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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Menstruationscykelns och orala preventivmedels påverkan på risken för ACL-skador : en litteraturöversikt / The Effects of the Menstrual Cycle and Oral Contraceptives on the risk of ACL injuries : a literature review

Eriksson, Emma, Berglund, Olivia January 2023 (has links)
Bakgrund: Främre korsbandsrupturer är en av de vanligaste skadorna inom idrott, framför allt hos kvinnor. Tidigare studier har visat att det finns samband mellan sportrelaterade skador, såsom ACL-skada, och de hormonella variationerna under menstruationscykelns olika faser samt att p-piller kan ha en skyddande effekt mot detta.  Syfte: Studiens syfte var att göra en litteraturöversikt för att kartlägga hur risken för ACL- ruptur hos kvinnor påverkas av menstruationscykeln och orala preventivmedel. Material och metod: En litteraturstudie genomfördes för att få en uppdaterad bild över kunskapsläget. Sökningar genomfördes i fem olika databaser och resulterade i 297 träffar, av dessa inkluderades totalt 12 artiklar i översikten. Artiklarna kvalitetsbedömdes med hjälp av fribergs mall och 11 av 12 hade hög kvalitet, och en artikel hade måttlig kvalitet.  Resultat: Flest ACL-skador verkar ske i ovulationfasen och minst i lutealfasen. P-piller förefaller ha en skyddande effekt mot ACL-skada, framför allt i åldersgruppen 15–19 år. Konklusion: Denna översikt visar att det verkar vara störst risk att skada ACL i ovalutionsfasen och minst risk att skada sig i lutealfasen. P-piller förefaller ha en skyddande effekt mot ACL-skada, och framför allt då kvinnor är yngre än 20 år.
2

Hur effektiva är orala preventivmedel innehållande drospirenon i kombination med etinylöstradiol vid behandling av premenstruella symtom?

Lindahl, Charlotte January 2020 (has links)
Background: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) are common in more than 75 % of all women with menstruation. The prevalence of moderate to severe PMS is 20-40 % and the prevalence of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is 3-8 %. PMS occur in the form of physical and psychological symptoms a few weeks before menstruation and then disappears during the first days of menstruation. Common symptoms are anxiety, lack of energy, depressed mood, irritability, breast tension, headache, social withdrawal, bloating, sleep disturbances, affective lability and decreased concentration. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS where both affective and somatic symptoms are required as well as five out of eleven symptoms, of which one symptom must be of a more severe nature linked to the mood. In order to diagnose PMDD, the symptoms in accordance with the criteria in DSM-IV or DSM-V should have been present in most menstrual cycles during the past year. The etiology is unclear but sex hormones appear to play an important role in exacerbating the symptoms. There is a relationship between hormonal changes and premenstrual symptoms. Hormone levels change during the menstrual cycle. In PMS and PMDD the symptoms occur during the late luteal phase and disappear again the first days of menstruation. In the treatment of PMS and PMDD, treatment is used as SSRIs, combined oral contraceptives, diuretics such as spironolactone and GnRH-agonists. According to guidelines from RCOG the first-line treatment of moderate to severe PMS and PMDD is oral contraceptives containing drospirenone/ethinyl estradiol (EE) or SSRIs. Non-pharmacological treatment is recommended for mild symptoms. Combined oral contraceptives prevent ovulation and hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle. Aim: The aim of the literature study was to investigate the effect of an oral contraceptive containing the combination of drospirenone and ethinyl estradiol in the treatment of PMS and PMDD. Method: A literature study was conducted in which six scientific articles retrieved from PubMed were reviewed. Two of the studies were double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled. Two studies were randomized comparative studies who compared drospirenone/EE with other progestins such as levonorgestrel and desogestrel combined with EE. The other two studies were uncontrolled clinical trials. All six studies investigated the effect of drospirenone/EE on premenstrual symptoms. Results: The result showed a decrease in premenstrual symptoms in all six studies included in this literature study. Drospirenone as a progestogen had a greater symptom improvement than levonorgestrel or desogestrel. Drospirenone/EE in the 24/4 regimen effectively reduced symptoms of PMDD. Drospirenone/EE in the 21/7 regimen significantly reduced water retention and negative effects. There was a placebo-response in two of the studies. Conclusion: Oral combined contraceptives containing drospirenone/EE may have good decreasing effect on premenstrual symptoms in women suffering from PMS or PMDD. Both affective and somatic symptoms can be significantly improved. / Bakgrund: Premenstruellt syndrom (PMS) förekommer hos fler än 75 % av alla kvinnor med menstruation. PMS förekommer i form av fysiska och psykologiska symtom ett par veckor före menstruation för att sedan försvinna under menstruationens första dagar. Vanliga symtom är nedstämdhet, ångest, bröstspänningar, svullnad främst över buk, humörsvängningar, irritabilitet, nedsatt koncentration, förändring i aptit, huvudvärk, sömnstörningar och brist på energi. Premenstruellt dysforiskt syndrom (PMDS) är en svårare form av PMS där både affektiva och somatiska symtom krävs samt fem av elva symtom, varav ett måste vara av svårare karaktär kopplat till humöret. Etiologin är oklar men könshormoner tycks spela en viktig roll vid förvärring av symtomen. Det finns ett samband mellan hormonförändringar och premenstruella symtom. Hormonnivåerna förändras under menstruationscykeln och vid PMS och PMDS uppträder symtom under lutealfasen och är som värst ett par dagar innan menstruationen ska börja. Kombinerade orala preventivmedel med drospirenon och etinylöstradiol (EE) används som farmakologisk behandling vid premenstruella symtom. Kombinerade orala preventivmedel förhindrar ägglossning och där med hormonfluktuationerna under menstruationscykeln. Drospirenon är en mineralkortikoid antagonist som även binder antagonistiskt till androgenreceptorn. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att undersöka effekten av ett oralt preventivmedel innehållande kombinationen drospirenon och etinylöstradiol vid behandling av PMS och PMDS. Metod: En litteraturstudie genomfördes där sex vetenskapliga artiklar hämtade från PubMed granskades. Två studier var dubbelblinda, randomiserade och placebokontrollerade. Två studier var randomiserade jämförelsestudier där drospirenon/EE jämfördes med andra gestagen kombinerat med EE. De andra två studierna var icke-kontrollerade kliniska prövningar. Samtliga sex studier undersökte effekten drospirenon/EE hade på premenstruella symtom. Resultat: Resultatet visade en minskning i premenstruella symtom i samtliga studier som inkluderades i litteraturstudien. Drospirenon som gestagen hade en större symtomförbättring än levonorgestrel och desogestrel. Drospirenon/EE i doseringsmönstret 24/4 minskade symtom vid PMDS effektivt. Drospirenon/EE i doseringsmönstret 21/7 minskade signifikant vattenretention och negativ påverkan hos kvinnor med PMS. Det fanns en väsentlig placeborespons. Slutsats: Orala kombinerade preventivmedel innehållande drospirenon/EE kan ha god effekt vad gäller minskning av premenstruella symtom hos kvinnor som lider av PMS och PMDS. Både affektiva och somatiska symtom kan signifikant förbättras.
3

