Av de som jobbar inom byggbranschen förekommer påfrestande belastningar dagligen, tunga lyft och hantering av starkamaskiner. Skador och olyckor sker på grund av dåliga belastningsergonomiska förhållanden. Skadorna som uppstår är svåra att åtgärda eftersom de framkommer först efter en längre tid av belastat arbete. Hjälpmedelsom finns tillgängliga för att lätta på arbetsbördan eller minska på vibrationernafrån verktygenupplevs tidsupptagande ochkrångliga att använda. I en bransch där arbetet har varit det samma under en lång tid är det svårt med förändring. I mitt projekt har jag undersökt två arbetsplatser hosNCCi Umeå. Där har jag frågat snickare, elektriker, rörmokaremed flera om hur de ser påhantering och belastningsproblematik. Jag undersöker också om yrkesarbetarna har kunskap om belastning, hantering,deras verktyg och arbetssätt.NCC arbetar mycket med att det ska vara en god arbetsmiljö på deras arbetsplatser. Information från koncernen om säker användning och säkra arbetssättfinns det mycket av. Den informationen förmedlas ut kring yrkesarbetarna i form avarbetsberedning, daglig säkerhetsgenomgång, utbildningar etceteramen skadorna uppstår ändå i stora omfattningar. Examensarbetet genomfördes med hjälp av litteraturstudier, enkätundersökning, och dialoger för att samla information gällande belastningsproblematiken. Teorin jämfördesslutligen med faktiskt arbetssätt på byggarbetsplatserna jag besökteför att se vad som bör åtgärdas.Det resultat som framkom under arbetets gång var hur flera av yrkesarbetarna visste att de arbetade på fel sätt och i långa loppet möjligtvis kan skada sig.Det var något de var medvetna om problemen men var inte så engagerande att göra något åt det.Det som jag tyckte framgick tydligast var att hjälpmedel som komplement till verktygen inte används i den mån de bör och att det finns en viss lathet hos yrkesarbetarna. Vid genomgång av svaren hade många svarat att de bara använde hjälpmedel ibland eller endast om de fanns i närheten.Jag lärde mig mycket av arbetet, dels att det inte är lätt att tycka något i teorin och förvänta sigatt det fungerar så i verkligheten (i detta fall Umeå). Jag lärde mig också att byggbranschenär speciell bransch när det kommer till förändring.Det är mycket som spelar in på hur det ska göras. För NCC som har arton tusenanställda krävs det mycket för att ändra på arbets-tänk och tillvägagångssätt. / In the construction industry isheavy lifting and handlingof rough machinesa daily exposure to the workers. Damage and accidents occur due poor ergonomic conditions. It’s difficult to remedy the injuries because they don’t happen overnight but after a long time of bad ergonomics. Assistive aidthat are available to ease the workload or decrease the vibrations aretime consuming and difficult to useI most cases. In an industry where the ways of workinghave been the same for a long time, it is difficult to change.In my project I have made research at two workplaces in Umeå, both at the company NCC. There I have asked carpenters, electricians, plumbers and othersabout how they seehandling and load problems. I also checkif the workers have knowledge about their tools and working methods. To have a good working environment is a key factor at NCC and they’re working hard at achieving that. Information from the group regarding safe useof machines and safe methodsfor the worker are availableto share. The information is conveyed to the craftsmen in the form of work preparation, daily security review, education, etc. but the damage is still to a large extent.The thesis work was conducted using literature studies, questionnaire surveys and dialogues to collect information on charged work. Finally, the theory was compared with actual work methods at the construction sites I visited to see what couldbe addressed.The result that emerged during the time I was working washow many of the workers knew that they were working the wrong way and could in the long run could be harmful. It was something they were aware of but were not so keen to do anything about it. One thing I found outwas that the assistive aidisnot used to the extent that they should and there is a certain degree of laziness among the professionals. When I was reviewing the answers, I’ve saw thatmany responded that they only used tools sometimes or only if they were nearby.I learned a lot of the work and partly that it is not easy to think anything in theory and expect it to work.I also learned that the construction industry is a special industry when it comes to change. For NCC, which has eighteen thousand employees, it takesa lot to change work-thinking and approaches.

