A ativação do receptor beta 2 adrenérgico (β2-AR), pelos mediadores químicos do estresse, pode induzir efeitos estimuladores ou inibidores na migração e invasão celular, dependendo do tipo de tumor maligno. A importância deste receptor na evolução do câncer de boca não está totalmente esclarecida. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a expressão do β2-AR em linhagens de carcinomas espinocelular de boca (SCC-9 e SCC-25), e investigar o papel da ativação deste receptor pela norepinefrina e de seu bloqueio por um antagonista na migração e invasão destas células neoplásicas. As células SCC-9 e SCC-25 foram investigadas quanto à expressão gênica e proteica do β2-AR, respectivamente, pelo RT-qPCR e pelo Western blot. A migração e a invasão celular foram analisadas pelo ensaio de cicatrização de feridas e pelo sistema de câmeras de invasão Transwell, respectivamente. Diferentes concentrações (0,1; 1 e 10μM) de norepinefrina foram utilizadas para estimular e 1μM de propranolol foi empregado para bloquear os receptores beta adrenérgicos nas células neoplásicas. As diferenças das médias obtidas nos experimentos de invasão e migração de SCC-9 e SCC-25 e da expressão proteica do β2-AR, foram comparadas pelo teste t de Student com nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados mostraram que a expressão gênica e proteica do β2-AR foi verificada em ambas as linhagens de câncer de boca. A concentração de 10μM de norepinefrina inibiu, significativamente (p≤0,05), a migração e invasão celular de SCC-9 e SCC-25, sendo este efeito mais acentuado nas células SCC-25. Além disso, houve uma redução significativa (p≤0,05) do efeito da norepinefrina na migração celular quando os β2-AR foram inibidos pelo propranolol. Adicionalmente, o bloqueio dos β-ARs pelo propranolol reverteu parcialmente o efeito da norepinefrina na capacidade invasiva de SCC-9 e SCC-25. Estes resultados comprovam que a norepinefrina, via ativação do β2-AR, reduziu a migração e a invasão das células do carcinoma espinocelular de boca e, portanto, o uso de agonistas dos receptores beta-adrenérgicos poderia se tornar um alvo terapêutico adjuvante no tratamento desta neoplasia maligna. / The activation of beta 2 adrenergic receptor (β2-AR), by chemical mediators of stress, can induce stimulatory or inhibitory effects on cell migration and invasion, depending on the type of malignancy. The importance of this receptor in the oral cancer outcome is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to verify β2- AR expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (SCC-9 and SCC-25), and to investigate the role of activation of this receptor by norepinephrine and its blockade by an antagonist in migration and invasion of these neoplastic cells. SCC-9 and SCC-25 cells were investigated for gene and protein expression of β2-AR, respectively, by RT-qPCR and Western blot. The cell migration and invasion were analyzed by wound healing assay and Transwell invasion camera system, respectively. Different concentrations (0.1, 1 and 10μM) of norepinephrine were used to stimulate and 1μM propranolol was used to block the beta adrenergic receptors on cancer cells. Differences in mean values of the invasion and migration assays of SCC-9 and SCC-25 and β2-AR protein expression were compared by the Student t test with 5% significance level. The results showed that β2-AR gene and protein expression was verified in both oral cancer cell lines. The concentration of 10μM of norepinephrine inhibited significantly (p≤0.05), cell migration and invasion of SCC-9 and SCC-25, being the most pronounced effect in SCC-25 cells. Furthermore, there was a significant reduction (p≤0.05) of norepinephrine effect on cell migration when the β2-AR was inhibited by propranolol. In addition, blockade of β-ARs by propranolol partially reversed the effect of norepinephrine on the invasiveness of SCC-9 and SCC-25. These results show that norepinephrine via β2-AR activation, reduced the migration and invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells and, therefore, the use of beta-adrenergic receptors agonists could become an adjuvant therapeutic target in the treatment of this malignancy.

