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<p><em>Ornithogalum </em>sect.<em> Heliocharmos</em> je takson izuzetnih karakteristika koje ga čine istovremeno varijabilnim i prostim. Sa rasprostranjenjem na području Severne Afrike, Evrope i jugoistočne Azije jeste takson sa velikim arealom u familiji Hyacinthaceae. Iako je poznat iz pre-Lineovog perioda, sistematičan pristup u istraživa nju je bio<br />redak i vezan za određene geografske oblasti. Kako bi doprineli savremenom poznavanju taksona postavljeni su ciljevi istraživanja koji u osnovi imaju reviziju nomenklature, taksonomije i rasprostranjenja na području Balkanskog poluostrva<br />i Panonske nizije. U istraživanje je uključeno 15 taksona: serija <em>Platyphylla </em>i vrste <em>O</em>. <em>comosum, O.montanum, O. oligophyllum i O. fimbriatum</em>, i serija <em>Tenuifolia</em> i vrste <em>O</em>. <em>exscapum, O. dalmaticum, O. kochii, O. orbelicum, O. umbellatum, O. divergens,</em><br /><em>O. refractum, O. sibthorpii</em> i neimenovani hibrid. Uz pregled&nbsp; nomenklature dat je&nbsp; kritički osvrt na etimologiju roda <em>Ornithogalum</em>. Taksonomski status je određen na osnovu morfometrijskih i citotaksonomskih istraživanja. Morfometrijske analize su uključile morfolo&scaron;ke karakteristike &sbquo;herbarskih podataka&lsquo;, cveta i plodnika, kao i<br />uporednu anatomsku građu lista i cvetnog stabla. Osim toga posebno su analizirane&nbsp; kvalitativne morfolo&scaron;ke&nbsp; karakteristike&nbsp; i mikromorfologija semena i semenjače. Podaci su analizirani standardnim statističkim metodama za definisanje taksonomski informativnih karakteristika i određivanje zasebnih grupa u okviru analiziranih taksona: multivarijantna korespondentna analiza za kvalitativne karaktere i analize varijanse i diskriminantna analiza za kvantitativne karaktere. Za objedinjenu analizu kvalitativnih i kvantitativnih karaktera upotrebljena je Faktorska analiza me&scaron;ovitih podataka. Rezultati statističke obrade podataka su poslužili za kreiranje dihotomog ključa vrsta sekcije<em> Heliocharmos</em>. Citotaksonomska istraživanja, broj hromozoma i veličina genoma kod odabranih taksona su uključena u istraživanje i na<br />osnovu njih je dat citotaksonmski status za date vrste. Kako bi se ispitao uticaj sredinskih faktora na vrste sekcije<em> Heliocharmos</em>, ispitivana je&nbsp; korelacija odabranih ekolo&scaron;kih indikatora i fitohemijskih jedinjenja kod vrste <em>Ornithogalum umbellatum</em>.<br />Taksonomskim zaključcima prethodila je i revizija regionalnih i evropskih herbarijumskih kolekcija: BEO, BEOU, BP, BUNS, K, LJS, LJU, MKNH, PO, SARA, SOM, SO, SOA, W, WU, ZA, ZAGR, ZAHG, ZAHO; pregledane su i digitalne kolekcije:<br />B, BM, BRNU, E, F, FI, G, GE, GZU, HAL, JE, MJG, NAP, OXF, PI, U, MW. Na osnovu rezultata i zaključaka prethodnih analiza, i uz rezultate koji se nalaze u kreiranoj bazi podataka herbarskih eksikata, prikazano je rasprostranjenje vrsta Ornithogalum sect. Heliocharmos. Osim pregleda rasprostranjenja dat je osvrt na op&scaron;ti areal vrsta i<br />stani&scaron;ta. Revizija nomenklature, taksonomije i rasprostranjenja vrsta <em>Ornithogalum</em> sect. <em>Heliocharmos</em> na području Balkanskog poluostrva i Panonske nizije dala je pregled trenutnog znanja o istraživanom taksonu. Potvrđen je nesumnjiv značaj<br />istraživanog područja za diverzitet roda <em>Ornithogalum</em>. Sve ispitivane karakteristike su<br />pokazale određen stepen varijabilnosti ali su takođe i potvrdile svoj taksonomski značaj. Upotrebom različitih kombinacija taksomomskih karaktera svaka od vrsta sekcije može biti jasno opisana. Takav predlog istovremeno ukazuje i na nedostatke<br />u sistematskom pristupu <em>Ornithogalum </em>sect. <em>Heliocharmos</em>.