O reprocessamento do elemento combustível constitui uma das etapas do ciclo do combustível e tem por objetivo separar U 235, U238 e Pu239 dos produtos de fissão contidos no elemento combustível queimado para reutilizá -los na fabricação de novos elementos combustíveis. No Brasil, o desenvolvimento do reprocessamento teve início nos anos 70 com a implantação de uma planta piloto de reprocessamento, no Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear/São Paulo (I PEN-CNEN/SP), dando origem à uma instalação, em escala de laboratório, que operou até o início da década de 90. Parte dos rejeitos radioativos, produzidos principalmente a partir dos laboratórios analíticos está armazenados à espera de tratamento no Labora tório de Gestão de Rejeitos do IPEN-CNEN/SP, e são constituído pela mistura de fases aquosa e orgânica. Por conter compostos orgânicos, esses rejeitos não podem se solidificados diretamente com cimento, necessitando para isso, de tratamento prévio para torná-los compatíveis. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver uma metodologia de biodegradação dos compostos orgânicos que compõem os rejeitos radioativos líquidos orgânicos (RRLO) para que os mesmos possam ser posteriormente imobilizados em c imento. O trabalho foi dividido em três etapas, a de caracterização dos RRLO, obtenção das comunidades microbianas (da mina de urânio de Poços de Caldas e do estuário de São Sebastião) e realização de ensaios de biodegradação dos RRLO. A partir da caracterização dos rejeitos, a biodegradação do TBP e acetato de etila foram monitoradas. Os resultados mostraram que as comunidades bacterianas selecionadas foram eficientes para a degradação dos rejeitos radioativos líquidos orgânicos. Ao final dos experimentos os níveis biodegradação foram de 66% para o acetato de etila e 70% para o TBP. / The research and development program in reproces sing of low burn-up spent fuel elements began in Brazil in 70s, originating the lab -scale hot cell, known as CELESTE located at Nuclear and Energy Research Institute, IPEN - CNEN/SP. The program was ended at the beginning of 90s, and the laboratory was c losed down. Part of the radioactive waste generated mainly from the analytical laboratories is stored waiting for treatment at the Waste Management Laboratory, and it is constituted by mixture of aqueous and organic phases. The most widely used technique for the treatment of radioactive liquid wastes is the solidification in cement matrix, due to the low processing costs and compatibility with a wide variety of wastes. However, organics are generally incompatible with cement, interfering with the hydration and setting processes, and requiring pre -treatment with special additives to stabilize or destroy them. The objective of this work can be divided in three parts: i) organic compounds characterization in the radioactive liquid waste; ii) the occurrence of b acterial consortia from Poços de Caldas uranium mine soil and São Sebastião estuary sediments that are able to degrade organic compounds and third, the development of a methodology to biodegrade organic compounds from the radioactive liquid waste aiming th e cementation From the characterization analysis, TBP and ethyl acetate were chosen to be degrade d. The results showed that selected bacterial consortia were efficient for the organic liquid wastes degradation. At the end of the experiments the biodegradat ion level were 66% for ethyl acetate and 70% for the TBP.

