Bahrain is a developed country that faces different economic and political challenges. Economically, Bahrain depends mostly on oil. However, there are some attempts to diversify its economy. Bahrain has established several economic projects to boost its economy including Bahrainization (Nationalization), Tamkeen (Labour fund), the Bahrain Business Incubator center, the banking sector, transport and communication, manufacturing and education. The Ministry of Education has established various educational projects to accommodate Bahrain Vision 2030, which aims to diversify the economy of Bahrain, building strategies of government and encouragement of a partnership between the private and public sector and the provision of an effective education system based on well trained teachers, enhancing the performance of public schools, provision of equal education opportunities for all students and improving and encouraging scientific education. This study investigates the different measures of secondary school effectiveness in Bahrain as a result of the new development of the education system in Bahrain including both teaching and improvement programs. These were initiated by the Ministry of Education in Bahrain and educational specialists. The literature reviews showed that secondary school effectiveness has been examined using specific factors - students' performance, teachers' performance, leadership. However, other factors such as leader-member exchange, value congruence, supportive supervisor communication and task performance have not been investigated well in the education sector and at the secondary school level in particular. The aim of this research is to investigate the impact of leader-member exchange, value congruence, supportive supervisor communication and task performance on secondary school effectiveness in Bahrain. Subsequent to this, a linkage was made between leader-member exchange and secondary school effectiveness in relation to the factors of supportive supervisor communication, task performance and value congruence on the one hand and the impact of value congruence on the relationship between leader-member exchange and secondary school effectiveness on the other. The research gap in this research is about the lack of knowledge of how to measure secondary school effectiveness in Bahrain. The conceptual model tested in this study is based on leader-member exchange theory. The study is based on a quantitative approach on reports provided by Quality Assurance Authority for Education and Training; a self-administrated questionnaire was distributed to both teachers and school administration. This was preceded by a pilot study to test the validity and reliability of the measures used in the main survey. The questionnaires were distributed and collected from 1/10/2015 until 31/10/2015. The total number of questionnaires was 1200 divided into two groups: (500) for the supervisors and (700) for the teachers. A total of 940 were returned: 420 from supervisors and 520 from teachers). The total number of questionnaires that were void was 225, 105 for supervisors, and 120 for teachers; due to missing data, the questionnaires eligible for analysis were 715, 315 for supervisors, and 400 for teachers. This empirical study reveals firstly that leader-member exchange and task performance have a significant positive and direct impact on Bahraini secondary schools' effectiveness. Second, supportive supervisor communication has a significant positive and direct impact on task performance. Third, leader-member exchange has a significant positive and direct impact on supportive supervisor communication. Finally, value congruence partially moderates the relationship between leader-member exchange and school effectiveness, leader-member exchange and supportive superior communication, and task performance relationship with supportive supervisor communication. The study also utilized the indicators of schools effectiveness provided by Quality Assurance Authority for Education and Training reports integrated with variables of leader-member exchange, supportive supervisor communication, task performance and age of school. These school indicators include the capacity to improve, students' academic achievement, students' progress in their personal development, the quality and effectiveness of teaching and learning, the quality of the curriculum delivery, the quality of guidance and support for students and the quality and effectiveness of leadership and management which have a significant relationship with leader-member exchange, supportive supervisor communication, task performance, age, talented and creative students, physical disabilities, special needs and physical difficulties students. It was found that talented and creative, physical disabilities and special needs and physical difficulties students have a significant effect on the school's capacity to improve, students' academic achievement, students' progress in their personal development, the quality and effectiveness of teaching and learning, the quality of the curriculum delivery, the quality of guidance and support for students and the quality and effectiveness of leadership and management. On the other hand, leader-member exchange, supportive supervisor communication, task performance and school's age have no significant effect. The research findings contribute to the theory in widening the understanding of the different measures of secondary school effectiveness in secondary schools in Bahrain and integrate them with indicators of effectiveness provided by Quality Assurance Authority for Education and Training reports. Finally, the report studies effectiveness of schools from both teachers' and supervisors' perspective, which provides deep understanding of the education system in Bahrain and helps in the continuous improvement process implemented by the Ministry of Education.

Thesis (doctoral)--Stockholm School of Economics, 1991. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 227-238).

Bergische Univ., Diss.--Wuppertal, 2005.

Notre recherche porte, pour l’essentiel, sur les entreprises familiales de taille intermédiaire (E.T.I.), du territoire breton. Dans le cadre de la sociologie des Professions nous avons rencontré plusieurs dirigeants d’entreprises, comprenant entre 250 à 5 000 salariés. Nous avons observé, ainsi, ce qui permet à ce concept dit d’« entreprise », à l’instar des « Mittelstand » en Allemagne, de mieux comprendre les facteurs clés de succès, fondés, notamment, sur la priorité absolue donnée au capital humain, à l’innovation, et au développement à l’international, et ce, tout en conservant un très fort ancrage « territorial ». Ainsi, nous avons interrogé des dirigeants, sur le territoire de la Bretagne historique comme « laboratoire social », pour mieux cerner le profil sociologique du chef d’entreprise familial dans les secteurs suivants : agro-alimentaire, restauration, santé, immobilier, textile, chaussure et transport. A partir de problématiques socio-économiques mais aussi sociologiques touchant le monde du travail et de l’emploi, il s’agissait aussi, d’appréhender la compétition mondiale, en particulier, dans le champ du travail : notre thèse poursuit, en fait, l’objectif d’éclairer un certain nombre de métamorphoses en rappelant, comme l’ont déjà dit de nombreux sociologues du travail, de l’organisation et des professions, que « le chômage est la cause causante de l’exclusion sociale / Our research is devoted mainly to family-owned medium-sized enterprises (MSEs) in Brittany. Working from the perspective of the sociology of professions, we met several heads of companies with between 250 and 5,000 employees. In doing so, we observed how this so-called “enterprise” concept, similar to that of “Mittelstands” in Germany, offers a better understanding of the key factors of success, based notably on human capital, innovation, and international growth beingabsolute priorities, with the business also retaining strong local roots. We interviewed company heads in the historical territory of Brittany, taken as a “social laboratory”, to acquire a better grasp of the sociological profile of family business leaders working in the following sectors: the food industry; food services; health; real estate; textiles; footwear; and transport. Taking as a starting-point various social, economic, and sociological issues affecting the world of work and employment, we also sought to shed light on global competition, in particular in the field of labour: this thesis aims to provide insights into a certain number of transformations, bearing in mind the assertion by a great many occupational sociologists that “unemployment is the root cause of social exclusion”