Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le champs de la conception organisationnelle. L'organisation du travail est un objet de conception particulier dans la mesure où elle recouvre plusieurs dimensions d'une situation de travail. Effectivement, elle concerne à la fois la structure prescrite, symbolique et matérielle, offrant un cadre à l'activité des salariés mais aussi l'activité des salariés et le système de régulations qu'ils mettent en place pour la rendre performante. Au regard de cette définition de l’organisation du travail, nous définissons la conception organisationnelle comme tout processus collectif qui permet de (re)concevoir, de façon formelle ou informelle, les composantes de la structure prescrite pour favoriser une activité performante et acceptable du point de vue de l'ensemble des acteurs de ce processus. Pour concevoir une structure prescrite efficace, pertinente et efficicente, nous sommes convaincue qu'un compromis acceptable par tous les acteurs de l'organisation du travail passe par la prise en compte du travail réel des salariés. Cette condition nécessite une certaine structuration de l'activité de conception organisationnelle. Dans le cadre de l'accompagnement d'un projet industriel d'automatisation de machines de production couplée à une réduction d'effectif, nous avons analysé les dialogues des concepteurs lors des réunions de conception organisationnelle. Cette analyse montre que :- d'une part, la simulation organisationnelle récemment développée en ergonomie est une ressource pour structurer une conception qui se base sur un dialogue centré sur le travail réel et,- d'autre part, l'acculturation à l'analyse de l'activité des concepteurs permet de négocier la conception organisationnelle sur la base de connaissances sur le travail réel.Par ailleurs, les résultats mettent en évidence que les sujets de négociation concernent davantage l'obtention de marges de manœuvre.Ainsi, spécifier les objets de négociation, les critères de conception et les choix organisationnels permet de mieux comprendre la conception organisationnelle afin de mieux l'outiller. En outre, cette thèse a pour objectif d'apprécier la fonction de l'ergonome au sein de la conception organisationnelle. Enfin, en plus d'apporter des éléments méthodologiques pour la conception organisationnelle, cette recherche propose une définition originale de l'organisation du travail sous l'angle de la négociation. / This thesis concerns the organizational design. Work organization is a special object because it recovers several dimensions of a situation of work. Indeed, at the same time, it relates to the prescribed, symbolic and material structure, offering a framework to the employees activity but also the activity of the employees and the system of regulations which they set up to make it effective. Taking into consideration this definition of the work organization, we define the organizational design as any collective process which makes possible to (re)conceiving, in a formal or abstract way, the components of the prescribed structure to support an acceptable and successful activity from the point of view of the whole of the actors of this process.To conceive a prescribed structure, we are convinced that an acceptable compromise by all the actors of the organization of work passes by the taking into account of the real work of the employees. This condition requires a certain structuring of the activity of the organizational design. Within the framework of the accompaniment of an industrial project of automation of production machine tools coupled to a reduction of manpower, we analyzed the dialogues of the originators duriing organizational design meetings. This analysis shows that :- the organizational simulation recently developed in ergonomics is a resource to structure a design which is based on a dialogue centered on rela work and,- the acculturation to the analysis of the activity of designers, thanks to the intervention of the ergonomist and his tools, can negotiate organizational design based on knowledge of the actual work.Furthermore, the results schow tat subjects of negotation relate more acquisition of room for maneuver.To specify the objects of negotiation and the crieria of design is to better understand the organizational design in order to equip best. Moreover, this thesis aims to appreciate the function of ther ergonomicist within the organizational design. Lastly, besides bringing methodological elements for the organizational design, this research proposes a definition of the organization of work under the angle of the negotiation.