A podoplanina humana consiste em uma proteína associada ao processo de invasão das células epiteliais neoplásicas, sendo sua alta expressão correlacionada com um pior prognóstico para os pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço. A porção citoplasmática da podoplanina pode se ligar a ezrin, uma proteína que vem sendo associada com a ocorrência de metástases e menor sobrevida para os pacientes com neoplasias malignas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar em 48 carcinomas espinocelulares de lábio inferior a expressão imuno-histoquímica da podoplanina e da ezrin, nas células do front de invasão tumoral, e verificar a correlação entre a expressão das duas proteínas nas células epiteliais neoplásicas. A expressão membranosa e citoplasmática da podoplanina e da ezrin foi avaliada nas células neoplásicas periféricas e centrais das ilhotas tumorais, por meio de um método semi-quantitativo de escores. A associação entre a expressão membranosa e citoplasmática da podoplanina e da ezrin nos tumores foi feita pelo teste de qui-quadrado, com nível de significância de 5% e a correlação entre a expressão das duas proteínas foi realizada pelo teste de correlação de Spearman. Os resultados demonstraram uma forte expressão membranosa e citoplasmática da podoplanina nas células periféricas do front de invasão tumoral com ausência desta expressão na região central das ilhotas tumorais. A imunomarcação da ezrin foi homogênea nos tumores e predominantemente citoplasmática. Uma diferença estatisticamente significativa foi encontrada entre a expressão da podoplanina nas células neoplásicas periféricas e centrais (p<0,001), como também entre a expressão da ezrin membranosa e citoplasmática (p<0,001) nos carcinomas espinocelulares de lábio. Houve uma correlação positiva, porém sem significância estatística, entre a expressão da podoplanina membranosa e da ezrin membranosa ou citoplasmática nas células neoplásicas periféricas. Estes resultados comprovam que a podoplanina e ezrin são fortemente expressas pelas células neoplásicas do front de invasão tumoral e sugerem que ambas proteínas podem estar participando do processo de invasão dos carcinomas espinocelulares de lábio. / The human podoplanin consists in a protein associated to the invasion process of the epithelial malignant cells, being your high expression correlated with poor prognosis in patients with head and neck cancer. The cytoplasmic tail of the podoplanin can bind to ezrin, a protein that have been associated with metastasis and lower survival rate in patients with malignant neoplasms. The aim of this study was evaluate in 48 squamous cell carcinomas of the lower lip, the immunohistochemical expression of podoplanin and ezrin, in the invasive front, and verify correlation between the expression of both proteins by epithelial neoplastic cells. The membranous and cytoplasmic expression of podoplanin and ezrin was evaluated in peripheral and central areas of the tumor islets, using a semi-quantitative score method. The association between the membranous and cytoplasmic expression of podoplanin and ezrin in the tumors was performed by chi-square test, using a significance level of 5% and the correlation between the expression of both proteins was performed by Spearman correlation test. The results showed a high membranous and cytoplasmic podoplanin expression in the peripheral cells of the invasive front, with no expression of this protein in the central cells. The ezrin immunostaining was homogeneous and observed mainly in the cytoplasm of malignant cells. A statistically significant difference was found between the expression of podoplanin in peripheral and central tumor cells (p<0,001), as well between the membranous and cytoplasmic expression of ezrin (p<0.001) in squamous cell carcinoma of the lip. There was a positive correlation, but without statistical significance, between the expression of membranous podoplanin and membranous or cytoplasmic ezrin in the peripheral tumor cells. These results prove that podoplanin and ezrin are strongly expressed by malignant cells of the invasive front tumor and suggest that both proteins may be participating in the invasive process of the squamous cell carcinoma of the lip.