O modo de vida da humanidade demanda novas alternativas às fontes energéticas fósseis, precisa garantir a produção de alimentos e energia para uma população que já ultrapassa 7 bilhões, além de ter de gerir seus Resíduos Sólidos (RS) e efluentes (esgoto), em que grande parte dos primeiros, são enterrados em aterros sanitários e/ou lixões, gerando problemas sanitários e ambientais e desperdício de nutrientes para a agricultura. Parte dessa tripla solução energética/alimentar/sanitária pode vir dos recursos contidos nos Resíduos Biodegradáveis (RB), ou como dito na Lei Brasileira Nº 12.305 - "Resíduos Orgânicos" (RO), que podem ser biometanizados para gerar gás combustível, metano, CH4 e/ou gás hidrogênio, H2 e posterior uso do sólido e líquido resultante na forma de substrato para a agricultura, ou processos fotossintéticos aquáticos mediados por microalgas e macrófitas. Paralelamente ao tratamento anaeróbio, se os RO forem tratados aerobicamente, via compostagem e/ou vermicompostagem, não se gera nenhum gás combustível que possa ser usado em outro momento e local, apenas calor. Diante desse quadro, se propõe uma alternativa para o tratamento de resíduos biodegradáveis e efluentes domésticos em zonas rurais e periurbanas, por meio da proposta de uma pequena central de tratamento de resíduos orgânicos composta por uma lagoa facultativa com geração e coleta de biogás, associada com um sistema de hidrolisação de resíduos sólidos orgânicos e de tratamento de biogás, havendo a separação do CO2 em fase aquosa para alimentação de carbono e alcalinidade ao sistema de bacia de fotossíntese de microalgas e macrófitas do gênero lemna. Foram realizados balanços de água, nutrientes, eletricidade e monetário para aferir a consistência teórica para futura aplicação dos projetos e suprir as três demandas/soluções citadas. Foi possível aferir que o custo do metro cúbico de gás metano gerado ficou em torno de 0,5- 4 R$.m-3 de gás metano. Foi possível propor um projeto para se caminhar no sentido de poder dar base a trabalhos futuros, que desenvolvam métodos inovadores de gestão de resíduos para serem aplicados no Brasil, com o fim de descentralizadamente adequar os municípios ao PNRS, ao mesmo tempo em que se cria na nação o conceito de biorrefinaria, integrando-a ao saneamento básico e ambiente, em prol da soberania individual energética/alimentar/hidrológica dos brasileiros. / People's way of living demands alternatives to fossil energy, needs to produce food for a population that has already reached more than seven billion and has to deal with waste generation, namely solid wastes and sewage, while most of the first are buried in landfills or even dumped, generating sanitary and environmental problems while wasting nutrients for agriculture. Part of that triple energy/food/sanitation solution can come from biodegradable wastes, or like the way is said on Brazilian Law Nº12.305 - &#34Organic Wastes", that can be converted into biogas, methane or hydrogen gas, and subsequent use of solid and liquid digestate for agriculture, or aquatic photosynthetic processes mediated by microalgae and macrophytes. Paralel to anaerobic treatment, if organic wastes are aerobically treated, by compoting and/or wormcomposting, not any renewable gas will be generated for later use, it just generates heat. By this cenario, this master thesis propose and evaluate, technological alternatives for biodegradable waste and wastewaters in cities vicinities and/or rural areas nearby urban areas by proposing a small biodegradable waste treatment plant composed of a facultative lagoon with biogas generation on its bottom, associated with a system of solid waste hydrolysis built inside a shed which realizes biogas treatment as well, with carbon dioxide gas liquid separation for carbon and alkalinity feeding the multispecies photosynthesis bowl, half consisted of dispersed microalgae and the other half composed of macrophyte of lemna genera. Water, nutrients, electricity and money balances were done in order assess the theoretical consistency for future development of those projects and quench the three cited demands/solutions. It was possible to affirm that the cost of a cubic meter of methane gás is around 0,5 – 4 R$.m-3. Projects were proposed, that can develop innovative methods for biodegradable waste management to be done in Brazil, with the ultimate goal of adequating towns to the National Solid Waste Policy (Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos – PNRS in portuguese) in a decentralized manner, meanwhile it helps to create alog the nation the biorefinery concept, integrating itself into waterworks, sanitation and the environment, feeding individuals energy, food and hydrological sovereignity of brazilians.