This research is based on the premises that teams can be designed to optimize its performance, and appropriate team coordination is a significant factor to team outcome performance. Contingency theory argues that the effectiveness of a team depends on the right fit of the team design factors to the particular job at hand. Therefore, organizations need computational tools capable of predict the performance of different configurations of teams. This research created an agent-based model of teams called the Team Coordination Model (TCM). The TCM estimates the coordination load and performance of a team, based on its composition, coordination mechanisms, and job’s structural characteristics. The TCM can be used to determine the team’s design characteristics that most likely lead the team to achieve optimal performance. The TCM is implemented as an agent-based discrete-event simulation application built using JAVA and Cybele Pro agent architecture. The model implements the effect of individual team design factors on team processes, but the resulting performance emerges from the behavior of the agents. These team member agents use decision making, and explicit and implicit mechanisms to coordinate the job. The model validation included the comparison of the TCM’s results with statistics from a real team and with the results predicted by the team performance literature. An illustrative 26-1 fractional factorial experimental design demonstrates the application of the simulation model to the design of a team. The results from the ANOVA analysis have been used to recommend the combination of levels of the experimental factors that optimize the completion time for a team that runs sailboats races. This research main contribution to the team modeling literature is a model capable of simulating teams working on complex job environments. The TCM implements a stochastic job structure model capable of capturing some of the complexity not capture by current models. In a stochastic job structure, the tasks required to complete the job change during the team execution of the job. This research proposed three new types of dependencies between tasks required to model a job as a stochastic structure. These dependencies are conditional sequential, single-conditional sequential, and the merge dependencies.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AlbertoS_TESE.pdf: 2680432 bytes, checksum: d2f2fd640ed137e3f09bc41cd4afd853 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-17 / Simulations based on cognitively rich agents can become a very intensive computing task, especially when the simulated environment represents a complex system. This situation becomes worse when time constraints are present. This kind of simulations would benefit from a mechanism that improves the way agents perceive and react to changes in these types of environments. In other worlds, an approach to improve the efficiency (performance and accuracy) in the decision process of autonomous agents in a simulation would be useful. In complex environments, and full of variables, it is possible that not every information available to the agent is necessary for its decision-making process, depending indeed, on the task being performed. Then, the agent would need to filter the coming perceptions in the same as we do with our attentions focus. By using a focus of attention, only the information that really matters to the agent running context are perceived (cognitively processed), which can improve the decision making process. The architecture proposed herein presents a structure for cognitive agents divided into two parts: 1) the main part contains the reasoning / planning process, knowledge and affective state of the agent, and 2) a set of behaviors that are triggered by planning in order to achieve the agent s goals. Each of these behaviors has a runtime dynamically adjustable focus of attention, adjusted according to the variation of the agent s affective state. The focus of each behavior is divided into a qualitative focus, which is responsible for the quality of the perceived data, and a quantitative focus, which is responsible for the quantity of the perceived data. Thus, the behavior will be able to filter the information sent by the agent sensors, and build a list of perceived elements containing only the information necessary to the agent, according to the context of the behavior that is currently running. Based on the human attention focus, the agent is also dotted of a affective state. The agent s affective state is based on theories of human emotion, mood and personality. This model serves as a basis for the mechanism of continuous adjustment of the agent s attention focus, both the qualitative and the quantative focus. With this mechanism, the agent can adjust its focus of attention during the execution of the behavior, in order to become more efficient in the face of environmental changes. The proposed architecture can be used in a very flexibly way. The focus of attention can work in a fixed way (neither the qualitative focus nor the quantitaive focus one changes), as well as using different combinations for the qualitative and quantitative foci variation. The architecture was built on a platform for BDI agents, but its design allows it to be used in any other type of agents, since the implementation is made only in the perception level layer of the agent. In order to evaluate the contribution proposed in this work, an extensive series of experiments were conducted on an agent-based simulation over a fire-growing scenario. In the simulations, the agents using the architecture proposed in this work are compared with similar agents (with the same reasoning model), but able to process all the information sent by the environment. Intuitively, it is expected that the omniscient agent would be more efficient, since they can handle all the possible option before taking a decision. However, the experiments showed that attention-focus based agents can be as efficient as the omniscient ones, with the advantage of being able to solve the same problems in a significantly reduced time. Thus, the experiments indicate the efficiency of the proposed architecture / Simula??es baseadas em agentes cognitivos podem se tornar tarefas computacionalmente intensivas, especialmente quando o ambiente de simula??o ? um sistema complexo. Este panorama se torna pior na medida em que restri??es de tempo s?o adotadas. Simula??es desse tipo seriam beneficiadas por um mecanismo que melhorasse o modo pelo qual os agentes percebem e reagem a mudan?as nesses tipos de ambiente. Ou seja, uma abordagem para melhorar a efici?ncia (desempenho e acur?cia) no processo de decis?o de agentes aut?nomos em uma simula??o, seria ?til. Em ambientes complexos e repletos de vari?veis, ? poss?vel que nem todas as informa??es dispon?veis para o agente sejam necess?rias para o seu processo de decis?o, dependendo, ? claro, da tarefa que esteja sendo executada. O agente precisaria filtrar as informa??es que lhe chegam, assim como n?s o fazemos com o nosso foco de aten??o. Com a utiliza??o de um foco de aten??o, somente as informa??es importantes ao contexto de execu??o do agente s?o percebidas (processadas cognitivamente), o que pode melhorar o processo de decis?o. A arquitetura proposta neste trabalho apresenta uma estrutura de agentes cognitivos dividida em duas partes: 1) uma parte principal contendo o racioc?nio/planejamento, o conhecimento e o estado afetivo do agente e, 2) um conjunto de comportamentos que ser?o acionados pelo planejamento com o intuito de atingir os objetivos do agente. Cada um desses comportamentos possui um foco de aten??o ajust?vel dinamicamente durante o tempo de execu??o do agente, de acordo com a varia??o do seu estado afetivo. O foco de aten??o presente em cada comportamento ? dividido em foco qualitativo, o qual ? respons?vel pela qualidade dos dados percebidos, e foco quantitativo, o qual ? respons?vel pela quantidade dos dados percebidos. Desse modo, o comportamento ser? capaz de filtrar as informa??es enviadas pelos sensores dos agentes e construir uma lista de elementos, contendo somente as informa??es necess?rias ao agente, dependendo do contexto do comportamento em execu??o no momento. Com base no mecanismo de foco de aten??o humano, o agente tamb?m ? dotado de um estado afetivo. O estado afetivo do agente ? baseado nas teorias humanas da emo??o, humor e personalidade. Esse modelo atua como base para o mecanismo de ajuste cont?nuo do foco de aten??o do agente, tanto da parte qualitativa, como da parte quantitativa. Com esse mecanismo, o agente pode ajustar o seu foco de aten??o durante a execu??o do comportamento, de forma a tornar-se mais eficiente perante as mudan?as ocorridas no ambiente. A arquitetura proposta pode ser utilizada de forma bastante flex?vel. O foco de aten??o pode trabalhar tanto de forma fixa (onde nem o foco qualitativo e nem o quantitativo variam), quanto com diferentes combina??es entre a varia??o ou n?o dos focos qualitativo e quantitativo. A arquitetura foi desenvolvida sobre uma plataforma para agentes BDI, mas o seu projeto permite que seja usada em qualquer outro tipo de agente, pois as altera??es s?o feitas apenas no n?vel da percep??o do agente. Para avaliar a contribui??o do trabalho, uma s?rie extensa de experimentos foram realizados sobre uma simula??o baseada em agentes num cen?rio de inc?ndio. Nas simula??es, agentes utilizando a arquitetura proposta neste trabalho s?o comparados com agentes similares (com o mesmo modelo de racioc?nio), por?m capazes de processar todas as informa??es que lhes s?o enviadas pelo ambiente (agentes oniscientes). Intuitivamente, ? de se imaginar os agentes oniscientes seriam mais eficiente que os com filtros de percep??o, uma vez que eles podem processar todas as op??es poss?veis antes de tomar uma decis?o. Por?m, os experimentos mostram que os agentes com foco de aten??o podem ser t?o eficientes quanto os oniscientes, levando vantagem por?m na capacidade de resolverem o mesmo problema em um tempo significativamente menor. Os experimentos indicam, portanto, a efici?ncia da arquitetura proposta

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le contexte de l’Innovation Sociale pour le développement durable et porte sur l’anticipation d’un système sociotechnique citoyen innovant favorable à une gestion écologique et partagée des ressources. Ce type d’innovation implique les idéologies individuelles et collectives (les idées et les valeurs propres à un individu ou à un groupe et qui orientent les actions / discours de cet individu / ce groupe). La recherche s’intéresse spécifiquement à la mobilisation de la dimension idéologique en conception collaborative de ce type d’innovation. La thèse défendue est la suivante : à travers la discussion et le débat sur les solutions de conception, sont co-construites des connaissances « sociotechniques » relatives à l’objet même à concevoir, ainsi que des connaissances « idéologiques » relatives aux valeurs que doit véhiculer cet objet. L’acceptabilité collective du futur système repose sur l’articulation de ces deux dimensions épistémiques, et cette articulation est soutenue par des interactions argumentatives constructives. Nous avons adopté la démarche méthodologique de l’ergonomie prospective et proposons un cycle de conception en trois étapes : 1) L’analyse d’un système sociotechnique de référence, 2) La création de systèmes sociotechniques probables, 3) La simulation d’un système sociotechnique imaginé. Les trois étapes sont des situations de conception collaborative. Elles ont été menées avec des usagers de la société civile. Les résultats constituent un socle pour le développement de méthodes et d’outils réflexifs visant à soutenir la conception collaborative de systèmes sociotechniques qui impliquent fortement la dimension idéologique. / This thesis concerns the context of Social Innovation for sustainable development. The thesis relates to the anticipation of an innovative and citizen sociotechnical system that encourages ecological and shared uses of resources. This type of innovation involves individual and collective ideologies. The notion of ideology is understood here as a system of ideas and values, specific to an individual or a group, and which guide action and/or appear in discourse. Our research focuses on the mobilization of the ideological dimension during the collaborative design of this type of innovation. The defended thesis is: through discourse and debate about design solutions, "sociotechnical" knowledge is co-elaborated (related to the object that is designed) as well as "ideological" knowledge (in relation to the values that have to be conveyed by the object). The common acceptability of the future system is based on the articulation of these two epistemic dimensions; and this articulation is supported by constructive argumentative interactions. We have adopted the methodological approach of the prospective ergonomics and we propose a three-step design cycle: 1) The analysis of an inspiring socio-technical system, 2) The construction of hypothetical socio-technical systems, 3) The simulation of a hypothetical sociotechnical system. All of the three steps are collaborative design situations. They were implemented with citizens. The results of our research are useful for the development of reflexive methods and tools that support the collaborative design of sociotechnical systems that strongly imply an ideological dimension.