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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Um limitante superior para a probabilidade crítica do modelo dos sapos em árvores homogêneas / An upper bound for the critical probability of the frog model on homogeneous trees

Élcio Lebensztayn 18 August 2005 (has links)
Estudamos o modelo dos sapos na árvore homogênea, um sistema de partículas a tempo discreto cuja dinâmica é sintetizada a seguir. No instante inicial, existe em cada vértice da árvore um número aleatório independente e identicamente distribuído de partículas; aquelas posicionadas em um vértice fixado estão ativas, as demais inativas. Partículas ativas realizam passeios aleatórios simples, independentes, a tempo discreto, com probabilidade de desaparecimento (1 - p) em cada instante. Uma partícula inativa torna-se ativa assim que seu vértice é visitado por uma partícula ativa. Consideramos nesta tese o valor crítico p_c que separa a fase em que o processo se extingue quase certamente da fase em que existem partículas ativas em todos os instantes com probabilidade positiva. Provamos um limitante superior para a probabilidade crítica p_c, o qual melhora o resultado anteriormente conhecido para o caso de configuração inicial de uma partícula por vértice. O argumento utilizado consiste na descrição do modelo dos sapos como um modelo de percolação orientada que domina processos de ramificação convenientemente definidos. Obtemos também o valor assintótico do limitante superior estabelecido, mostrando ser igual ao valor assintótico da probabilidade crítica. / We study the frog model on the homogeneous tree, a discrete-time particle system whose dynamics is summarized next. Initially there is an independent and identically distributed random number of particles at each vertex of the tree; those placed at a fixed vertex are active, the others being inactive. Active particles perform independent discrete-time simple random walks, with probability of disappearance (1 - p) at each instant. An inactive particle becomes active once its vertex is hit by an active particle. We consider in this thesis the critical value p_c that separates the phase in which the process dies out almost surely from the phase in which there exist active particles at all times with positive probability. We prove an upper bound for the critical probability p_c, which improves the formerly known result for the case of one particle per vertex initial configuration. The employed argument builds on the description of the frog model as an oriented percolation model which dominates suitably defined branching processes. We also obtain the asymptotic value of the stated upper bound, showing that it equals the asymptotic value of the critical probability.
2

Um limitante superior para a probabilidade crítica do modelo dos sapos em árvores homogêneas / An upper bound for the critical probability of the frog model on homogeneous trees

Lebensztayn, Élcio 18 August 2005 (has links)
Estudamos o modelo dos sapos na árvore homogênea, um sistema de partículas a tempo discreto cuja dinâmica é sintetizada a seguir. No instante inicial, existe em cada vértice da árvore um número aleatório independente e identicamente distribuído de partículas; aquelas posicionadas em um vértice fixado estão ativas, as demais inativas. Partículas ativas realizam passeios aleatórios simples, independentes, a tempo discreto, com probabilidade de desaparecimento (1 - p) em cada instante. Uma partícula inativa torna-se ativa assim que seu vértice é visitado por uma partícula ativa. Consideramos nesta tese o valor crítico p_c que separa a fase em que o processo se extingue quase certamente da fase em que existem partículas ativas em todos os instantes com probabilidade positiva. Provamos um limitante superior para a probabilidade crítica p_c, o qual melhora o resultado anteriormente conhecido para o caso de configuração inicial de uma partícula por vértice. O argumento utilizado consiste na descrição do modelo dos sapos como um modelo de percolação orientada que domina processos de ramificação convenientemente definidos. Obtemos também o valor assintótico do limitante superior estabelecido, mostrando ser igual ao valor assintótico da probabilidade crítica. / We study the frog model on the homogeneous tree, a discrete-time particle system whose dynamics is summarized next. Initially there is an independent and identically distributed random number of particles at each vertex of the tree; those placed at a fixed vertex are active, the others being inactive. Active particles perform independent discrete-time simple random walks, with probability of disappearance (1 - p) at each instant. An inactive particle becomes active once its vertex is hit by an active particle. We consider in this thesis the critical value p_c that separates the phase in which the process dies out almost surely from the phase in which there exist active particles at all times with positive probability. We prove an upper bound for the critical probability p_c, which improves the formerly known result for the case of one particle per vertex initial configuration. The employed argument builds on the description of the frog model as an oriented percolation model which dominates suitably defined branching processes. We also obtain the asymptotic value of the stated upper bound, showing that it equals the asymptotic value of the critical probability.
3

Systèmes de particules en interaction et modèles de déposition aléatoire.

Ezanno, François 21 December 2012 (has links)
Les résultats de cette thèse sont composés de trois parties relativement indépendantes.Dans la première partie, nous reprenons le problème de la définition d'une classe de processus markoviens à une infinité de coordonnées (systèmes de particules en interaction). Nous en proposons une construction ne mettant en jeu ni d'analyse fonctionnelle (ou peu), ni de problème de martingale. Ceci est fait en utilisant des outils probabilistes élémentaires, notamment des couplages adéquats. On fait pour cela une certaine hypothèse sur les taux individuels de transition, qui a été déjà exploitée dans la construction de T. M. Liggett (1972) notamment. Notre construction a l'avantage d'expliquer, plus concrètement que dans les autres constructions, le caractère naturel de cette hypothèse.Dans une seconde partie, nous considérons un modèle de croissance cristalline introduit par D. J. Gates et M. Westcott en 1987, où des particules du milieu environnant s'agrègent à la surface d'un cristal à maille carrée. Le modèle est caractérisé par des taux de déposition en chaque site qui prennent une certaine forme. Nos résultats portent principalement sur la question de la récurrence et de la récurrence positive de la surface du cristal en fonction de certains paramètres. Nous montrons notamment l'existence d'une zone de paramètres dans laquelle transience et récurrence positive coexistent, et suspectée de présenter un phénomène critique. / The results of this thesis are organized in three parts that are nearly independent.In the first part, we treat the problem of the defintion of a class of Markov processes with infinitely many coordinates, namely interacting particle systems. We propose a construction involving neither functional analysis, nor martingale problems. This is done using elementary probabilistic tools, such as proper couplings. Our technique requires a certain assumption on the jump rates which is, up to a slight generalization, the one used in T. M. Liggett's construction. Our construction has the advantage to give more intuition on the necessity of this assumption.In the second part, we consider a crystal growth model proposed by D. J. Gates and M. Westcott in 1987, where floating particles are packed on the surface of a square-lattice crystal, with prescribed deposition rates. We treat the question of the recurrence and positive recurrence of the interface, according to the value of certain parameters. We study especially a zone of parameters where transience and positive recurrence coexist. In this zone a critical phenomenon is suspected to occur.The third part deals with the question of the convergence in law for the subcritical contact process (on ZZ) seen from the edge, starting from a half-line of occupied sites. First we give an alternative proof of a recent result by E. D. Andjel, stating that convergence holds in a closely related discrete-time model. In continuous time we establish that the finite contact process seen from the edge has a Yaglom limit.

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