balanço de massa unidimensional nas fases vapor e sólido. Para resolver o modelo desenvolvido, utilizouse o método das linhas com o uso da técnica de diferenças finitas para discretizar a coordenada espacial e suas derivadas, resultando em um sistema de equações diferenciais ordinárias implementado no simulador EMSO. Os parâmetros do modelo foram estimados pelo método dos poliedros flexíveis, utilizando dois conjuntos de dados experimentais e um terceiro para sua validação. O modelo ajustou-se bem aos dados experimentais industriais, resultando, para duas condições ambientais e geográficas das plantas aromáticas de alecrim, em coeficiente global de transferência de massa de 8,64 x 10 -4 s -1 e 9,10 x 10 -4 s -1, e a constante de equilíbrio de 2,72 x 10 -4 m3=kg e 1,07 x 10 -2m3/kg. Enquanto que para a citronela obteve-se coeficiente global de transferência de massa de 8,29 x 10 -4s -1 e 1,23 x 10 -3 s -1, e constante de equilíbrio de 1,25 x 10 -2 m3/kg e 1,52 x 10 -3 m3/kg. Foi proposto também um problema de otimização para determinar o tempo ótimo de extração e o número de bateladas por dia. Os resultados da otimização do processo indicam que se pode reduzir o tempo de extração, permitindo que outras extrações sejam realizadas por dia, maximizando o volume de óleo extraído ao fim do dia. / This work has as objective the development of a mathematical model of essential oils extraction by steam distillation and the optimization of this process on an industrial scale. We used experimental data obtained from rosemary and citronella in an industrial steam distillation unit. The model consists a system of partial differential equations, which represent the one-dimensional mass balance in steam and solid phases. To solve the developed model, we used the method of lines with the finite differences technique to discretize the spatial coordinate and its derivatives, resulting in a system of ordinary differential equations implemented in the EMSO simulator. The model parameters were estimated by the method of flexible polyhedra, using two experimental runs and a third experimental run to test the model. The model fitted to the experimental data industry, resulting, for two environmental and geographical conditions of rosemary, in mass transfer coefficients of 8,64 x 10 -4 s -1 and 9,10 x 10 -4 s -1, and the equilibrium constant of 2,72 x 10 -4 m3/kg and 1,07 x 10 -2m3/kg. For citronella, the obtained mass transfer coefficient of 8,29 x 10 -4 s -1 and 1,23 x 10 -3 s -1 and equilibrium constant of 1,25 x 10 -2 m3/kg and 1,52 x 10 -3 m3/kg. It was also proposed an optimization problem to determine the optimum extraction time and number of batches per day. The optimization results indicate that the process can reduce the extraction time, allowing other extractions are performed each day, maximizing the essential oil volume extracted in the day.

How should a company best allocate its spending between acquisition and retention? Under what condition should a company devote resources and money to analytics? The above questions are just examples of more general issues concerning many companies when managing their customer acquisition and retention programs. To answer the above questions, I will conduct a study on the allocation of financial resources between incentives that target different types of customers, and the allocation of resources between incentives and analytics spending. This research first distinguishes between customers and acquisition, between incentive and price discount, and between acquisition and retention. It then proposes a new concept, “free rider”, in a customer acquisition and retention context. Building on the free-rider concept, two mathematical models are formulated to examine the optimal allocation between acquisition incentive, retention incentive, and analytics spending. Closed-form solutions are reached for both models and the results are interpreted in the context of marketing practice. The conditions leading to different patterns of optimal solutions of analytics spending, acquisition incentives, and retention incentives are discussed. Specifically, the detailed conditions under which the optimal acquisition incentives is zero or non-zero, the optimal retention incentives is zero or non-zero, and the optimal analytics spending is zero or non-zero, are provided. Factors determining the ceiling for acceptable level of cost of analytics are also examined.

