This thesis seeks to establish the concept of jurisdiction as an analytical framework for conceptualising the powers of international organizations. The basic claim is that a distinction ought to be drawn between the types of actions an organization can take and the legal relationship between the organization and the persons, objects and scenarios where it is empowered to act. Existing scholarship focuses solely on the former dimension whereas the latter, referred to as jurisdiction, is underexplored. The thesis develops an analytical framework comprised of elements which are essential components of international jurisdiction. This framework is derived from the reasoning of the PCIJ and the ICJ on international organizations. It identifies three foundational elements which are essential and incommensurable: state consent, techniques of delimiting jurisdiction and the compétence de la compétence principle. The framework seeks to examine each of these elements individually, but also to capture the dynamic between them. It is not claimed that the distinction between the types of action and the relationship between institution and objects; between jurisdiction and legal powers, is always watertight. However, it is argued that reconceptualising the ‘powers’ of organizations along the lines advanced by this thesis is beneficial in two ways. First, it is argued that the introduction of the concept into existing constructions concerning legal powers adds nuance and subtlety, therefore enhancing the ability of law to act as an effective constraint upon international organizations. Second, the concept of jurisdiction offers fresh insights into complex questions of contemporary global governance, in particular, the overlapping competences of organizations.

Over the past few decades Brazil has become a huge player in the international trading scene. Historically being a main exporter of sugar and coffee, the nation has recently exploded in the production of soy as well, making it the second largest exporter of soy in the world. This case study will exemplify how the Brazilian soy industry has caused the exploitation of indigenous and local communities, and of the natural environment in the nation. It will explore the historic political and economic development of Brazil as a nation, the development of its soy industry, the aforementioned negative externalities of its soy industry, and both the historic and contemporary significance of state and nonstate actors on those negative externalities. Through the lens of three competing theoretical frameworks - Mercantilism, Liberalism, and Marxism - the significance of state and non-state actors will be analyzed in terms of how they historically have and continue to affect the negative externalities of the Brazilian soy industry. Depending on the theoretical perspective, these international political entities - the independent variables in study - impact the negative externalities of the Brazilian soy industry, or dependent variables in the study, which are the exploitation of the indigenous peoples and local communities of Brazil, and the destruction of its natural environment.

The aim of this thesis is to map areas of development work with Roma in the Czech Republic after 1989. It is mentioned the situation before the Velvet Revolution to better understanding the context. A number of problems were caused at that time. These problems are addressed by development work today. In the thesis the current situation of Roma is outlined as well as the problems that the Roma have to solve. It is emphasized the shift from state solutions of problems of Roma to non-governmental organizations that have taken part of the states tasks in relation to Roma. The thesis also deals with the concept of international development. It tries to show its influence on local development which can draw and learn from its mistakes. The most important part of the thesis is the chapter that is dedicated to areas in which it is working with Roma. General information in this section are completed by practical findings from research which was conducted with staff of three non-governmental organizations.

Resistance of subsidiaries of multinational corporations to global coordination efforts by their headquarters is an important contemporary research subject in the field of international business studies. This case study of sales and marketing organizations in five international subsidiaries of a highly divisionalized corporation illustrates how the capabilities and the willingness to adopt and pursue global strategies is strongly influenced by local situational and organizational factors. The defining business problem was different in each country organization, ranging from product related issues such as quick innovation cycles and price competition, to economic concerns like emerging market dynamics and economic crisis, and other problems related to cultural dissimilarity. A large degree of divisionalization seems to dilute central leadership, as central managers compete for the attention and the resources of the subsidiaries and local managers behave like independent distributors, picking and choosing the most favorable offerings. In order to establish successful leadership in the absence of hierarchical control, intermediate central sales and marketing managers need to first of all internally coordinate their activities towards their local counterparts. Top management needs to establish legitimate authority of intermediate managers by clear definitions of international matrix roles and management procedures. Central sales and marketing managers need to have enough international field experience to be able to correctly assess the different local situations, advance their initiatives in a diplomatic way on all local hierarchy levels and to become overall credible and accepted partners for the local teams. Directly engaging in field activities with local customers and sales teams seems to help achieving these objectives and thus to contribute to the successful enforcement of global strategies.

