Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri--Columbia, 2003. / "December 2003." Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 84-96). Also issued on the Internet.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri--Columbia, 2003. / "December 2003." Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 84-96). Also issued on the Internet.

Mechanistic aspects of phosphorylation, dephosphorylation, pyrophosphorylation and depyrophosphorylation reactions that mimic phosphorylases, dephosphorylases, pyrophosphorylases and depyrophosphorylases have been studied in the biologically important middle pH region. The different systems monitored are; (a) the reactions between [{CoN4(OH)(OH2)}]2+ and [HPO4]- for 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 [{CoN4(OH)(OH2)}]2+ to [HPO4]2- ratios. (b) the reactions between [{CoN4PO4] and [O2NC6H4O]- (abbreviated as NP-) for 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 [{CoN4PO4] to [O2NC6H4O]- ratios. (c) the reactions between [{CoN4(OH)(OH2)}]2+ and [O2NC6H4PO4]2- (abbreviated as NPP2-) for 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 [{CoN4(OH)(OH2)}]2+ to [O2NC6H4PO4]2- ratios. (d) the reactions between [{CoN4(OH)(OH2)}]2+ and [H2P2O7]2- for 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 [{CoN4(OH)(OH2)}]2+ to [H2P2O7]2- ratios. (e) the reactions between [{CoN4P2O7}]- and [O2NC6H4O]- for 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 [{CoN4P2O7}]- to [O2NC6H4O]- ratios. Significant phosphorylation was noted for systems containing 1:1 molar ratio [{CoN4PO4] and [O2NC6H4O]-. Enhanced phosphorylation was depicted for system containing 1:1 molar ratio of [{CoN4(OH)}2PO4]+ and [O2NC6H4O]-. Pyrophosphorylation was noted for reactions of 1:1 molar ratio of [{CoN4P2O7}]- and [O2NC6H4O]-. The rate of pyrophosphorylation was substantially reduced for systems that were 2:1 in molar ratio of [{CoN4P2O7}]- and [O2NC6H4O]-. No appreciable pyrophosphorylation was noted for systems, which has a 3:1 molar ratio of [{CoN4P2O7}]- and [O2NC6H4O]-. Specific mechanistic features and the possible roles metal ions play in phosphorylase, dephosphorylase and pyrophosphorylase are highlighted from results of UV-Visible spectroscopy, 31P {1H} NMR spectroscopy and Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) studies / Chemistry / D.Phil. (Chemistry)