A proteína moesina, uma das proteínas do complexo ERM (ezrina, radixina e moesina), participa do processo de migração de células tumorais controlando a ligação entre o citoesqueleto de actina e os receptores transmembrana. As proteínas ERM vêm sendo investigadas como ligantes de outras glicoproteínas, como a podoplanina, cuja expressão é encontrada em células malignas de diversas neoplasias, incluindo o carcinoma espinocelular (CEC) de boca. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar as expressões imuno-histoquímicas da moesina e da podoplanina pelas células malignas no front de invasão de 84 pacientes com CEC de boca e suas associações com a evolução clínica e com o prognóstico dos pacientes. A associação entre a expressão imuno-histoquímica da moesina e da podoplanina pelas células malignas e as variáveis demográficas, clínicas e microscópicas foi avaliada pelo teste qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher. As análises de sobrevida global e livre de doença em 5 e 10 anos foram calculadas pelo estimulador produto-limite de Kaplan-Meier e a comparação das curvas de sobrevida realizada pelo teste de log-rank. Os resultados mostraram que houve expressão da moesina pelas células malignas na região do front de invasão tumoral, entretanto, nenhuma associação estatisticamente significativa foi encontrada entre esta proteína e as características clínicas, demográficas e microscópicas. A expressão da podoplanina, pelas células malignas, foi significativamente associada à radioterapia (p=0,004), à invasão muscular (p=0,006) e ao comprometimento linfonodal (p=0,013). Não houve associação significativa entre a expressão das duas proteínas nos CECs de boca (p=0,460). A forte expressão da moesina pelas células malignas constituiu um fator de prognóstico desfavorável para os pacientes com CEC de boca e estadiamento clínico II e III. O comprometimento linfonodal histopatológico também se mostrou fator de prognóstico significativo para a recidiva da doença (p=0,018). Estes resultados sugerem que a expressão de moesina, pelas células malignas juntamente com o comprometimento linfonodal pode contribuir para determinar os pacientes com CEC de boca que apresentam um pior prognóstico. Além disso, verificamos que as proteínas moesina e podoplanina se expressam pelas células neoplásicas nos CEC de boca mas não parecem estar associadas no processo de invasão tumoral. / The moesin protein, one of the proteins of the ERM complex (ezrin, radixin and moesin) takes part in the migration of tumor cells process by controlling the relation between actin cytoskeleton and transmembrane receptors. The ERM proteins have been investigated as ligants of other glycoproteins, such as podoplanin, which are found in malignant cells of malignant, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical expressions of moesin and podoplanin by malignant cells in the invasive front of 84 patients with oral squamous carcinoma and its association with clinical outcome and patients\' prognosis. Chi- square or Fisher\'s exact test was used to analyze the association between the moesin and podoplanin expressions by malignant cells and demographic, clinical and microscopic variables in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. The 5 and 10 years survival rates were calculated by Kaplan-Meier method and the comparison of survival curves were performed using log-rank test. The results showed that there was moesin expression by malignant cells in the invasive front, however, no statistically significant association was found between this protein and demographic, clinical and microscopic features. The expression of podoplanin by malignant cells was significantly associated with radiotherapy (p=0.004), with muscular invasion (p=0.006) and lymph node involvement (p=0.013). There was no significant association between the expression of two proteins in OSCC (p=0.460). The strong expression of moesin by malignant cells was a factor of unfavorable prognosis for patients with OSCC and clinical stage II and III. The histopathological lymph node involvement was also significant prognostic factor for disease recurrence (p=0.018). These results suggest that the expression of moesin by malignant cells and lymph node involvement may help to determine patients with squamous cell carcinoma who have a poor prognosis. Furthermore, we found that moesin and podoplanin proteins are expressed by neoplastic cells in oral squamous cell carcinoma but not appear to be associated in the process of tumor invasion.