Användningen och behovet av 3D-modeller inom fysisk planering har ökat, både nationellt och internationellt. I nuläget saknas standarder och riktlinjer kring hur man bör förhålla sig vid 3D-visualisering av detaljplaner, vilket skapar oklarheter kring hur de skall visualiseras. De flesta av Sveriges kommuner ser positivt på ett införande av en gemensam nationell standard för 3D-visualiseringar inom planprocessen, då detta troligtvis skulle underlätta och förbättra arbetsprocessen vid 3D-detaljplanering.Syftet med arbetet var att undersöka vilka riktlinjer och förhållningssätt man kan utgå från för att 3D-modeller i planprocesser skall öka förståelsen och engagemanget vid exempelvis samråd och medborgardialog.Förslag på riktlinjeroch förhållningssättvid 3D-visualiseringar av detaljplanertogs fram, där fokus låg kring begreppen detaljeringsnivå, ändamål, höjd och utnyttjandegrad. En undersökning gjordes även om någon av standarderna SOSI eller CityGML är lämpliga att använda för 3D-detaljplanering i Sverige utifrån de krav som ställs i plan-och bygglagen.Metoden bestod övervägande av en litteraturstudie där både nationell och internationell forskning studerades. Det samlades även in kompletterande information genom personlig kommunikation med tjänstemän från Karlstad-och Falu kommun. En fallstudie gjordes över detaljplanerna Sundsta torg och Hyttan 16 och 18 där en diskussion fördes kring hur dessa skulle kunna visualiseras i 3D.Utifrån resultatet drogs slutsatsen att det idag finns för lite forskning kring ämnet för att ta fram riktlinjer för en fullskalig 3D-Modell. Resultatet visade även att den nuvarande versionen av SOSI inte är lämplig för 3D-visualisering av detaljplaner, men att det material som beskriver den kommande versionen ser lovande ut och att CityGML har potential att användas inom detaljplanering, men förslagsvis borde den innefatta fler detaljeringsnivåer.

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Abstract Purpose: The purpose of the thesis work is to investigate how to use digital tools more in building design and why it is not more used today. The purpose is also to investigate the knowledge and experience of using digital tools from an overall perspective from a full-time contractor. Method: This report has been done both on the basis of a quantitative and qualitative study. The quantitative study provides answers to research questions and provides a hypothesis of an expected result. The qualitative study poses questions about experiences and experiences that create a personal result. Result: The thesis clearly shows that it could have been a great advantage of increasing the use of digitization and digital tools in the design process of a construction company. The motivation exists with most officials, which is a major contributing factor in achieving their goals. Restrictions: The thesis is limited to viewing digitalization and digital tools from an overall perspective during the design process, and then only the design process and not the production. the company BetonmastHaehre Göteborg AB will also be in focus when the work has been done in cooperation with them. Consequences: The assessment is that there is a good chance of increasing the use of digital tools in the construction industry if companies are actively working on the issues that the employees have. At the time, the construction company can become more attractive to the market, both for new employees, new clients and those already established in the company.

The housing and services sector in Sweden consumes 40 % of thetotal energy use. To reach sustainable development goals existingbuildings must be energy efficient. The potential for energyefficiency is in conflict with cultural goals. Uppsalahem is areal-estate company affected by this conflict. Parts of theproperty portfolio are affected by the cultural heritageobjectives, where energy efficiency improvements are desirable.The consequences of this has been investigated.To investigate if and how energy efficiency measures are inconflict with the cultural environment, the regulations werereviewed through the writing of National Board of Housing,Building and Planning, texts of laws and old court orders. Twobuilding permit administrators in Uppsala municipality wereinterviewed and the program VIP-Energy was used to investigate theenergy effect.Heritage Conservation Act, Environmental Code, Planning andBuilding Act are laws that deals with cultural environments. Thefocus of this report was the Planning and Building Act. Dependingon which skills are available in the municipality differentdecision regarding building permits can be made. Also dependingwho is performing the evaluation of the building, different valuescan be determined. The simulations in VIP-Energy showed how muchenergy can be saved through different energy efficiency measures.The most effective measure could provide for 77 newly buildapartments with the energy saved each year after implementing themeasure. The report discusses consequences for the environment,real estate companies, residents and energy producers, suppliersand distributors.

