Garden refuse has been seen to constitute a significant proportion of the total waste stream received at landfills in the eThekwini Municipal Area (EMA). With the growing demand for conserving “precious landfill airspace” as a result of limited availability of land for new landfill development, there is a shift in the mindsets of landfill operators to adopt alternative methods of treatment other than the traditional way of landfilling. As a result composting of green waste stream was seen as the most appropriate treatment solution as not only would there be a direct landfill airspace saving but the added environmental, economical and social sustainable benefits to the city. The first South African Waste Summit saw the signing of the Polokwane Declaration i.e. “Reduce waste generation and disposal by 50% and 25% respectively by 2012 and develop a plan for ZERO WASTE by 2022”. Hence, the push for composting to try and achieve waste reduction to landfills. The Dome Aeration Technology (DAT) is an advanced treatment option for aerobic biological degradation of garden refuse (Mollekopf et al, 2002, Trois and Polster, 2006). The originality of the DAT system is the use of passive aeration brought about by thermal driven advection through open windrows which is induced by thermal differences between the composting material and the ambient atmosphere (Polster, 2003). Previous work on organic waste composting using the DAT on a small scale showed that good quality compost was attainable within 6 weeks of composting (Moodley 2005). This study offers comparative performances between DAT system and Traditional Turned Windrows (TTW) in composting garden refuse and recommending the most appropriate system for integration into existing landfill operations. Full scale windrows were constructed for each system at the Bisasar Road Landfill Site in Durban, Kwa-Zulu Natal to evaluate the influence of climate, quality of compost, operational requirements and feasibility. The process monitoring for the DAT windrow showed that temperatures reached thermophilic ranges within a week of composting which confirms that of the German studies. Waste characterisation of both input and output materials are discussed for both systems with recommendations on the most practical and appropriate system applicable to that of an operational landfill are drawn. The study further concludes with potential uses of the composted garden refuse within landfill sites and its contribution to “closed loop” landfilling yet within an integrated waste management plan. / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2010.

This study examined the effects of replicating woodland soil surface horizonation on the nutrient status of underlying soils and the initial establishment and growth of trees. A total of 283 container grown trees were planted in a bufferzone around a future landfill site. Control amendments consisted of an 8 cm layer (0.5 m3) of wood chips applied in a circular area of 4.6 m2 around the trees' planting pit. For the treatment, a 2.5 cm layer of composted biosolids (0.15 m3 or 80 Mg/ha) was applied in a circular area of 4.6 m2 around the trees' planting pit followed by an 8 cm layer (0.5 m3) of wood chips. The results indicate that the replication of woodland soil surface attributes using composted biosolids can significantly improve the nutrient status of underlying soil. Some significant effects were seen under control conditions, too. However, the effects on tree establishment and growth parameters were, for the most part, not statistically significant.