Orientador: Ana Maria Lima de Azeredo-Espin / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T10:06:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho_RenatoAssisde_D.pdf: 2025643 bytes, checksum: 24641039150d3a87bfa143c90c98fc64 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A mosca-da-bicheira, Cochliomyia hominivorax, é uma das principais moscas causadoras de miíases da América do Sul, sendo responsável por severos prejuízos à pecuária através da mortalidade e redução da produtividade dos animais infestados. No Brasil, o seu controle tem sido realizado principalmente através da aplicação de inseticidas organofosforados (OF). Porém, o uso indevido e/ou prolongado desses agentes químicos pode provocar seleção de indivíduos resistentes, devido à alteração do sítio alvo ou à desintoxicação metabólica do inseticida antes de atingir o sítio alvo. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desse estudo foi investigar as bases moleculares da resistência a inseticidas OF na mosca da bicheira, através da caracterização da carboxilesterase E3, do sítio alvo acetilcolinesterase (AChE) e da expressão diferencial de enzimas metabólicas (caiboxilesterases, P450 e GST) em indivíduos resistentes. A seqüência predita da enzima carboxilesterase E3 em C. hominivorax apresentou domínios altamente conservados dentre as carboxil/colinesterases que contribuem para o mecanismo catalítico do sítio ativo. Duas mutações, já descritas em outras espécies, foram encontradas, a G137D, associada com resistência principalmente aos dietil-OPs, e a W251S, associada com resistência aos dietil-OPs e piretróides. A freqüência dessas mutações foi investigada em períodos distintos de diferentes populações do Uruguai, indicando uma correlação da freqüência de cada mutação com a classe de inseticida utilizada no controle da espécie. A região codificante da acetilcolinesterase foi sequenciada em C. hominivorax possibilitando a investigação, em populações naturais, de mutações já caracterizadas por conferir resistência a OF em outras espécies (I298V, G401A, F466Y). Apenas 2/135 indivíduos apresentaram uma das mutações (F466Y). Em contraste, a mutação G137D na carboxilesterase E3, que confere resistência metabólica aos inseticidas OF, foi encontrada em mais de 50% dos indivíduos na maioria dessas populações, indicando ser um dos principais mecanismos de resistência nessa espécie. Para a identificação de genes diferencialmente expressos em indivíduos resistentes foi gerado um banco de dados através da caracterização do transcriptoma utilizando uma das técnicas de sequenciamento de nova geração (Roche 454). Ao todo, foram obtidas 548.940 seqüências, resultando em 36.650 "contigs" e 782 "singlets" Após a anotação desses transcritos, foram selecionados genes candidatos pertencentes às famílias de enzimas de detoxificação metabólica (carboxilesterases, monooxigenases P450 e GSTs) para terem sua expressão comparada entre os indivíduos que sobreviveram ao tratamento (CL90) com o inseticida diclorvos (dimetil-OF) e um grupo controle (sem tratamento). Apenas um gene foi diferencialmente expresso, ortólogo ao CYP6GJ, e estudos futuros serão necessários para determinar a associação da expressão dessa P450 e resistência ao inseticida OF. Em ambos os grupos, o gene da AChE não se encontrou alterado. Já o gene da carboxilesterase E3 apresentou a mutação W251S em todos os indivíduos do grupo resistente (n=44), enquanto que no grupo controle (n-40) 13 indivíduos apresentaram a mutação, confirmando a associação dessa mutação com resistência aos dimetil-OP. Assim, a identificação das mutações nesse gene em populações naturais da mosca-da-bicheira pode ser uma ferramenta importante de monitoramento da resistência ao longo da atual distribuição geográfica da espécie, contribuindo para a implementação de estratégias mais efetivas de controle por meio da escolha apropriada dos produtos químicos. / Abstract: The New World Screwworm (NWS) fly Cochliomyia hominivorax is one of most important myiasis-causing flies in the Neotropics. It is responsible for severe losses to the livestock industry through both mortality and loss of productivity of infested animals. In Brazil, it has been controlled by the application of chemical insecticides, mainly the organophosphate (OP) compounds. However, the intensive use of these compounds over many years may select resistant individuals which have the potential to compromise the efficacy of current control strategies. Major mechanisms of insecticide resistance in insects involve either mutation in the target site of the insecticide, or an alteration in the rate of insecticide detoxification. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the molecular basis of resistance to organophosphate insecticides in NWS throughout characterization of the carboxylesterase and acetylcholinesterase genes and expression evaluation of detoxification enzymes. The predicted amino sequence of the E3 gene showed highly conserved domains within carboxyl/cholinesterases involved in the catalytic mechanism of active site. Two mutations previously described in other dipteran species were found, G137D, associated mainly with diethyl-OP hydrolysis, and W251S, associated with dimethyl-OP and pyrethroid hydrolysis. The frequency of these mutations was analyzed in different Uruguayan regions in 2003 and 2009, indicating a correlation between each mutation and the insecticide class used for NWS control. The entire coding sequence of acetylcholinesterase was sequenced allowing surveying of mutations previously known for conferring insecticide resistance (I298V, G401A, F466Y). Only 2/135 individuals from NWS natural populations showed one of these mutations (F466Y). In contrast, G137D mutation in carboxylesterase E3. that also confers resistance to OP insecticides, was found in a high frequency in the same populations, suggesting this is one of the most important resistance mechanisms and that metabolic resistance has been preferentially selected rather altered target site in this species. Differentially expressed genes in resistant NWS individuals were analyzed throughout candidate gene expression evaluation. For this, NWS transcriptome was sampled by deep sequencing of polyadenilated transcripts using 454 sequencing technology, which generated a total of 548,940 sequences resulting in 37,432 unigenes (36,650 contigs and 782 singlets). Following functional annotation, gene expression of candidate genes belonging to detoxification enzyme families (carboxylesterases, monooxygenases P450 and GSTs) were evaluated in NWS resistant individuals surviving bioassays (1X90) with the active ingredient dichlorvos (dimethyl-OP) and from a control group (without treatment). No genes over expressed were found in the resistant group, and the ortholog to CYP6G1 was down-regulated in this group, requiring further studies to determine the association between reduced expression of a P450 gene and OP resistance. In both groups the target site was not altered. In contrast, E3 gene showed W251S mutation in all resistant individuals (44), while 13 individuals showed such mutation in the control group (40). This result corroborates the association between this mutation and the dimethyl-OP resistance in this species. Therefore, identification of mutations in carboxylesterase gene in NWS natural populations can be an important tool in monitoring insecticide resistance. The selection of appropriate chemicals for NWS control may contribute to implement more effective control strategies. / Doutorado / Genetica Animal e Evolução / Doutor em Genetica e Biologia Molecular