&nbsp;</p> / <p><em>Ornithogalum </em>sect. <em>Heliocharmos </em>is a taxon of exceptional characteristics that make it concurrently variable and simple. With the distribution in North Africa, Europe and Southeast Asia, it is a large-scale taxon in the Hyacinthaceae family. Although known &nbsp; from the pre-Linean period, a systematic approach to research was rare and related to certain geographical areas. In order to contribute to the modern knowledge of the taxon, the goals of the research primarly have the revision of the nomenclature, taxonomy and distribution in the area of the Balkan Peninsula and the Pannonian Plain. The study included 15 taxa: ser. <em>Platyphylla </em>and species <em>O. comosum, O. montanum, O. oligophyllum and O. fimbriatum, and ser. Tenuifolia and O. exscapum</em>,&nbsp; <em>O.dalmaticum, O. kochii, O. orbelicum, O. umbellatum, O. divergens, O. refractum, O. sibthorpii a</em>nd unnamed hybrid. A review of the nomenclature includes a separate chapter a critical overview of the etymology of the genus<em> Ornithogalum</em>. Taxonomic status is determined based on morphometric and cytotaxonomic studies. Morphometric analyzes included&nbsp; morphological characteristics of &lsquo;herbarum data&#39;, flowers and ovary, as well as comparative anatomical structure of leaf and scape. In addition, qualitative morphological characteristics and micromorphology of seeds and testa were analyzed in particular. Data were analyzed by standard statistical methods for defining taxonomic information characteristics and determining separate&nbsp; groups within the analyzed taxon: Multivariate correspondent analysis for qualitative characters and analysis of variance and Discriminant analysis for quantitative characters. For the analysis of qualitative and quantitative characteristics, the Factoraial analysis of mixed data was used. The results of statistical data were used to create a dichotomous key of the <em>Heliocharmos</em> section type. Cytotaxonomic studies, the number of chromosomes and the genome size in selected taxons are included in the study, and cytotoxonomic status for the date of the species is presented. In order to examine the influence of the&nbsp; environmental factors on the section Heliocharmos, the correlation between selected ecological indicators and phytohemical compounds in the species<em> Ornithogalum</em> umbellatum was examined. Taxonomic conclusions were preceded by the revision of regional and European herbarium collections: BEO, BEOU, BP, BUNS, K, LJS, LJU, MKNH, PO, SARA, SO, SO, SOA, V, VU, ZA, ZAGR, ZAHG, ZAHO; digital collections were also revised: B, BM, BRNU, E, F, FI, G, GE, GZU,HAL, JE, MJG, NAP, OKSF, PI, U, MV. Based on the results&nbsp; and conclusions of the taxonomic part of study, and with the results deposited in the created herbarium database, the distribution of the species<em> Ornithogalum</em> sect. <em>Heliocharmos </em>is shown. In addition to reviewing the distribution of data, there is an overview of the general range of species and habitats preferences.Revision of nomenclature, taxonomy and distribution of the species <em>Ornithogalum</em> sect. <em>Heliocharmos </em>in the Balkan Peninsula and the Pannonian Plain gave an overview of the current knowledge of the investigated taxon. The undoubted importance of the investigated area for the diversity of the genus Ornithogalum was confirmed.&nbsp; All the characteristics, have shown a degree of variability but they also confirmed their taxonomic significance. Using different combinations of taxonomic characters, each species can be clearly described. Such a proposal also points to disadvantages in the systematic approach of <em>Ornithogalum</em> sect. <em>Heliocharmos</em>, that need to be further investigated.</p>