Comme dans les pays du Nord riches, il y a également une augmentation de la production de déchets organiques dans les pays du Sud moins avancés. Connues sous l'appellation de Matières Organiques Exogènes (MOEx), les déchets organiques peuvent être valorisables comme engrais ou amendement pour les sols agricoles ou bien une nouvelle source de biomasse pour la production d'énergie. L'utilisation raisonnée d'une MOEx exige toutefois une connaissance scientifique approfondie de leur nature et de leurs impacts sur l'environnement. Des analyses conventionnelles en laboratoire et des expérimentations doivent être effectués pour maîtriser leur structure complexe liée à leurs propriétés physiques, chimiques et biochimiques. Celles-ci sont généralement longues et onéreuses. Dans notre étude, la spectroscopie proche infrarouge (SPIR) a été choisie comme une alternative aux méthodes classiques pour la caractérisation de ces MOEx en milieu tropical humide. Les objectifs de notre travail sont (1) de montrer que la SPIR est une méthode appropriée pour la prédiction des caractéristiques de MOEx, (2) pour caractériser les MOEx en termes de leur potentiel agronomique et leur potentiel énergétique et (3) pour élaborer une typologie, construite à partir des données prédites par la SPIR, qui prend en compte quelques impacts négatifs liés à l'utilisation des MOEx. L'ensemble des données a inclus plus de 2000 échantillons de MOEx couvrant une large gamme de MOEx fraîches ou transformées issues de l'élevage, de la ville et des agroindustries. Le spectre SPIR de chaque EOM a été acquis. En plus des caractérisations classiques de laboratoire (les dosages de carbone, azote, phosphore, potassium, etc.), d'autres expérimentations ont été conduites en vue d’évaluer (1) les potentiels « positifs » des MOEx : (i) suivi de la minéralisation du carbone et de l'azote mesurée dans des conditions contrôlées pour une valorisation agronomique, (ii) détermination du pouvoir calorifique et du potentiel méthanogène pour une valorisation énergétique ; et (2) les potentiels « négatifs » des MOEx : (i) dénitrification potentielle et (ii) phytotoxicité en présence d’éléments trace métallique. Pour élaborer la typologie, la méthode SIRIS (Système d'Ingration des Risques par Interaction des Scores) a été appliquée pour formaliser les étapes d'une procédure logique menant à une classification des MOEx selon l'objectif de l'orientation de recyclage. La diversité des MOEx est illustrée à titre d'exemple par une large gamme des teneurs en (i) C (de 2 à 64 gC.100g-1MS), (ii) N (de 0,2 à 14gN.100g-1MS), (iii) P total (0,01 à 16gP.100g-1MS), K total (0,04 à 30 gK.100g-1MS). En prenant en compte l'ensemble des MOEx, les étalonnages des modèles SPIR sont acceptables pour la prédiction des teneurs en C, en N, en P et en K. Pour les potentiels « positifs » des MOEx (1) suivant les types de MOEx 102 à 955 kgMO.t-1MOEx pourraient être stockées dans le sol pour le maintien de la fertilité, (2) les pouvoirs calorifiques des MOEx varient de 7 à 28 MJ.kg-1MS et les potentiels méthanogènes vont de 69 à 488 NmlCH4.g-1MO. Quant aux potentiels négatifs, que ce soit pour les émissions de N2O ou pour la phytotoxicité des ETM, une forte interaction entre les propriétés du sol (pH, texture, …) avec les MOEx masque souvent certains effets. La méthode SIRIS a permis de classifier les MOEx selon un processus simple basé sur le classement de critères et de scores d'auto-pénalisation. Cette approche est intéressante en l'absence de données précises qui sont souvent difficiles à obtenir. L'aide des prédictions par la SPIR nous a été utile pour cette démarche d'orientation de la valorisation agronomique et/ou énergétique des MOEx. Des approches socio-économiques devraient compléter notre étude pour aboutir à l'orientation finale de valorisation des MOEx. / As observed in northern/rich countries, there is an increase in the production of organic wastes in southern/less advanced countries. So called, Exogenous Organic Matter (EOM), they can be a valuable fertilizer or amendment for agricultural soils or a new supply for energy production. The safe utilisation of EOM requires an in-depth scientific knowledge of their nature and impacts on the environment. Laboratory analysis and experiments have to be carried out in order to know their complex structure related to their physical, chemical and biochemical properties. These techniques represent a relatively high cost and are time consuming. In this study, the near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was chosen as an alternative to classical methods for laboratory characterisations of tropical EOM. The objectives of this study are (1) to show that NIRS is a suitable method for predicting EOM characteristics (2) to characterize EOM in terms of their agronomic potential and/or energetic potential, and (3) to elaborate a typology, build with predicted parameters by NIRS, taking into account some environmental impacts of the different utilisations of EOM.The dataset included more than 2000 EOM samples covering a broad range of fresh and transformed organic materials. Each EOM was scanned using a