Os hormônios produzidos durante o estresse e seus receptores específicos têm sido amplamente envolvidos com a progressão do câncer. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a expressão dos receptores &#x3B2;2 adrenérgicos pelas células malignas de carcinomas espinocelulares de boca (CEC) e sua correlação com as a características clínicas, evolução e o prognóstico dos pacientes. Um total de 106 pacientes portadores de CEC de boca em estádios clínicos II, III e IV, tratados no Departamento de Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço e Otorrinolaringologia do Hospital de Câncer A.C. Camargo, São Paulo, Brasil, no período de 1970 a 2000, foram analisados quanto aos dados demográficos, história clínica, localização e extensão do tumor, classificação pelo sistema TNM-UICC, tratamento e evolução tumoral. Analisaram-se também as características histopatológicas, índice de malignidade tumoral e a expressão imuno-histoquímica do receptor &#x3B2;2 adrenérgico pelas células malignas no front de invasão tumoral. A associação da expressão do receptor &#x3B2;2 adrenérgico e as variáveis clínicas ou microscópicas foi calculada pelo teste do qui quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher. As probabilidades de sobrevida global e específica por câncer em 5 e 10 anos foram calculadas pelo estimador produto-limite de Kaplan-Meier, comparadas pelo test de long-rank e pelo modelo de regressão múltiplo de Cox. A expressão do receptor &#x3B2;2 adrenérgico foi detectada na membrana e no citoplasma das células malignas da maioria dos CECs de boca (72,6%) e, significativamente associada ao etilismo (p=0,021), tabagismo e etilismo simultâneo (p=0,014) e estadiamento T (p=0,07). Os pacientes cujos tumores demonstraram expressão positiva do receptor &#x3B2;2 adrenérgico apresentaram maiores taxas de sobrevida global (p=0,001) e específica por câncer (p=0,004), quando comparadas aquelas dos pacientes com tumores com ausência da expressão desta proteína. Esses resultados sugerem que a expressão do receptor &#x3B2;2 adrenérgico nas células malignas da região do front de invasão tumoral constitui um fator prognóstico favorável em pacientes com carcinoma espinocelular de boca e pode ser utilizada como alvo de novas estratégias farmacológicas antineoplásicas. / The stress related hormones and their specific receptors have been widely involved with cancer progression. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of &#x3B2;2 adrenergic receptor by malignant cells in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and its correlation with clinical characteristics, outcome and patients prognosis. A total of 106 patients with OSCC in clinical stages II, III and IV submitted to surgical treatment at the Head and Neck Surgery and Otorhinolaryngology Department, of the Cancer Hospital A.C. Camargo, São Paulo, Brazil, from 1970 to 2000, were analyzed for demographics data, clinical history, location, tumor extension, stage by the TNM-UICC, treatment and tumor outcome. In addition, we investigated the morphologic features, the histopathological malignant index and the immunohistochemical expression of &#x3B2;2 adrenergic receptor by malignant cells of the invasive front of tumor. Chi-square test or Fishers exact test was used to analyze the association among &#x3B2;2 adrenergic receptor expression and the clinical or morphologic variables. The probability of overall and cancer specific survival in 5 and 10 years were calculated by Kaplan-Meier method and the prognostic value of the clinical and morphologic variables was obtained by Cox regression model. Most of OSCCs (72,6%) showed the &#x3B2;2 adrenergic receptor expression in cytoplasm and cell membrane of malignant cells. In OSCC, positive &#x3B2;2 adrenergic receptor expression was significantly associated with alcoholism (p=0.021), simultaneous consumption of alcohol and tobacco (p=0.014) and T stage (p=0.07). OSCC patients with positive expression of &#x3B2;2 adrenergic receptor showed higher rates of overall survival (p=0.001) and cancer specific (p=0.004) than those patients with tumors without expression of this protein. These results suggest that the &#x3B2;2 adrenergic receptor expression by malignant cells in the invasive front of tumor is a favorable prognostic factor in patients with OSCC and can be used as a target for new anti-neoplastic pharmacological strategies.