Järnvägsnätet spelar en stor roll i dagens samhälle och det inverkar även stortpå markanvändningen eftersom mark behöver tas i anspråk vid bildande avjärnvägsfastigheter. I Sverige finns det idag ett antal nedlagda järnvägar somingen förvaltar. Detta på grund av att verksamheten som en gång bedrevs intelängre är aktuell. Trafikverket menar att järnvägar som idag inte är i bruk ären utmaning för samhället eftersom att underhåll och skötsel förbises. Syftetmed studien är att undersöka om det finns ett intresse att nyttja marken därnedlagda järnvägar är belägen för andra ändamål. Studien ska även visa på hurändrad markanvändning kan ske på det mest effektiva sättet. Målet medstudien är att det ska resultera i ny kunskap i ämnet och därmed bidra till enhållbar samhällsutveckling.En litteraturstudie har utförts för att se vad som tidigare har skrivits omämnet. Några av de vetenskapliga artiklar som studerats visar på att nedlagdajärnvägar inte bara är en utmaning i Sverige, utan är något som diskuteras iflera länder världen över. Eftersom tidigare litteratur inom ämnet återfinns ien begränsad omfattning är denna studie av vikt för att bidra med ny kunskapinom ämnet.För att få svar på om det finns ett intresse att nyttja marken samt hur ändradmarkanvändning kan ske på ett effektivt sätt har en forskningsmetod noga valtsut. Kvalitativa intervjuer har genomförts med sakkunniga inom området,kommuner, en ideell förening samt med markägare som berörs eller harberörts av nedlagda järnvägar.Resultatet i studien visar på att det finns ett intresse att nyttja nedlagdajärnvägar både ur allmän- och enskild synpunkt. Resultatet har även visat attändrad markanvändning bland annat sker effektivast genom köp,fastighetsreglering eller bildande av en gemensamhetsanläggning beroende påändamål med markanvändningen. De lagar som är tillämpliga är Jordabalken,Fastighetsbildningslagen och Anläggningslagen. / Railways are of major importance in today´s society and it also affects land usebecause land needs to be claimed to form property for railways. In Swedenthere is currently several disused railways that no one manages. This since thebusiness that once was active is no longer existing. The Swedish Transportadministration has the opinion that railways that not are in use today are achallenge to society because maintenance and care is overlooked. The purposeof the study is to investigate whether there is an interest in using the landwhere disused railways are located for other purpose. The study will alsoshow how land use can be changed in the most efficient way. The aim of thestudy is that it will result in new knowledge in the subject and thus contributeto sustainable social development.A literature study has been made to see what was previously written about thesubject. Some of the scientific papers studied indicate that these disusedrailways are not just a challenge in Sweden, there are also a challenge inseveral other countries in the world. As previous literature on the subject islimited, this study is important for contributing new knowledge on thesubject.To find out if there is an interest in using the land and how to change land useeffectively, a research method has been carefully chosen. Qualitativeinterviews have been conducted with experts in the subject, municipalities, anon-profit organization as well as landowners that are affected or have beenaffected by disused railways.The result of the study shows that there is an interest in using disusedrailways, both from a general and an individual point of view. The result hasalso shown that land use change among other things, most effective throughpurchase, property regulation or the formation of a community facilitydepending on land use. The laws applicable are, Land code, Real property lawand construction law.