NIR spectrometer from 1100nm to 2500nm. In addition to the classical laboratory characterisations (dosages of total carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium), other experiments have been carried out: (1) for “positive” potentials: (i) C and N mineralization measured in controlled conditions (for an agronomic use), (ii) determination of High Heating Value and Biochemical Methane Potential (for an energetic use) and (2) for “negative” potential or risk: phytotoxicity assessment due to trace elements, and the determination of potential nitrous oxide emission. To elaborate the typology, the SIRIS method (System of Integration of Risk with Interaction of Scores) was carried out in order to formalize the steps of a logical procedure, leading to a decision according to objective of the recycling orientation.Diversity of EOM is illustrated by the variability of (i) C contents (from 2 to 64 gC.100g-1DM); (ii) N contents (from 0.2 to 14gN.100g-1DM); (iii) total P contents (from 0.01 to 16gP.100g-1DM),(iv) total K contents (from 0.04 to 30 gK.100g-1DM). When taking into account all EOM without regarding their nature, acceptable predictive models were obtained with NIRS calibration for estimating C, N, total P and total K contents for EOM.“Positive” potential assessment provided information about (1) remaining organic carbon might be stocked into soil after applying EOM (from 102 to 955 kg.t-1TOM) (2) High Heating Value of EOM when recycling as a supply of small scale combustion or thermo chemical conversion (from 7 to 28 MJ.kg-1DM), (3) Biochemical Methane Potential after EOM anaerobic digestion (from 69 to 488 NmlCH4.g-1TOM). Both “negative” potential which took into account phytotoxicity due to trace elements and nitrous oxide emissions were highly interacted on the soil properties (pH, texture). The SIRIS method appeared to be an efficient decision-making tool in this study. It made it possible to classify the EOM according to a simple process based on the ranking of criteria and a self-penalization scoring system. This approach can be used in the absence of accurate, reliable data, which are often difficult to obtain. The help of NIR prediction was useful for better orientate the EOM valorization between soil fertilization and energy production. Further concern will be focused on socio-economical approach in order to complete the final destination of EOM re-use.

by Ng Ki Chi. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 130-145). / Acknowledgments / Abstract / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Waste Management in Hong Kong --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Sources of Organic Wastes and Their Characteristics --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Animal manure --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Sewage sludge --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Food waste --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3 --- Organic Waste Recycling --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Organic wastes for land application --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.1.1 --- Animal manure --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.1.2 --- Sewage sludge --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.1.3 --- Plant residue --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Composting --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Biogas production --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Organic wastes as feedstuffs or feed supplements --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3.4.1 --- Animal manure --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3.4.2 --- Sewage sludge --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3.4.3 --- Plant residue --- p.20 / Chapter 1.3.4.4 --- Biological products from waste conversion --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4 --- Objectives and Outlines of the Present Study --- p.26 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Vermiculture of Eisenia foetida and Pheretima asciatica on Different Agro- industrial Wastes --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Collection of materials --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Preparation of earthworms --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Culture trial --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Harvesting of earthworms --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- "Chemical analysis of bedding material, wastes and worm tissues" --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Statistical analysis --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Chemical properties of organic wastes and bedding material --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Heavy metal contents in bedding material and organic wastes --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Effects of organic wastes on worm growth --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Effects of organic wastes on protein contents and protein yields --- p.47 / Chapter 2.4 --- Conclusions --- p.49 