<p>Predmet ovog istraživanja je varijabilnost taksona&nbsp; <em>Ornithogalum umbellatum</em>&nbsp; L. 1753. (Hyacinthaceae) na području Srbije i Mađarske. Ovaj najpoznatiji i najrasprostranjeniji predstavnik roda&nbsp;<em> Ornithogalum&nbsp;</em> L. izučava se dugi niz godina sa različitih aspekata: kao gajena ba&scaron;tenska vrsta i kao invazivni korov; kao otrovna biljka i potencijalno lekovita. Sa ekolo&scaron;kog aspekta&nbsp; ove biljke su značajne kao&nbsp; domaćini insektima polinatorima koji su vi&scaron;estruko i u različitim fazama razvića vezani za ove lukovičaste geofite. Veliki areal&nbsp; i prilagođenost različitim tipovima stani&scaron;ta uzrokuju značajnu varijabilnost, koja rezultuje taksonomskom konfuzijom.&nbsp; Jedan od razloga za&nbsp; istorijski prepoznatljive taksonomski i filogenetski nerazja&scaron;njene relacije&nbsp; su&nbsp; područja sa prirodnim stani&scaron;tima populacija&nbsp;<em> O.&nbsp; umbellatum</em>&nbsp; čijem izučavanju nije posvećeno dovoljno pažnje. Jedno od takvih je i ovde istraživano područje. Kako je u Flori Srbije kao podvrsta&nbsp;<em> O. umbellatum&nbsp;</em> opisan i&nbsp; <em>O. umbellatum&nbsp; subsp.&nbsp; divergens</em>&nbsp; (Boreau), analizama su obuhvaćene i populacije ovog taksona.</p><p>RAPD-PCR metodom ustanovljen je vi&scaron;i nivo genetičkog diverziteta između nego u<br />okviru populacija, bez jasnog geografskog trenda dispozicije ove varijabilnosti. Ovi su<br />rezultati očekivani za poliploidne taksone sa velikim udelom vegetativnog razmnožavanja u reproduktivnoj strategiji biljke, koji su pritom &scaron;iroko rasprostranjeni<br />a u istraživanom području predstavljeni uglavnom relativno udaljenim te izolovanim<br />populacijama.&nbsp; Determinacija genetičke struktuiranosti među ispitivanim&nbsp; genotipovima ukazala je na razdvajanje populacija dva taksona u dva klastera. Rezultate u saglasnosti sa ovim dala&nbsp; je i analiza parametara poprečnih preseka lista, skapusa i plodnika, a ustanovljeni su i diskriminativni anatomski karakteri koji su razdvojili populacije dva taksona. Izdvojeni su pojedini kvantitativni karakteri, kako anatomski tako i morfolo&scaron;ki, koji su&nbsp; najvi&scaron;e doprineli varijabilnosti na interpopulacionom nivou. Pokazana je velika raznolikost morfolo&scaron;kih karaktera i heterogenost populacija&nbsp;<em> O. umbellatum</em>, &scaron;to je u skladu sa podacima u postojećoj litaraturi. Poznato je i da&nbsp; habitus ovih&nbsp; biljaka&nbsp; veoma&nbsp; zavisi&nbsp; od&nbsp; uslova&nbsp; sredine,&nbsp; kao&nbsp; i&nbsp; stadijuma&nbsp; razvića&nbsp; biljke,&nbsp; dok&nbsp; na molekularne&nbsp; markere&nbsp; ovi&nbsp; faktori&nbsp; ne&nbsp; utiču.&nbsp; Sa&nbsp; druge&nbsp; strane,&nbsp; iako&nbsp; primenjena&nbsp; RAPD metoda&nbsp; nije&nbsp; dovoljna&nbsp; za&nbsp; determinaciju&nbsp; filogenetski&nbsp; blisko&nbsp; srodnih&nbsp; taksona&nbsp; poput&nbsp; ovih, pokazala&nbsp; se&nbsp; pouzdanom&nbsp; i&nbsp; efikasnom&nbsp; za&nbsp; ispitivanje&nbsp; diverziteta&nbsp; na&nbsp; populaciono-genetičkom&nbsp; nivou.&nbsp; Stoga&nbsp; je&nbsp; u&nbsp; cilju&nbsp; &scaron;to&nbsp; sveobuhvatnije&nbsp; procene&nbsp; stanja&nbsp; kori&scaron;ćena kombinacija&nbsp; različitih&nbsp; pristupa,&nbsp; koji&nbsp; su&nbsp; dali&nbsp; usagla&scaron;ene&nbsp; rezultate,&nbsp; istovremeno&nbsp; dajući uvid&nbsp; u&nbsp; nivo&nbsp; polimorfnosti&nbsp; i&nbsp; struktuiranosti&nbsp; populacija&nbsp; i&nbsp; ukazujući&nbsp; na&nbsp; jedinstvene&nbsp; oblike<br />varijabilnosti morfo-anatomskih karakteristika</p><p>Sa&nbsp; jedne&nbsp; strane&nbsp; ovo&nbsp; je&nbsp; važno&nbsp; zbog&nbsp; razja&scaron;njenja&nbsp; komplikovane&nbsp; taksonomije,&nbsp; a&nbsp; sa&nbsp; druge zbog&nbsp; značaja&nbsp; ovih&nbsp; biljaka&nbsp; sa&nbsp; aspekta&nbsp; potencijalne&nbsp; koristi&nbsp; odnosno&nbsp; &scaron;tete&nbsp; za&nbsp; čoveka,&nbsp; ali&nbsp; i iz&nbsp; ugla&nbsp; za&scaron;tite&nbsp; biodiverziteta.