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The need to understand rock mass behaviour has never been greater; as mining globally progresses deeper to extract the precious resources humankind needs to maintain and forward our lives, we encounter rock behaviours associated with deep mining. These environments typically experience seismicity (including fault slip), rock bursting, strain bursting, spalling, aseismic movement along pre-existing discontinuities, and ground falls. These behaviours can have significant consequences to an operation’s safety and profitability. An understanding of the rock mass enables risk mitigating design. However, a number of hindrances exist along the path to gaining this understanding. Limited information in the literature is available on which data to collect, the most appropriate analysis techniques, and how one combines varied data sources into a mine-scale understanding of the rock mass. In essence, we do not yet understand how to listen to the story of the rock mass. This thesis explores these research topics and develops and extends techniques and methodologies to address these issues. Data from Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara AB’s (LKAB) Kiirunavaara Mine was used, however a strong focus was given to developing general methodologies that can be applied to many mining environments. The typical situation at most mine sites is one where many forms of data exist, a subset of which is conventional rock mechanics data. These data typically include, for example, laboratory testing for strength and stiffness of geological units, rock mass characterization from underground mapping, geological and geomechanical core logging, and positions and orientations of mapped discontinuities from underground mapping and/or oriented core logging. These data are often used for empirical design. It is common with particularly damaging seismic and/or ground fall events that additional data be acquired from underground damage mapping, but this information is rarely used on a larger scale. However, there is a subset of data that tends to be overlooked from a geomechanical perspective, even though the potential exists that this data can give us information about the characteristics of the rock mass. In the case of the Kiirunavaara Mine, this includes seismic data (including tomographic velocity structure), a database of information regarding ground falls, and laser imaging data. A variety of conventional and unconventional data from the Kiirunavaara Mine were analysed using existing, and extensions of existing, analysis techniques. A 3-D geomechanical model was developed, incorporating geological and geomechanical core logging data, underground mapping data, and laboratory testing data. The resulting mine-scale model showed some particularly interesting results, including 1) a very large variation in intact rock strength within each statistical grouping of geological units, combined with much overlap between the strengths of geological units, and 2) a 3-D model of volumes of clay alteration built on geological core logging data calibrated favourably to data of underground mapping of clay. Unconventional data sources were also analysed, in particular the use of behavioural data to infer characteristics of the rock mass. Spatial and temporal patterns of ground falls were evaluated, alongside spatial patterns in overbreak, which were identified using new, mine-scale analysis techniques of laser scanning data. Interestingly, correlations were apparent when comparing the analyses of distinct and separate data sources. Ground falls were concentrated in the intact rock between the clay volumes. The rock quality designation (RQD) had lower values in the same volume. Seismicity in the area was concentrated in the intact rock, with very few events in the clay volumes. 3-D velocity tomography models (developed by another researcher within this project) showed 1) no correlation with the RQD model (this result may highlight a limitation of scaling RQD data beyond it’s intended use), and 2) possible correlation with the clay volumes. A methodology was developed using numerical stress analysis to identify, at an early stage of investigation, if a volumetric feature is of significance to seismic rock mass behaviour. With so much surmounting evidence that the clay volumes influence rock mass behaviour at the Kiirunavaara Mine, this feature was well-suited to be tested. Results showed that the clay volumes: 1) influence the mine-scale stress field, 2) have the potential to extend the volume of the rock mass which is expected to experience crack initiation (one underlying cause of seismicity), and 3) result in a stress field that enables slip along many of the orientations of mapped discontinuities (another underlying cause of seismicity). Particularly valuable data were found to share the following characteristics: 3-D coverage, mine-scale, long-term, and multiple and distinct sources. It was important that the different data sources and their analyses led to the same conclusions even though they were separate and distinct. Unconventional data sources that were of particular use in this case include: spatial and temporal ground fall patterns and spatial patterns of seismicity. With further research, other unconventional data sources may show their value to rock mechanics analyses, such as spatial and temporal patterns of: seismicity, focal plane solutions from moment tensors, seismic stress inversion from moment tensors, overbreak, and possibly even tomography (the lack of strong correlation in this case may be specific to this environment and models used). Opening our minds to the possibilities, collaboration with experts in other fields, and a little creativity in our approach will help us in our quest to understand the stories of rock masses.

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