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- "Effects of Soybean Waste, Pig Manure and Digested Sludge on the Quality of Worm Meal From Eisenia foetida and Pheretima asciatica" --- p.53 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Collection of materials --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Preparation of earthworms --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Experimental design and setup --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Harvesting of earthworms --- p.61 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Chemical analysis of worm tissues --- p.61 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Statistical analysis --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Effects of wastes on worm growth --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Nutrient contents of earthworms from different wastes --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Heavy metal contents in earthworm tissues --- p.72 / Chapter 3.4 --- Conclusions --- p.81 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Worm Meal as Protein Source for Fish Diet --- p.82 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.82 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.85 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Preparation of experimental diets --- p.85 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Feeding experiment --- p.88 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Chemical analysis --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Statistical analysis --- p.90 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.90 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Growth response --- p.90 / Chapter 4.3.1.1 --- Growth --- p.91 / Chapter 4.3.1.2 --- Mortality --- p.95 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Tissue chemical composition --- p.95 / Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- Nutritional contents --- p.97 / Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- Heavy metal contents --- p.97 / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusions --- p.99 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Worm Worked Bedding as Potting Media for Plant Growth --- p.103 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.103 / Chapter 5.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.106 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Preparation of potting media --- p.106 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Chemical analysis of potting media --- p.106 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Plant growth experiment --- p.107 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Tissue analysis --- p.109 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Statistical analysis --- p.109 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.109 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Chemical properties of potting media --- p.109 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Plant growth status --- p.114 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Heavy metal contents in plant tissues --- p.119 / Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusions --- p.125 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- General Conclusions --- p.126 / References --- p.130

Ng Chi Chung. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 126-143). / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.iii / Lists of Tables --- p.vii / Lists of Figures --- p.ix / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Importance of soil physical properties to plant growth --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Importance of organic matter to soil physical properties --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4 --- Chemical composition of sewage sludge and spent sawdust litter and their disposal --- p.6 / Chapter 1.5 --- Objectives --- p.9 / Chapter 1.6 --- Significance of the study --- p.10 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Reviews / Chapter 2.1 --- Influence of organic wastes on soil organic matter --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2 --- Influence of organic wastes on soil aggregate stability --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3 --- Influence on bulk density and total porosity --- p.21 / Chapter 2.4 --- Influence on field capacity and water holding capacity --- p.23 / Chapter 2.5 --- Influence on soil water intake and in situ soil moisture content --- p.27 / Chapter 2.6 --- Influence on mechanical resistance --- p.28 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Methodology / Chapter 3.1 --- Study site --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2 --- Treatments --- p.30 / Chapter 3.3 --- Soil sampling --- p.32 / Chapter 3.4 --- Methodology / Chapter 3.41 --- Organic carbon --- p.33 / Chapter 3.42 --- Aggregate stability --- p.34 / Chapter 3.43 --- Bulk density --- p.37 / Chapter 3.44 --- Field capacity --- p.37 / Chapter 3.45 --- Water characteristics curve --- p.38 / Chapter 3.46 --- Infiltration --- p.38 / Chapter 3.47 --- Water release property --- p.39 / Chapter 3.48 --- Mechanical resistance --- p.39 / Chapter 3.5 --- Statistical analysis --- p.39 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Effect on Soil Aggregate Stability / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.41 / Chapter 4.2 --- Results / Chapter 4.21 --- Effect on soil organic matter content --- p.45 / Chapter 4.22 --- Change in organic matter content under continuous cultivation --- p.46 / Chapter 4.23 --- Effect on aggregate stability under continuous cultivation --- p.47 / Chapter 4.24 --- The relationship between percentage aggregate stability and the amount of organic matter --- p.49 / Chapter 4.3 --- Discussion --- p.52 / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusions --- p.60 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- "Effect on Bulk Density, Total Porosity and Mechanical Resistance" / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.62 / Chapter 5.2 --- Results / Chapter 5.21 --- Change in bulk density and total porosity --- p.65 / Chapter 5.22 --- Change in bulk density and total porosity under continuous cultivation --- p.66 / Chapter 5.23 --- Change in bulk density and total porosity in relation to organic matter content and aggregate stability --- p.67 / Chapter 5.24 --- Change in mechanical resistance --- p.69 / Chapter 5.3 --- Discussion --- p.71 / Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusions --- p.77 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Effect on soil water retention / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.80 / Chapter 6.2 --- Results / Chapter 6.21 --- Field capacity and change between the second and the fourth harvest --- p.82 / Chapter 6.22 --- Relationship between field capacity and organic matter content --- p.84 / Chapter 6.23 --- Water characteristics curve --- p.84 / Chapter 6.24 --- Change in water characteristics curve between the second and the fourth harvest --- p.88 / Chapter 6.25 --- The relationship between water holding capacity and organic matter content --- p.91 / Chapter 6.26 --- Change in available water capacity and its relationship with organic matter content --- p.92 / Chapter 6.3 --- Discussion / Chapter 6.31 --- Change in field capacity --- p.95 / Chapter 6.32 --- Change in water holding capacity and available water capacity --- p.97 / Chapter 6.4 --- Conclusions --- p.100 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Effect on Infiltration and Water Release Property / Chapter 7.1 --- Introduction --- p.102 / Chapter 7.2 --- Results / Chapter 7.21 --- Infiltration and its change under continuous cultivation --- p.103 / Chapter 7.22 --- Water release property --- p.109 / Chapter 7.3 --- Discussion --- p.112 / Chapter 7.4 --- Conclusions --- p.117 / Chapter Chapter 8 --- Conclusion / Chapter 8.1 --- Summary of findings --- p.118 / Chapter 8.2 --- Implication of the study --- p.122 / Chapter 8.3 --- Further studies --- p.123 / References --- p.126

Orientador: Robert Boyd Harrison / Coorientador: Iraê Amaral Guerrini / Banca: Maria Inês Zanoli Sato / Banca: Ferando Carvalho de Oliveira / Resumo: Dentro do contexto agrícola, o setor florestal se destaca como candidato potencial para a utilização de resíduos orgânicos urbanos devido a diversas particularidades que têm a incorporação de matéria orgânica como uma fonte de benefícios. O lodo de esgoto sanitário pode conter diversos agentes patogênicos, como ovos de helmintos, bactérias, vírus, protozoários e fungos, o que passou a restringir sua aplicação no solo em alguns países. No Brasil, a Resolução CONAMA nº 375 de 30 de agosto de 2006 surgiu após vários anos de discussão envolvendo os riscos aceitáveis quanto ao uso do lodo de esgoto na agricultura e estabelece limites máximos para concentração de patógenos em lodos a serem aplicados no solo. Os principais estudos envolvendo o tempo de sobrevivência de agentes patogênicos em solos fertilizados com lodo de esgoto foram realizados na América do Norte e Europa, o que deixa as regiões tropicais em posição desfavorável devido à escassez de informações específicas. No presente estudo, foi avaliado o tempo de persistência de ovos viáveis de Ascaris spp, coliformes termotolerantes, Salmonella spp e enterovírus em solo cultivado com Eucalyptus e fertilizado com lodo de esgoto sanitário em área localizada no município de Avaré - SP, seguindo-se o método de análise desenvolvido pela Agência Ambiental Americana (USEPA) e adotado pela Resolução CONAMA nº375/2006. Foram aplicados na superfície do solo dois tipos de lodo de esgoto, sendo o primeiro proveniente da Estação de Tratamento de Esgotos de Jundiaí, com baixo índice patogênico, e o segundo proveniente da Estação de Tratamento de Esgotos de Taubaté, com alto índice patogênico. Os tempos médios estimados para a sobrevivência de coliformes termotolerantes foram, 54 e 93 semanas para o lodo de Jundiaí e o de Taubaté, respectivamente. Devido aos picos de aumento e diminuição observados ... / Abstract: The application of sewage sludge on agricultural land has been considered the most suitable practice for final disposal of this organic waste daily generated in large quantities in urban areas. Within the agriculture context, the