A New Beginning : With Male Hormonal Contraceptives / En ny början : Med manliga hormonella preventivmedel

Viktorsson, Hannah January 2022 (has links)
The most common male contraception is the condom but due to misuse or to the minimizing effect of pleasure many couples use non-reliable methods, which can lead to unplanned pregnancies. A male hormonal contraception can reduce the rate of unplanned pregnancies if it is effective, safe and reversible. The aim of this study is to spread knowledge about the male hormonal contraception and to reduce fear for the men of this new agent. Many men are skeptical to put hormones into their bodies, and that is why this study is necessary. Which agent is the most effective, safe and reversible?  Four agents were evaluated and compared. Testosterone enanthate, testosterone undecanoate, testosterone + nestorone, and dimethandrolone undecanoate were evaluated based on available data from the literature. To estimate the effectiveness of male contraceptives the proportion of the subjects in the studies that reached no sperm in the semen (azoospermia) was measured. To consider safety issues, multiple side effects were taken into account including acne, weight gain, total cholesterol, hematocrit and sexual impact. Of the subjects that were assigned to receive testosterone enanthate 61% reached azoospermia. Two studies were performed with testosterone undecanoate, therein 98% and 89% reached azoospermia, respectively. Similar efficacy was shown for testosterone + nestorone. The first study 89% reached azoospermia and the second one it was not determined. No individual reached azoospermia with dimethandrolone undecanoate. None of the agents gave serious adverse events and overall, the side effects were similar in type and proportion between the agents. The study populations and method of delivery differed in the various studies considered here. Testosterone enanthate was given intramuscular as well as testosterone undecanoate. The combination of testosterone + nestorone was given transdermally and dimethandrolone undecanoate orally. Oral administration is preferred due to easy delivery, but it did not show effectiveness on suppressing the spermatogenesis. The studies on testosterone undecanoate had the biggest populations with 294 and 329 subjects respectively. This makes these studies more reliable. Too few became azoospermic with testosterone enanthate and the study only contained 40 subjects. This together with the delivery way does not support the use of this formulation as a male contraceptive. Testosterone undecanoate and testosterone + nestorone have the most potential of a male hormonal contraception due to their high percentage of azoospermic subjects and reasonable doses. However, the testosterone + nestorone have a better accepted delivery way that makes it more useful than with testosterone undecanoate even though fewer participants became azoospermic when using this combination.

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