Orientador: Ana Maria Lima de Azeredo-Espin / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T11:52:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho_RenatoAssisde_M.pdf: 3247018 bytes, checksum: a5b7660e4e89972955d72629cfd7e2ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: A pecuária bovina tem significativa importância no contexto sócio-econômico para o país, sendo responsável pela produção anual de mais de 2 milhões de toneladas de carne, uma das principais fontes de proteína animal da dieta do consumidor brasileiro. A alta produtividade deve estar sempre acompanhada de um controle sanitário eficiente desses animais. Os prejuízos econômicos provocados por ecto e endoparasitas estão entre os principais fatores limitantes da produção animal. Dentre os ectoparasitas de maior importância na pecuária nacional e considerada uma das principais pragas, está a Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), conhecida no Brasil como a mosca da bicheira. Os prejuízos causados pelas infestações dessa espécie vêm através da redução da qualidade do couro e da produção de leite, na perda de peso e fertilidade do hospedeiro, e mortalidade dos animais infestados. No Brasil, o seu controle tem sido realizado principalmente através da aplicação de inseticidas organofosforados (OP). Porém, o uso indevido e/ou prolongado desses agentes químicos pode provocar a seleção de indivíduos resistentes. Com a recém introdução de outros princípios ativos, como os piretróides, nas formulações dos inseticidas para controle da C. hominivorax, associada ao fato de que a espécie L. cuprina (Calliphoridae), causadora de miíases em ovelhas, adquiriu resistência ao inseticida OP em menos de 10 anos de uso de tal inseticida, torna-se evidente a importância da investigação da resistência a inseticidas OP em C. hominivorax. Através da amplificação heteróloga com 'primers¿ previamente construídos para L. cuprina, e com 'primers¿ construídos especificamente para C. hominivorax, o gene da esterase E3 foi amplificado e seqüenciado nesta espécie. Foram identificadas as mesmas mutações (Gly137/Asp e Trp251/Ser) responsáveis por conferir resistência a inseticidas organofosforados em L. cuprina e Musca domestica. Além da caracterização dessas mutações, foi desenvolvido um método rápido e eficiente para identificação da principal mutação relacionada com resistência a OP. Toda a região codificante da carboxilesterase E3 foi amplificada e seqüenciada em C. hominivorax, permitindo sua caracterização nesta espécie. Através da realização de um bioensaio utilizando inseticidas organofosforados, a principal mutação (Gly137/Asp) foi associada com a resistência a tal classe de inseticidas em C. hominivorax. A caracterização deste gene nas populações naturais da mosca da bicheira permitirá a realização de uma análise da freqüência de indivíduos resistentes nas diferentes regiões do Brasil, o que possibilitará o uso mais apropriado e eficiente dos agentes químicos nas propriedades com atividade pecuária, contribuindo para uma maior produtividade animal e menor dano ambiental / Abstract: The cattle breeding is very important to the social-economic context of Brazil. It is responsible for annual production of more than 2 million ton of meat, one of the essential sources of animal protein on Brazilian diet. The large productivity should be always accomplished by an efficient sanitary control of the animals. The economic losses caused by internal and external parasites are the main limiting factors of meat production. Cochliomyia hominivorax (Calliphoridae) is one of the most important myiasis-causing flies and it is responsible for severe economic losses, mainly by reducing the quality of leather and the production of milk and meat. In Brazil, C. hominivorax has been controlled by applying insecticides, particularly organophosphate (OP)-based compounds. However, the improper and continuous use of these chemicals can lead to the selection of OP-resistant strains. Changes in a specific carboxylesterase (E3) activity have been associated with OP resistance in Lucilia cuprina, one important myiasis-causing fly in sheep in Australia and also a member of the Calliphoridae family. The recent introduction of other insecticides for C. hominivorax control, associated with the development of OP resistance in L. cuprina in less than ten years, shows the importance of resistance investigation in C. hominivorax. Based on foregoing studies, the same mutations responsible for conferring OP resistance in L. cuprina and Musca domestica (Muscidae) were identified in C. hominivorax. Besides characterization of these mutations, a rapid and efficient method for identifying the major mutation related to OP resistance (Gly137/Asp) was developed. Moreover, the entire codifying region of carboxylesterase E3 was amplified and sequenced, allowing its characterization in this species. Using a bioassay, the major mutation (Gly137/Asp) was associated with OP resistance in C. hominivorax. The characterization of this gene in natural populations can be an important tool for surveying resistance to insecticides in different regions of Brazil. This will provide information for the selection and for the implementation of more effective pest management programs / Mestrado / Genetica Animal e Evolução / Mestre em Genética e Biologia Molecular

