The Indian Creek subdistrict is the northernmost mineralized area in the Southeast Missouri district and is unique because ore-grade concentrations of sulfides occur within the Lamotte Sandstone. The Lamotte Sandstone-hosted Goose Creek mine is located on the northern end and the Bonneterre Dolomite-hosted Indian Creek mine on the northwestern side of a N30°E-trending, Precambrian rhyolite ridge. A saddle on the northern end of the ridge separates the Indian Creek subdistrict from another probable high along the same trend to the north. Lamotte deposition was influenced by pre-Lamotte basement topography, and local thickness ranges from 0 where it pinches out against the ridge to over 100 ft toward the basin. It is comprised of a thin, discontinuous basal cobble conglomerate overlain by a medium-grained, moderately to poorly sorted, well-rounded quanzarenite. Fourteen authigenic minerals, plus hydrocarbons cement the Lamotte Sandstone at Goose Creek in the following paragenetic sequence: dolomite - framboidal pyrite - marcasite - cuboctahedral pyrite - bravoite - bladed marcasite - pyrite - quartz dissolution - brecciation - siegenite - marcasite - dolomite - brecciation - chalcopyrite - quartz dissolution - sphalerite - galena (cuboctahedral) - quartz - galena (cubic) - dolomite - gypsum - hydrocarbon - kaolinite - illite - calcite - hydrocarbon. Primary and secondary porosity in the Lamotte vary between 1 and 20 volume percent and authigenic cements account for up to 35 volume percent of the sandstone. Quartz overgrowths are the most common cement in the Lamotte Sandstone at Goose Creek, comprising from 1 to 11 volume percent of the rock. Galena is the most abundant sulfide and commonly occurs in 1 to 3 mm blebs, averaging 3-4 volume percent. Chalcopyrite averages 0.5 volume percent, but high grade concentrations reach 8-10 volume percent locally. Sulfides in the Lamotte Sandstone in the Indian Creek subdistrict commonly occur within 40 ft of the Bonneterre-Lamotte contact, with the highest concentrations within 20 ft or less of the contact. Structure maps of the lead- and copper- bearing-zones mimic the basement topography, suggesting that the Precambrian basement was the major controlling factor on ore deposition in the Indian Creek subdistrict. Vertical tubes of sulfides, which cross-cut bedding near the Lamotte pinchout in the Goose Creek mine, suggest that the ore-bearing fluids moved through the sandstone aquifer until the pinchout forced them into the overlying Bonneterre. There the fluids were channeled through the grainstone-algal reef complex along the N30°E-trending Precambrian ridge. Limited fluid inclusion data for Bonneterre-hosted sphalerite indicate that the mineralizing fluid was a Na-Ca-Cl brine with temperatures between 105 and 120° C. / text

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The contents of this dissertation fall into two broad areas: geology and history of geology. Although apparently unrelated, the two categories in fact parallel one another. The development of geological systems finds a mirror, on a shorter timescale, in the development of the human understanding of geological systems. The present state of a science - like the present state of an earth system - represents the concatenation of many subtle or evident processes and influences operating over time. Moreover, the events of the past condition the state of the present in science as well as in objects of scientific study. Thus, for instance, to understand why we now hold certain interpretations about the formation of sediment-hosted copper deposits, we must study not only the deposits themselves but the historical development and the philosophical concerns that guided and shaped modern thought about them. In this dissertation the geological and historical aspects are presented in sequence rather than juxtaposed. The geological section comes first, with three chapters detailing the formation and development of the Tenke-Fungurume Cu-Co district and the Central African Copperbelt, followed by another taking a broad view of the mineralogical, geochemical, and metallurgical implications of some of the geological features there. Then follows the history of geology: first two chapters on the role of Georgius Agricola in founding modern geology, and one on how it developed through the following centuries in tune with simultaneous developments in other sciences.

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