Este trabalho aborda a modelagem matemática do processo de extração de óleos essenciais por arraste a vapor e a otimização deste processo em escala industrial. Utilizouse dados experimentais de óleos essenciais de alecrim e citronela obtidos em uma unidade industrial de extração por arraste a vapor. O modelo é constituído de um sistema de equações diferenciais parciais, que representam o balanço de massa unidimensional nas fases vapor e sólido. Para resolver o modelo desenvolvido, utilizouse o método das linhas com o uso da técnica de diferenças finitas para discretizar a coordenada espacial e suas derivadas, resultando em um sistema de equações diferenciais ordinárias implementado no simulador EMSO. Os parâmetros do modelo foram estimados pelo método dos poliedros flexíveis, utilizando dois conjuntos de dados experimentais e um terceiro para sua validação. O modelo ajustou-se bem aos dados experimentais industriais, resultando, para duas condições ambientais e geográficas das plantas aromáticas de alecrim, em coeficiente global de transferência de massa de 8,64 x 10 -4 s -1 e 9,10 x 10 -4 s -1, e a constante de equilíbrio de 2,72 x 10 -4 m3=kg e 1,07 x 10 -2m3/kg. Enquanto que para a citronela obteve-se coeficiente global de transferência de massa de 8,29 x 10 -4s -1 e 1,23 x 10 -3 s -1, e constante de equilíbrio de 1,25 x 10 -2 m3/kg e 1,52 x 10 -3 m3/kg. Foi proposto também um problema de otimização para determinar o tempo ótimo de extração e o número de bateladas por dia. Os resultados da otimização do processo indicam que se pode reduzir o tempo de extração, permitindo que outras extrações sejam realizadas por dia, maximizando o volume de óleo extraído ao fim do dia. / This work has as objective the development of a mathematical model of essential oils extraction by steam distillation and the optimization of this process on an industrial scale. We used experimental data obtained from rosemary and citronella in an industrial steam distillation unit. The model consists a system of partial differential equations, which represent the one-dimensional mass balance in steam and solid phases. To solve the developed model, we used the method of lines with the finite differences technique to discretize the spatial coordinate and its derivatives, resulting in a system of ordinary differential equations implemented in the EMSO simulator. The model parameters were estimated by the method of flexible polyhedra, using two experimental runs and a third experimental run to test the model. The model fitted to the experimental data industry, resulting, for two environmental and geographical conditions of rosemary, in mass transfer coefficients of 8,64 x 10 -4 s -1 and 9,10 x 10 -4 s -1, and the equilibrium constant of 2,72 x 10 -4 m3/kg and 1,07 x 10 -2m3/kg. For citronella, the obtained mass transfer coefficient of 8,29 x 10 -4 s -1 and 1,23 x 10 -3 s -1 and equilibrium constant of 1,25 x 10 -2 m3/kg and 1,52 x 10 -3 m3/kg. It was also proposed an optimization problem to determine the optimum extraction time and number of batches per day. The optimization results indicate that the process can reduce the extraction time, allowing other extractions are performed each day, maximizing the essential oil volume extracted in the day.

Este trabalho aborda a modelagem matemática do processo de extração de óleos essenciais por arraste a vapor e a otimização deste processo em escala industrial. Utilizouse dados experimentais de óleos essenciais de alecrim e citronela obtidos em uma unidade industrial de extração por arraste a vapor. O modelo é constituído de um sistema de equações diferenciais parciais, que representam o balanço de massa unidimensional nas fases vapor e sólido. Para resolver o modelo desenvolvido, utilizouse o método das linhas com o uso da técnica de diferenças finitas para discretizar a coordenada espacial e suas derivadas, resultando em um sistema de equações diferenciais ordinárias implementado no simulador EMSO. Os parâmetros do modelo foram estimados pelo método dos poliedros flexíveis, utilizando dois conjuntos de dados experimentais e um terceiro para sua validação. O modelo ajustou-se bem aos dados experimentais industriais, resultando, para duas condições ambientais e geográficas das plantas aromáticas de alecrim, em coeficiente global de transferência de massa de 8,64 x 10 -4 s -1 e 9,10 x 10 -4 s -1, e a constante de equilíbrio de 2,72 x 10 -4 m3=kg e 1,07 x 10 -2m3/kg. Enquanto que para a citronela obteve-se coeficiente global de transferência de massa de 8,29 x 10 -4s -1 e 1,23 x 10 -3 s -1, e constante de equilíbrio de 1,25 x 10 -2 m3/kg e 1,52 x 10 -3 m3/kg. Foi proposto também um problema de otimização para determinar o tempo ótimo de extração e o número de bateladas por dia. Os resultados da otimização do processo indicam que se pode reduzir o tempo de extração, permitindo que outras extrações sejam realizadas por dia, maximizando o volume de óleo extraído ao fim do dia. / This work has as objective the development of a mathematical model of essential oils extraction by steam distillation and the optimization of this process on an industrial scale. We used experimental data obtained from rosemary and citronella in an industrial steam distillation unit. The model consists a system of partial differential equations, which represent the one-dimensional mass balance in steam and solid phases. To solve the developed model, we used the method of lines with the finite differences technique to discretize the spatial coordinate and its derivatives, resulting in a system of ordinary differential equations implemented in the EMSO simulator. The model parameters were estimated by the method of flexible polyhedra, using two experimental runs and a third experimental run to test the model. The model fitted to the experimental data industry, resulting, for two environmental and geographical conditions of rosemary, in mass transfer coefficients of 8,64 x 10 -4 s -1 and 9,10 x 10 -4 s -1, and the equilibrium constant of 2,72 x 10 -4 m3/kg and 1,07 x 10 -2m3/kg. For citronella, the obtained mass transfer coefficient of 8,29 x 10 -4 s -1 and 1,23 x 10 -3 s -1 and equilibrium constant of 1,25 x 10 -2 m3/kg and 1,52 x 10 -3 m3/kg. It was also proposed an optimization problem to determine the optimum extraction time and number of batches per day. The optimization results indicate that the process can reduce the extraction time, allowing other extractions are performed each day, maximizing the essential oil volume extracted in the day.