Resistance of subsidiaries of multinational corporations to global coordination efforts by their headquarters is an important contemporary research subject in the field of international business studies. This case study of sales and marketing organizations in five international subsidiaries of a highly divisionalized corporation illustrates how the capabilities and the willingness to adopt and pursue global strategies is strongly influenced by local situational and organizational factors. The defining business problem was different in each country organization, ranging from product related issues such as quick innovation cycles and price competition, to economic concerns like emerging market dynamics and economic crisis, and other problems related to cultural dissimilarity. A large degree of divisionalization seems to dilute central leadership, as central managers compete for the attention and the resources of the subsidiaries and local managers behave like independent distributors, picking and choosing the most favorable offerings. In order to establish successful leadership in the absence of hierarchical control, intermediate central sales and marketing managers need to first of all internally coordinate their activities towards their local counterparts. Top management needs to establish legitimate authority of intermediate managers by clear definitions of international matrix roles and management procedures. Central sales and marketing managers need to have enough international field experience to be able to correctly assess the different local situations, advance their initiatives in a diplomatic way on all local hierarchy levels and to become overall credible and accepted partners for the local teams. Directly engaging in field activities with local customers and sales teams seems to help achieving these objectives and thus to contribute to the successful enforcement of global strategies.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-25T12:22:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Luiz da Rosa Garcia Filho.pdf: 690059 bytes, checksum: 1840b21a7f696be5a567f8e9fff65654 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-31 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This dissertation seeks to identify the role that the permanent International Criminal Court (ICC) occupies in the international system. In this paper, we analyze the formation of an international governmental organization (IGO) in light of theories of international relations, addressing the major theoretical schools, and giving special focus, to the applicability of the theory of hegemonic stability, bearing in mind the opposition that the United States offers to the Organization. We also draw a profile of the historical formation of the International Court, rescuing its predecessors and leaning on the principles that guide its activities, giving special attention to the principle of complementarity, which aims to safeguard the sovereignty of States Parties to the Rome Statute, an international treaty that gave start to ICC. Our research also takes care of the issue of the difficulties faced by this Court, in particular those under the opposition it faces in the International System (IS), addressing conciliation options and charting a prognosis for the future of the Organization in a world increasingly interdependent and globalized. / A presente dissertação de mestrado busca identificar o papel que o Tribunal Penal Internacional Permanente (TPIP) ocupa no sistema internacional. Neste trabalho, analisaremos a formação desta Organização Internacional Governamental (OIG) sob a luz das teorias de Relações Internacionais, abordando as principais vertentes teóricas e, dando especial enfoque, a questão da aplicação da teoria da estabilidade hegemônica, tendo em mente a oposição dos Estados Unidos em relação à Organização. Também traçaremos um perfil da formação histórica da Corte Internacional, resgatando seus precedentes e nos debruçando sobre os princípios que norteiam sua atividade, dando especial atenção ao princípio da complementaridade, que visa resguardar a soberania dos Estados signatários do Estatuto de Roma, tratado internacional que deu início ao TPIP. Nossa pesquisa cuida ainda da questão das dificuldades enfrentas pela referida Corte, em especial as decorrentes da oposição que enfrenta no Sistema Internacional (SI), abordando opções de conciliação e traçando um prognóstico para o futuro da Organização em um mundo cada vez mais interdependente e globalizado.

Accountability Architecture of International Organizations of International Development Law The Master's thesis dwells upon the accountability of International Organizations operating within the field of International Development Law. The interpretation of immunities thereof is extensive and there is no independent court with appropriate jurisdiction. Therefore there are solely very few means of holding them accountable for their acts, especially those which are not contrary to International Law outside of the realm of political pressure of the Member States. For this reason, the International Organizations were forced to adopt their own accountability mechanisms. These serve to help to eradicate the systemic shortcomings of the activities, mitigate risks and potential public outrage as well as to give recourse to those, who have been adversely affected by the International Organization's operation. These mechanisms, that include the revision panels, the so-called international accountability mechanisms, altogether form the accountability architecture. The core question of this paper is whether the current accountability architecture with respect to these International Organizations is satisfactory. To these ends it firstly delineates the so far unclear notion of International Development Law, its sources,...

This thesis investigates the relationship between Fascist Italy and the League of Nations (LoN) during the interwar period, with a particular focus on the years from 1922 to 1935. This relationship was contradictory, shifting from moments of active collaboration to moments of open disagreement. The existing historiography on the Italian membership of the League has not reflected this oscillation in policy, focusing disproportionally on the crises Italy caused at the League. However, Fascist Italy remained in the League for more than 15 years, ranking as the third-largest power, and was fully engaged in the institution's work. This dissertation investigates the dynamics that developed between Fascist Italy and the LoN through a systematic study of the Italians involved. In so doing, it contributes to the historiography of the LoN and of the Italian foreign policy in the interwar period. The thesis argues that there was more to the Italian membership of the LoN than the Ethiopian crisis. It reveals the extent of the Italian presence and activity in the institution from the beginning, and demonstrates that the organization was more important to the Italian government than previously recognized. Membership of the League was essential to guarantee Italy international legitimation and recognition. Through an active appropriation of internationalism, the Italian government hoped to obtain practical benefits in the colonial sphere. The thesis uncovers the depth and variety of interactions between nationalism and internationalism in the case of Italy and the League, establishing that they did not oppose each other but rather interacted. This dissertation illustrates the complexity of being an Italian working in the League, as well as the grey areas between nationalism and internationalism evident within individual experiences. Finally, it shows the continuity of actors and expertise in Italy's international cooperation between the interwar and the post-1945 period.

This study is titled Role of Small States in International Relations: Comparative Analysis of the Czech Republic and Israel and its main purpose is to analyze a typical small state's behavior in the international arena on the examples of the Czech and Israeli foreign policy. It is divided into four respective sections -- a theoretical framework, historical background, and the two case studies, and it strives to answer a foundational question whether the Czech Republic and Israel can be considered small players in international relations based on the theoretical definition of the notion of a small state as well as the countries' current foreign policy approaches and tools.

Dipoma thesis Specifics of human rights organizations in Czech Republic, Austria and Slovakia focuses on human rights organizations in three neighbouring countries. Organisations are assessed along three basic dimensions, structure, activities and relationship to their environment. The goal of the paper is to describe and compare these organisations in their national context and to determine whether there are any significant specifics in this aspect between the countries. To achieve the goal, comparative analysis was used based on analysis of secondary documents and interviews with representatives of organisations. Findings and outcomes summary are placed in the last part of the paper.