&nbsp; Uvid&nbsp; u&nbsp; nivo&nbsp; varijabilnosti&nbsp; populacija&nbsp; doprineće adekvatnim&nbsp; strategijama&nbsp; konzervacije&nbsp; i&nbsp; menadžmenta&nbsp; kako&nbsp; ovih&nbsp; biljnih&nbsp; vrsta,&nbsp; tako&nbsp; i insekatskih sa kojima su povezane.</p> / <p>Variability of&nbsp; <em>Ornithogalum umbellatum&nbsp;</em> L. 1753. (Hyacinthaceae) in&nbsp; Serbia and Hungary&nbsp; was analyzed in this research. This most famous and the most&nbsp; widespread taxon in genus <em>Ornithogalum</em> L. has been a research subject for many years for various reasons: as garden plant and invasive weed; for its toxic and pharmaceutical properties. From an ecological point of view those bulbous geophytes&nbsp; are the important host-plants for insect pollinators associated with them in different life stages.&nbsp; Large distribution area and adaptation to diverse habitat types result in significant variability of these plants which is followed by&nbsp; taxonomic confusion. Persisting taxonomic problems arise also from the fact that there are under-investigated regions with native populations of <em>O.</em>&nbsp;<em>umbellatum, </em>such as&nbsp; localities&nbsp; in Serbia and neighbouring countries. Since published floras of these countries&nbsp; include&nbsp; <em>O. umbellatum&nbsp;</em> subsp.&nbsp; <em>divergens</em> (Boreau), analyses involve populations of this taxon as&nbsp; well.</p><p>RAPD-PCR method revealed higher levels of genetic diversity among than within populations, without distinct geographical trend in the disposition of the variability. These results have been expected for polyploid taxa with high levels of vegetative reproduction, widespread and represented mostly with relatively distant and isolated populations in the given region. Genetic structure analyses have separated&nbsp; populations of the two investigated taxa into two clusters. Analyses of the anatomical characteristics of the leaf, scapus and ovary cross-sections have shown results in accordance with those. Discriminative characters which divided populations of the two&nbsp; taxa were determined. Distinctive quantitative characters, both anatomical and morphological, which have contributed the most to the interpopulation variability, were&nbsp; singled out. Great diversity of morphological characters and population heterogeneity&nbsp; of&nbsp; <em>O.&nbsp; umbellatum&nbsp;</em> has been&nbsp; shown, which&nbsp; was&nbsp; already described in literature dealing with the subject. Additionally, the high diversity is explained by the fact that habitus of those plants with very plastic phenotypes is influenced by environmental conditions and life stage of the plant. Those factors do not affect molecular markers; however techniques like RAPD-PCR could not be used independently for&nbsp; characterization&nbsp; of phylogenetically close taxa such as these. Nevertheless, RAPDs proved to be a reliable and efficient method suitable for distinguishing genetic differentiation on population level. Therefore, combination of different approaches was used in order to give comprehensive assessment of the situation. The results were consistent, revealing the levels of populations&rsquo;&nbsp; polymorphism and structure, as well as certain variations of morpho-anatomical features.</p><p>This is important in the light of complicated&nbsp; taxonomy clarification, and on the other hand from the aspect of potential value or harm of these plants to humans. In terms of&nbsp; biodiversity conservation, insight into population variability levels might contribute to adequate management strategies for both plants and insects related to them.</p>