Autofagia é o processo catabólico que ocorre nos lisossomos, e tem por finalidade degradar os componentes celulares e proteínas que já não são mais funcionantes e, assim manter seu equilíbrio homeostático para sobreviverem adequadamente em condições estressantes. Diante das funções biológicas da autofagia identificadas até hoje, a relação entre autofagia celular e neoplasias está provavelmente entre as mais estudadas, devido ao papel duplo que a autofagia exerce sobre o desenvolvimento do câncer, podendo atuar como um mecanismo supressor de tumor ou, podendo ser um mecanismo fundamental para a sobrevivência de células neoplásicas. No entanto, em lesões potencialmente malignas não se sabe sobre o comportamento do processo autofágico. Dessa forma, nosso estudo se propôs a estudar o comportamento da autofagia em neoplasias e em lesões potencialmente malignas bucais e correlacionar com os parâmetros clínicos e a evolução dessas lesões. Para tal finalidade foi utilizado a técnica de imunoistoquímica para avaliar em amostras de mucosa normal, leucoplasias e carcinomas espinocelulares bucais, o percentual de células positivas para o marcador LC3-II. Foram avaliadas 7 amostras de mucosa bucal normal, 51 leucoplasias e 120 carcinomas espinocelulares. Para a análise de carcinomas espinocelulares foi construído um microarranjo tecidual com 2 cilindros de cada paciente. Observamos o aumento dos níveis de autofagia no carcinoma espinocelular bucal (p<0,001) em relação aos outro grupos, porém sem associação com a evolução e sobrevida desses pacientes. Entre as leucoplasias, observamos maior percentual de células positivas na camada intermediária de leucoplasias 12 displásicas (p=0,0319) e na camada basal de lesões com pior evoluação (p=0,0133). Concluimos que os níveis de autofagia aumentam durante o processo de carcinogênese bucal e estão correlacionados com o pior comportamento das leucoplasias. / Autophagy is a catabolic process to digest the cell components and proteins that are no functional anymore. Autophagy maintains the homeostasis in order to cells survive in stressful conditions. In view of the biological functions of autophagy identified to date, the relationship between cellular autophagy and neoplasia is probably among the most studied, due to the dual role that autophagy exerts on the development of cancer. Cell autophagy can act as a tumor suppressor mechanism, or as a key mechanism for the survival of neoplastic cells. However, it is not known in potentially malignant lesions how the autophagic process is controlled. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the autophagic process in oral cancer and potentially malignant oral lesions and to correlate with clinical parameters and the evolution of these lesions. For this purpose, the immunohistochemical technique was used to evaluate the percentage of cells positive for the LC3-II marker in the normal mucosa, leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma samples. Seven samples of normal buccal mucosa, 51 leukoplakia and 120 squamous cell carcinomas were evaluated. For the squamous cell carcinomas analysis, a tissue microarray with 2 cylinders of each patient was constructed. We observed increased levels of autophagy in oral squamous cell carcinoma (p <0.001) in relation to the other groups, however no association with the prognosis and survival of these patients was detected. Among the leukoplakias, we observed a higher percentage of positive cells in the intermediate layer of dysplastic leukoplakias (p = 0.0319) and in the basal layer of lesions with worse prognosis (p = 0.0133). We conclude that autophagy levels increase during the process of oral carcinogenesis and are correlated with the worse behavior of leukoplakia

Autofagia é o processo catabólico que ocorre nos lisossomos, e tem por finalidade degradar os componentes celulares e proteínas que já não são mais funcionantes e, assim manter seu equilíbrio homeostático para sobreviverem adequadamente em condições estressantes. Diante das funções biológicas da autofagia identificadas até hoje, a relação entre autofagia celular e neoplasias está provavelmente entre as mais estudadas, devido ao papel duplo que a autofagia exerce sobre o desenvolvimento do câncer, podendo atuar como um mecanismo supressor de tumor ou, podendo ser um mecanismo fundamental para a sobrevivência de células neoplásicas. No entanto, em lesões potencialmente malignas não se sabe sobre o comportamento do processo autofágico. Dessa forma, nosso estudo se propôs a estudar o comportamento da autofagia em neoplasias e em lesões potencialmente malignas bucais e correlacionar com os parâmetros clínicos e a evolução dessas lesões. Para tal finalidade foi utilizado a técnica de imunoistoquímica para avaliar em amostras de mucosa normal, leucoplasias e carcinomas espinocelulares bucais, o percentual de células positivas para o marcador LC3-II. Foram avaliadas 7 amostras de mucosa bucal normal, 51 leucoplasias e 120 carcinomas espinocelulares. Para a análise de carcinomas espinocelulares foi construído um microarranjo tecidual com 2 cilindros de cada paciente. Observamos o aumento dos níveis de autofagia no carcinoma espinocelular bucal (p<0,001) em relação aos outro grupos, porém sem associação com a evolução e sobrevida desses pacientes. Entre as leucoplasias, observamos maior percentual de células positivas na camada intermediária de leucoplasias 12 displásicas (p=0,0319) e na camada basal de lesões com pior evoluação (p=0,0133). Concluimos que os níveis de autofagia aumentam durante o processo de carcinogênese bucal e estão correlacionados com o pior comportamento das leucoplasias. / Autophagy is a catabolic process to digest the cell components and proteins that are no functional anymore. Autophagy maintains the homeostasis in order to cells survive in stressful conditions. In view of the biological functions of autophagy identified to date, the relationship between cellular autophagy and neoplasia is probably among the most studied, due to the dual role that autophagy exerts on the development of cancer. Cell autophagy can act as a tumor suppressor mechanism, or as a key mechanism for the survival of neoplastic cells. However, it is not known in potentially malignant lesions how the autophagic process is controlled. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the autophagic process in oral cancer and potentially malignant oral lesions and to correlate with clinical parameters and the evolution of these lesions. For this purpose, the immunohistochemical technique was used to evaluate the percentage of cells positive for the LC3-II marker in the normal mucosa, leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma samples. Seven samples of normal buccal mucosa, 51 leukoplakia and 120 squamous cell carcinomas were evaluated. For the squamous cell carcinomas analysis, a tissue microarray with 2 cylinders of each patient was constructed. We observed increased levels of autophagy in oral squamous cell carcinoma (p <0.001) in relation to the other groups, however no association with the prognosis and survival of these patients was detected. Among the leukoplakias, we observed a higher percentage of positive cells in the intermediate layer of dysplastic leukoplakias (p = 0.0319) and in the basal layer of lesions with worse prognosis (p = 0.0133). We conclude that autophagy levels increase during the process of oral carcinogenesis and are correlated with the worse behavior of leukoplakia

A Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) definiu a qualidade de vida como a percepção do indivíduo sobre si, no contexto de valores em que vive e em relação a: metas, expectativas, parâmetros e relações sociais. O objetivo do estudo foi realizar a equivalência dos instrumentos de qualidade de vida (University of Washington - Quality of life (UW-QOL), Brief Core Set Questionnaire - Head and Neck - BCSQ H&N), em pacientes com câncer de boca, diagnosticados na Liga de Neoplasia Bucal (LINB) e o Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) para pacientes que buscaram por atendimento de urgência, com a Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde (CIF). Foram entrevistados 50 pacientes atendidos pela Liga de Neoplasias da FOUSP e 100 pacientes do Setor de Urgências da Clínica Odontológica da FOUSP. Os escores de cada instrumento foram pontuados e, em seguida, verificou-se a frequência de ocorrência dos domínios. As categorias mais frequentes nos instrumentos de qualidade de vida UW-QOL, foram: b152 (Ansiedade - Funções Emocionais), b510 (Funções de ingestão - saliva), b250 (Função gustativa). No questionário BCSQ H&N, as categorias mais frequentes foram: b510 (Funções de ingestão), b310 (Funções da voz) e b152 (Funções emocionais). No questionário OHIP-14, as categorias mais pontuadas foram: b280 (Sensação de dor), b152 (Funções emocionais) e b130 (Funções da energia e dos impulsos - Atividade). Foi observada equivalência entre os domínios dos instrumentos de qualidade de vida e a CIF. Assim, a CIF constitui instrumento útil para avaliar a real situação de saúde do paciente, além dos aspectos clínicos. / The World Health Organization (WHO) defined quality of life as the perception of the individual in his life, in the context of values in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, parameters and social relations. The objective of the study was to perform the equivalence of quality of life instruments, University of Washington - Quality of Life (UW-QOL), Brief Core Set Questionnaire - Head and Neck (BCSQ H&N) in patients with diagnosed oral cancer in the League of Oral Neoplasms (LINB); and the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) for patients who sought for emergency care, with the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Fifty patients from the Oral Neoplasms League and 100 patients from the Urgency Clinic at FOUSP were interviewed. Each instrument\'s scores were registered and the occurrence frequency of each domain was verified. The most frequent categories of instruments in quality of life UW-QOL were: b152 (Anxiety - Emotional functions), b510 (Ingestion functions - saliva), b250 (Taste function). At BCSQ H&N the most frequent categories were: b510 (Ingestion functions), b310 (Voice functions) and b152 (Emotional functions). In the OHIP-14 questionnaire, the highest scoring categories were: b280 (Sensation of pain), b152 (Emotional functions) and b130 (Energy and drive functions - Activity). Equivalences was observed among the instruments´ domains and ICF. Thus, ICF is a useful tool to perform real evaluations on the patients´ health, adding information to the clinical aspects.