Orientador: Guilherme Peixoto / Coorientador: Juliana Cristina Bassan / Banca: André Capaldo Amaral / Banca: Fernando Masarin / Resumo: O Brasil foi considerado o maior produtor mundial de laranja, no qual a maior parte desta produção foi destinada para a produção de suco, classificando-o como maior produtor e exportador da bebida. Porém associado a alta produção de suco está o grande volume de resíduos orgânicos gerados que traz à indústria a preocupação com o aproveitamento e/ou descarte desse material. Atualmente grande parte dos resíduos é descartada em aterros e apenas uma parte é reaproveitada para ração animal e extração de pectina. Nesses resíduos descartados podem ser encontrados compostos de alto valor agregado, entre eles uma diversidade de compostos fenólicos, com destaque para os flavonoides. Bioquimicamente, esses fitoquímicos ocupam um papel significativo na dieta humana, pois são reconhecidos por apresentarem atividades biológicas como excelente capacidade antioxidante, atividade anticarcinogênica, anti-inflamatória, etc. Diante do exposto, o projeto teve como objetivo principal a valorização dos resíduos gerados pela indústria citrícola, visando sua biotransformação em produtos com valor agregado. Para que tal mudança de paradigma seja possível, esse projeto propôs a extração de flavonoides de resíduos do processamento de suco de laranja com foco nas flavanonas, naringina, hesperidina e naringenina. Na primeira etapa do projeto, foram realizadas extrações para obter um melhor método de extração de flavonoides e os resultados apresentados demonstram que a extração utilizando o tratamento tritu... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Brazil was considered the world's largest orange producer, in which most of this production was destined for juice production, ranking it as the largest producer and exporter of the beverage. However associated to the high production of juice is the large volume of organic waste generated that brings to the industry the concern with the use and / or disposal of this material. Currently much of the waste is discarded in landfills and only part is reused for animal feed and pectin extraction. In these discarded residues can be found compounds of high added value, among them a diversity of phenolic compounds, especially the flavonoids. Biochemically, these phytochemicals play a significant role in the human diet, as they are recognized for their biological activities as excellent antioxidant capacity, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory activity, etc. In view of the above, the main objective of the project was the valorization of the waste generated by the citrus industry, aiming at its biotransformation in products with added value. In order to make such a paradigm shift possible, this project proposed the extraction of flavonoids from processing residues of orange juice with focus on flavanones, naringin, hesperidin and naringenin. In the first stage of the project, extractions were carried out to obtain a better flavonoid extraction method and the results showed that the extraction using the water grinding treatment presented a better yield (0.26 g / L) for total flavanones c... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Abstract not available

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Sverges lantbruksuniversitet, 2001. / Thesis statement in Swedish and English abstract inserted. Based on 5 previously prepared or published papers reprinted here. Includes bibliographical references.

published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Les interactions entre activités humaines et environnement constituent des enjeux d'action publique. Il s'agit de concilier des intérêts individuels et un environnement institué en intérêt général, en prenant en considération les multiples usages des objets naturels et les préoccupations d'acteurs hétérogènes. Le traitement de ces enjeux a constitué un laboratoire d'expérimentation de nouvelles modalités de gouvernance, fondés notamment sur une plus grande participation des parties prenantes des problèmes environnementaux et sur une relation renouvelée entre sciences et sociétés. En dépit d'études de cas probantes et d'un engouement suspect, ces modalités fondées sur des processus de concertation restent controversées. Leur efficience est débattue et leur articulation avec d'autres instruments d'action publique continue de poser problème.Le projet Girovar visait à promouvoir le recyclage des déchets organiques à la Réunion. Il nous a fourni une opportunité de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension des dynamiques par lesquelles un processus de concertation est susceptible de contribuer à l'évolution des activités humaines posant un problème environnemental. Un suivi ethnographique du processus de concertation, puis, des situations d'échange des matières organiques