forestry sector stands out as potential candidate for the use of organic waste due to several peculiarities that have the incorporation of organic matter as a source of benefits. The sewage sludge contains many pathogens such as helminth ova, bacteria, viruses, protozoa and fungi, which restrict your application on soil in some countries. In Brazil, the CONAMA Resolution nº. 375/2006, came out after several years of discussion involving acceptable risks for the use of sewage sludge in agriculture and established maximum limits for pathogens concentration in sludge to be applied on soil. The main studies involving the survival time of pathogens in soils fertilized with sewage sludge were conducted in North America and Europe, making the tropical regions at a disadvantage due to the lack of specific information. The present study evaluated the persistence of viable Ascaris spp ova, fecal coliforms, Salmonella spp and enteroviruses in soil cultivated with Eucalyptus and fertilized with sewage sludge in an area located in the city of Avare, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, following the method developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and adopted by CONAMA Resolution nº 375/2006. Two different sewage sludge were applied on soil surface, one from Sewage Treatment Plant of Jundiai and other from Sewage Treatment Plant of Taubate. The average time estimated for fecal coliform's survival were 54 and 93 weeks for Jundiai and Taubate sludge, respectively. Because of ... / Mestre

Orientador: Maura Seiko Tsutsui Esperancini / Banca: Izabel Cristina Takitane / Banca: Nuria Rosa Gagiardi Quintana / Resumo: O objetivo geral deste estudo é avaliar economicamente a produção do lodo de esgoto compostado com e sem material estruturante (ME), na Estação de Tratamento de Esgotos (ETE) "Lageado", da Sabesp de Botucatu, para fins de uso agrícola. Resultante do processo de tratamento primário e secundário de esgotos, o lodo de esgoto é um resíduo de difícil destinação por diversas razões, como por exemplo, o alto custo de transporte e disposição em aterro sanitário. Esta ETE produz 16 toneladas de lodo por dia, o que gera um custo anual aproximado de R$ 1.466.438,40 em transporte e disposição. Foi estimado o custo anual de produção do lodo de esgoto compostado com ME, com base no processo de produção de um lote de caráter experimental. Para o produto final que não utilizou ME, a estimativa foi elaborada com base no processo atual de secagem e revolvimento de lodo fresco. A análise mostrou que independente do uso do ME, o custo para processamento do lodo é inferior ao custo atual de disposição em aterro, sendo de R$ 96,88 t-1 para o composto com ME e de R$ 63,41 t-1 para o sem ME, frente aos R$ 254,59 t-1 de disposição final. Foram realizadas análises de amostras dos produtos finais para estimar o valor econômico contido através nos nutrientes presentes e ambos apresentaram quantidade satisfatória de nutrientes, além de atender os parâmetros da Resolução CONAMA 375/06 e exigências do Ministério da Agricultura (MAPA). Considerando hipoteticamente que a Companhia pudesse comercializar estes... / Abstract: The aim of this study is to economically evaluate the production of composted sewage sludge with and without structural materials (SM), at the SABESP's (Basic Sanitation Company of the State of Sao Paulo) Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) "Lageado" in Botucatu, for agricultural use purpose. As a result of the process of primary and secondary treatment of sewage, the sewage sludge has a difficult end disposal for several reasons, such as the high cost of transportation and disposal in landfill. This STP produces 16 tons of sludge per day, which generates an approximate annual cost of R$ 1,466,438.40 in transportation and disposal. This study estimated the annual cost to produce the composted sewage sludge with SM, based on the production process of a experimental lot. For the final product that was not added the SM, the estimated cost was developed based on the current process of drying and revolving fresh sewage sludge. The analysis showed that regardless using SM or not, the cost per ton for processing the sewage sludge is lower than the current cost of disposal in landfills, representing R$ 96,88 t-1 for the compound with SM and R$ 63,41 t-1 without SM, compared to the R$ 254,59 t-1 cost for final disposal. Analyzes of the final products samples were performed to estimate the economic value of the present nutrients and both were satisfactory due to the amount of nutrients, in addition to comply with the parameters from the CONAMA Resolution nº375/06 and requirements of the Ministry of Agriculture (MA). Considering the hypothesis that the company could market these products as fertilizers, and based on the price paid by agriculture, the compound with SM would generate an income of R$ 270.467,12 and the one without SM R$ 39.653,28. The composting process and the drying and revolving sewage sludge process represent, respectively, 38% and 27% of the cost for disposal in landfill. This analysis shows that ... / Mestre

No description available.