AUTHORS: Stella Chukwu DDS, Daniel Caplan, DDS, PhD, Michelle R. McQuistan, DDS, MS, Alice M. Horowitz, PhD, Christopher Squier PhD, Fang Qian, PhD TITLE: KNOWLEDGE OF RISK FACTORS FOR ORAL CANCER AMONG ADULT IOWANS OBJECTIVE: To gather baseline data from adult Iowans regarding their knowledge, opinions and practices about oral cancer (OC) prevention and early detection; with a focus on their knowledge of risk factors for OC. METHODS: A statewide, computer assisted random-digit dial telephone survey was conducted to gather information about OC prevention and early detection among Iowans age 18 and older. The survey contained 36 questions and lasted about ten minutes per respondent. Telephone numbers included landline and cell phone sampling lists provided by a private survey research firm. RESULTS: Of the 89 % of respondents that answered "yes" when asked if they had ever heard of OC, 54% had high OC risk factor knowledge; while of the eleven percent of those who said they had never heard of OC, 33% had high knowledge (p=0.003). Those that had an OC exam were more likely to have high OC risk factor knowledge (59%) compared with those that answered "no or don't know" to having had an OC exam (45%; p=0.002). Those that were "very or extremely" confident filling out medical forms were more likely to have high OC risk factor knowledge compared to respondents who were "not at all, slightly or moderately" confident filling out forms (54% vs. 45 %; p=0.097). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest strongly that educational interventions are needed to increase knowledge of OC risk factors, early signs of OC, and the need to promote comprehensive OC examinations by healthcare providers. SOURCE OF FUNDING: Delta Dental of Iowa Foundation

<p>Dental involvement with oral cancer patients during their treatment and rehabilitation can be long and intense. How can dental personnel better understand their role in the treatment of these patients? How does treatment affect the patients and their spouses? In searching for answers, the theories of phenomenography, phenomenology and hermeneutics are used to describe and interpret the experiences of the hospital dental treatment teams, oral cancer patients, and their spouses. </p><p>Study I reveals that hospital dental treatment teams perceive the encounter with head and neck cancer patients in three qualitatively different ways; as an act of caring, as a serious and responsible task, and as an overwhelming emotional situation, indicating that they are not always able to lean on education and professional training in dealing with situations with strong emotional impact. Study II gives insight into the lifeworld of oral cancer patients, and how the patient becomes embodied in a mouth that is increasingly `uncanny´, as it slowly ceases to function normally. Study III shows that oral cancer puts a hold on the lifeworld of the patients’ spouses which can be described as `living in a state of suspension´. These findings suggest that the support needs of patients and spouses appear to be greatest at treatment end, when, upon returning home, they are faced with the accumulated impact of the patients’ sickness and treatment. Study IV gives insight into what it may mean to live with the consequences of oral cancer, revealing a silent physical, emotional and existential struggle to adjust to a changed way of living. </p><p>This thesis raises the question if todays’ organisation of oral cancer care can meet the varying emotional and existential needs of treatment teams, patients and spouses that were brought to light.</p>

Dental involvement with oral cancer patients during their treatment and rehabilitation can be long and intense. How can dental personnel better understand their role in the treatment of these patients? How does treatment affect the patients and their spouses? In searching for answers, the theories of phenomenography, phenomenology and hermeneutics are used to describe and interpret the experiences of the hospital dental treatment teams, oral cancer patients, and their spouses. Study I reveals that hospital dental treatment teams perceive the encounter with head and neck cancer patients in three qualitatively different ways; as an act of caring, as a serious and responsible task, and as an overwhelming emotional situation, indicating that they are not always able to lean on education and professional training in dealing with situations with strong emotional impact. Study II gives insight into the lifeworld of oral cancer patients, and how the patient becomes embodied in a mouth that is increasingly `uncanny´, as it slowly ceases to function normally. Study III shows that oral cancer puts a hold on the lifeworld of the patients’ spouses which can be described as `living in a state of suspension´. These findings suggest that the support needs of patients and spouses appear to be greatest at treatment end, when, upon returning home, they are faced with the accumulated impact of the patients’ sickness and treatment. Study IV gives insight into what it may mean to live with the consequences of oral cancer, revealing a silent physical, emotional and existential struggle to adjust to a changed way of living. This thesis raises the question if todays’ organisation of oral cancer care can meet the varying emotional and existential needs of treatment teams, patients and spouses that were brought to light.