en circulation, nous a permis de tester deux hypothèses de contribution au changement, l'une fondée sur l'apprentissage, l'autre sur le changement institutionnel.Le recyclage des déchets organiques représente un cas atypique d'interaction entre activités humaines et environnement. Son analyse nous a conduits à déplacer notre analyse des situations d'utilisation vers les transactions au cours desquelles ces objets sont mis en circulation, analyse pour laquelle nous avons mobilisé des outils de sociologie économique.Cette analyse a montré que le processus de concertation influence des dynamiques existantes via une diffusion d'informations, des apprentissages variés mais limités aux participants à la concertation et l'émergence d'un projet cohérent qui peut contribuer à légitimer des changements institutionnels et induire une coordination des acteurs économiques via une anticipation partagée. Ces résultats militent pour le maintien d'une certaine distance entre arènes de concertation et espaces de décision et de production institutionnelle. L'identité des participants au processus de concertation se révèle déterminant et devrait faire l'objet d'une attention particulière. / Improving the interactions between economic activities and the environment is a contemporary challenge and has been a major research topic for the last decades. Current trends recommend to implement dialogue processes to contribute to adaptive governance systems, ensuring both sustainable use of natural resources and protection of ecosystems. Despite growing empirical case studies, political ideologies and emerging analytical framework, the relationships between dialogue processes and effective observed changes in the human-nature interactions still remain unclear.This research explored the mechanisms through which a dialogue process may contribute to effectives changes in the way human-nature interactions were organized. To address this question, we did apprehend human-nature interactions as economic activities and focused on the organization of the markets involving natural resources. Two hypothesis of contribution of dialogue processes to market organization change based on literature were set: The improvement of organizations and individuals actors skills, knowledge and information through collective learning and the evolution of market organization through institutional change.Our research was conducted using the Girovar project as a case-study. In la Réunion, this project implemented a dialogue process to explore collectively large-scale recycling scenarios to solve a growing environmental issue of organic waste treatment. Parallel ethnographic studies were conducted to analysis both the dialogue process and evolutions of effective economic transactions involving two types of organic wastes: poultry litter and green-waste compost.Our main results are that dialogue processes provide resources to operational actors but do not trigger change. These resources include knowledge exchange and technical learning but exclusively to dialogue participants. At a broader scale, assessing the credibility, saliency and legitimacy of the recycling solution provides a “rational myth” that contributes to institutional change at both institutional and operational level. These mechanisms, whose genericity should be further assessed, qualify dialogue processes as a relevant component of a broader adaptive governance system.

A total of 30 fungal fruiting bodies were collected from decaying plant materials (barks and litter) from the wild based on morphological variations. Nine of these fungi purified to monoaxenic cultures were included in the present study and also a type strain Ganoderma lucidum ATCC- 32471. These fungi were screened for lignocellulolytic activities, five of these organisms produced ligninolytic enzymes when exposed to two different concentrations of guaiacol (0.02% and 0.2%) on two different media (MEA and PDA). All ten fungal isolates screened for cellulolytic activity were positive for the production of the cellulase enzyme. The fungal isolates were characterised using morphological and molecular methods. Molecular characterization using ITS1 and ITS4 primers was able to identify these fungal isolates to degrees of accuracy ranging from 98% to 100%. The phylogenetic and lineage analysis showed that the species varied amongst phylum Basidiomycota, Ascomycota and early diverging fungal lineages Mucormycotina. Both monocultures and dual cultures of these 10 fungal species were cultivated for the purpose of spectrophotometrically quantifying and evaluating enzyme production on agricultural waste residues; corn cob, sugar cane bagasse and wheat straw. A pattern of antagonistic invasion interaction was identified to demonstrate increased enzyme production on dual cultures. Four of these fungal species, Trichoderma sp. KN10, Rhizopus microsporus KN2, Fomitopsis