Orientador: Renato de Mello Prado / Coorientador: Cassiano Garcia Roque / Banca: Estevão Vicari Mellis / Banca: Aguinaldo José Freitas Leal / Banca: Mara Cristina Pessôa da Cruz / Banca: Everlon Cid Rigobelo / Resumo: O acréscimo da torta de filtro na adubação da cana-planta pode substituir e/ou aumentar a eficiência de fertilizantes fosfatados naturais e acidulados beneficiando a atividade microbiológica do solo, a absorção de P e a produtividade da cana-de-açúcar. Objetivou-se avaliar a resposta da primeira soqueira da cana-de-açúcar cultivada em sistema sem despalha a fogo, em função do efeito residual da aplicação de doses e fontes de fósforo, na presença e na ausência da torta de filtro em Argissolo e Latossolo. Os experimentos foram desenvolvidos na primeira soqueira de cana-de-açúcar, em duas classes de solo: Argissolo e Latossolo. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, em esquema fatorial 3x4x2, correspondendo a três fontes de fósforo (superfosfato triplo, fosfato natural de Araxá e fosfato natural reativo Bayóvar®), quatro doses de P2O5 (0; 90; 180 e 360 kg ha-1 solúvel em ácido cítrico a 2%), na ausência e na presença de torta de filtro (7,5 t ha-1 de torta de filtro, em base seca). Avaliaram-se os atributos químicos dos solos, indicadores microbiológicos e atividade enzimática no solo, diagnose nutricional, atividade da fosfatase ácida foliar, acúmulo de P na planta, crescimento, produtividade de colmos e de palhada, e qualidade tecnológica. A aplicação de fósforo, independentemente da solubilidade do fertilizante, apresentou efeito residual na primeira soqueira da cana-de-açúcar, proporcionando aumento nos teores de P no solo, na nutrição e na ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: - The addition of filter cake for sugarcane-plant fertilization can replace and/or increase the efficiency of natural and acidified phosphate fertilizers, benefiting soil microbiological activity, P uptake and sugarcane productivity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of the first sugarcane stalks cultivated in a system without leaf burning, in function of the residual effect of phosphorus sources and rates, in the presence and absence of filter cake in Argisol and Latosol. The experiments were carried out in the first sugarcane ratoon, in two soil classes: Argisol and Latosol. The experiment was set up in a randomized complete block design with three replicates, in a 3x4x2 factorial scheme, corresponding to three sources of phosphorus (triple superphosphate, Araxá natural phosphate and natural Bayóvar® reactive phosphate), four P2O5 rates (0, 90, 180 and 360 kg ha-1 dissolved in 2% citric acid), in the absence and presence of filter cake (7.5 t ha-1 filter cake, dry basis). Soil chemical attributes, microbiological indicators and enzymatic activity of the soil, nutritional diagnosis, foliar acid phosphatase activity, P accumulation in the plant, growth, stalk and straw productivity, and technological quality were evaluated. The application of phosphorus, regardless of fertilizer solubility, showed residual effect in the first sugarcane ratoon, providing an increase in soil P, nutrient and productivity levels of this crop cultivated in Argisol and Latosol. Application of the natural Bayóvar and Araxá phosphates and filter cake increased the microbiological activity of the Argisol and the Latosol. The acid phosphatase activity in the soil decreased with the P rates. The two foliar diagnosis recommendations presented similar results. Foliar acid phosphatase activity showed to be an efficient method for nutritional diagnosis of phosphorus in ... (Complete abstract click electronic a / Doutor

Abstract not available