Au cours des années, l'utilisation de composés nocifs a augmenté de façon exponentielle, et c'est la raison pour laquelle développer des méthodes pour l'identification de composés dangereux, tels que les composés organophosphorés (OP) et les explosifs organiques nitroaromatiques, est indispensable. L'analyse des composés organophosphorés et des explosifs est un enjeu important dans la sécurité intérieure, la médecine légale et les sciences de l'environnement. Il est crucial de développer des méthodes analytiques fiables, sensibles et efficaces pour identifier précisément les composés organophosphorés et les explosifs. Dans ce contexte, le but de ce travail de recherche était de développer des méthodes basées sur la spectrométrie de masse pour l'identification précise et sans ambiguïté de ces composés. Un arbre d'identification a été développé pour l'élucidation structurale de composés organophosphorés. Cette approche a été évaluée à l'aide d'une matrice biologique. D'autre part, les explosifs nitroaromatiques ont été étudiés et plusieurs nouveaux résultats ont été trouvés et reportés. L'application de l'analyse directe en temps réel (DART) couplée à la spectrométrie de masse Orbitrap (DART-FTMS) est décrite ici pour le screening rapide et la caractérisation des échantillons de frottis sur coton obtenus à partir d'armes militaires. / Over the years, the widespread use of harmful compounds has increased exponentially, and this is the main reason to develop methods for the identification of dangerous compounds, such as organophosphorus (OP) compounds and organic nitroaromatic explosives. The analysis of OP compounds and explosives is an important issue in homeland security, forensic and environmental sciences. To this aim, it is crucial to develop reliable, sensitive and efficient analytical methods to accurately identify OP compounds and explosives. In this context, the goal of this research work was to develop accurate mass spectrometric-based methods for the unambiguous identification of these compounds. An identification tree was developed for the structural elucidation of OP compounds. This approach was assessed using a biological matrix. On the other hand, nitroaromatic explosives have been investigated and several new findings were found and reported. Furthermore, the application of Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART) coupled to the Orbitrap mass spectrometer (DART-FTMS) is discussed herein for the fast screening and characterization of cotton swab samples obtained from military weapons.

No description available.

No description available.

The group of chemicals designated organophosphorus compounds have had a significant impact on modern life, including use as pesticides, industrial plasticizers and chemical warfare agents. Exposure to certain organophosphates produces a delayed degeneration of the longest and largest nerve fibers, including those of the ascending and descending tracts of the spinal cord, a condition termed organophosphorus ester-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN). Recorded incidents of such an effect in humans have led to research regarding this neurological disease. Among the OPIDN-inducing agents is mipafox, an organophosphate insecticide, the compound we chose to employ in our studies. Although the hen is the primary experimental model in the safety assessment of organophosphates, current research has suggested that the rat may have some validity as an experimental model. We examined the sequential neuropathic effects of a single dose of mipafox (30mg/kg) in rats and hens on a comparative basis to determine the better experimental model. / Master of Science

The contribution of the cardiovascular system. to organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN) was examined using in situ and in vitro models for demonstration of response to vasoactive agents (e.g., the cholinergic agonist, acetylcholine; the α1 agonist, phenylephrine; and the β2 agonist, salbutamol). These responses were compared before and 1, 3, 7, and 21 days after hens were administered cyclic phenyl saligenin phosphate (PSP, 2.5 mg/kg i.m.), an OP that induces OPIDN but does not significantly inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity, and paraoxon (PXN, 0.1 mg/kg i.m.), an OP that inhibits acetylcholinesterase activity but does not induce OPIDN. The capability of verapamil, a calcium channel blocker, to attenuate these responses was examined, as this agent ameliorates OPIDN. For the in situ study, the ischiadic artery was cannulated and alterations in pressure measured at a constant flow used to indicate changes in vascular resistance. Changes in vascular resistance in response to acetylcholine, phenylephrine, and salbutamol that were different from those in control and PXN-treated hens were noted 1 and 3 days after administration of PSP. These changes were attenuated in hens given PSP and verapamil. Vascular segments from the ischiadic artery were used to provide an in vitro model to determine if OPs caused direct vascular damage that was responsible for effects seen in the in situ model. In the in vitro model, however, responses of PSP and PXN were similar and not modified in vascular segments from hens given verapamil as well as the OPs. This indicated that the contribution of the cardiovascular system to OPIDN was due to more than a direct effect on relatively large caliber vessels. The contribution of the cardiovascular system to OPIDN also did not appear to relate to morphological changes induced by administration of OPs, as no changes in vascular morphology were noted. An OP-induced effect that could contribute to vascular effects noted are levels of plasma catecholamines. These levels were altered in hens given PSP or PXN, with increases seen after administration of PSP and decreases seen after administration of PXN. These alterations in plasma catecholamine levels were attenuated in hens given both verapamil and OP. / Ph. D.