sp. KN1 and Coriolopsis sp. KN6 demonstrated tendencies of invasion and replacement in co-cultures. The fungi and their dual cultures showed varying levels of enzyme production. Analysis of mean showed dual culture interactions involving KN10 with values for MnP production approximately at 1.46U/ml compared to monoculture of 0.06U/ml. Further, dual laccase values approximately at 0.09U/ml compared to monocultures of 0.05U/ml. Overall the highest enzyme activity was observed using wheat straw. This study demonstrated and proved that agricultural waste residues can be used for lignocellulytic enzyme production and that antagonistic invasion by some fungi (in particular Trichoderma sp. KN10) in co-cultures can increase production of one or more of the three enzyme laccase, lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase. / Environmental Sciences / Ph. D. (Environmental Science)

Orientador: Helenice de Oliveira Florentino Silva / Banca: Antonio Roberto Balbo / Banca: Hideto Arizono / Resumo: O Brasil é o maior produtor de cana-de-açúcar do mundo. Esta cultura é primariamente produzida para obtenção de álcool e açúcar. A produção brasileira de canade- açúcar na safra 2006/2007 é estimada em 471,2 milhões de toneladas, superior em 9,2% a da safra anterior. Este aumento é devido ao clima, aos investimentos ocorridos nas indústrias atraídas pela crescente produção nacional de carros bicombústiveis e pelo aumento da venda de açúcar e álcool ao mercado externo. O crescimento acelerado dessa cultura fez com que alguns problemas surgissem como exemplo, a poluição ambiental, causada com a queima dos canaviais, para posterior colheita da cana-de-açúcar, tornando-se necessário a implantação de leis estaduais e federais proibindo esta prática. Com a proibição das queimadas nos canaviais, o palhiço derivado da colheita de cana-de-açúcar sem queima prévia, tornou-se foco para os pesquisadores e produtores. As vantagens no seu recolhimento, recuperação e aproveitamento têm mobilizado pesquisadores de universidades, gerentes e diretores de usinas, que estão interessados em encontrar a maneira mais produtiva, econômica e eficaz para este manejo. O presente trabalho propõe o uso da programação linear inteira binária para auxílio no estudo do balanço da energia e da viabilidade econômica do aproveitamento do palhiço para a produção de energia. Para isto, foram propostos modelos matemáticos para escolha das variedades de cana-de-açúcar que deverão ser plantadas nas áreas agrícolas da usina, que derivem palhiços com mínimo custo de manejo (enfardamento, recolhimento e transporte até a usina) e modelos para escolha das variedades de cana-de-açúcar que deverão ser plantadas nas áreas agrícolas da usina que ofereça um balanço ótimo de energia da biomassa. Os modelos satisfazem as restrições de área para plantio e as necessidades... (Resumo completo, clicar aesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Brazil is the larger sugarcane producer of the word. This culture is primarily produced to obtain alcohol and sugar. The Brazilian production in the season 2006/2007 is estimated in 471,2 million tones, above 9,2% of the season previous. This increase is due to the climate, to the investments occurred in the industries attracted by the increasing national production dual fuel cars and by the increase of the sugar and alcohol sales to the international market. The accelerated growing of this culture appeared as environmental problems as environmental pollution, caused by burning of the sugarcane plantation for sugarcane harvest, being necessary the state and federal law implementation prohibiting this practical. With the burning limiting in the sugarcane plantations, the derivative trash of sugarcane harvest without previous burning, became focus to the researches and farmers. The advantages in its collecting, recuperation and utilization has mobilized university researches, plant manager and directors that are interested in find the form more productive, economic and effective for this management. The present work propose the use of the binary entire linear programming to aid in the energy balance and trash utilization economic viability study to energy production. For this, were proposed mathematical models to choose the sugarcane varieties that will must be planted in the agricultural areas of the plant, that derives trash with the minimum management cost (packing, collecting and transport until the plant) and models to choose of the sugarcane varieties that will must be planted in the agricultural areas of the plant, that offer a optimum biomass energy balance. The models satisfy the restrictions of planting area and the necessities of the plant to attend the sugar, alcohol demand and energy production. In this study were used Entire Linear Programming technical to formulation and resolution of the optimization model. / Mestre