Sex and gender considerations are influential on psychosocial and physiological determinants of cardiovascular health in individuals with and without stroke. The first study of this thesis explored gender-based differences in exercise self-efficacy, outcome expectations for exercise and motivation for exercise post-stroke. Gender identity was assessed using the Bem Sex-Role Inventory-12 and a gender role index was created using established gender-related roles. The Self-Efficacy for Physical Activity Scale was used to assess self-efficacy for exercise, the Short Outcome Expectations for Exercise Scale assessed outcome expectations for exercise and a Relative Autonomy Index was calculated to assess motivation for exercise. We found that masculine gender identity was associated with highest ratings of exercise self-efficacy, whereas feminine gender identity was related to the lowest exercise self-efficacy [F(3, 9)=5.36, p<0.05]. Gender identity was not associated with outcome expectations [F(3,8)=0.86, p=0.50) nor motivation for exercise [F(3,4)=0.67, p=0.61)]. Additionally, there were no associations between gender roles and self-efficacy (n=13, r=0.10, p=0.73), outcome expectations (n=13, r=-0.13, p=0.68), or motivation for exercise (n=8, r=0.09, p=0.83). The second study of this thesis examined the associations between global cognitive function (Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA), arterial stiffness (carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity) and sex, and between global cognitive function, walking capacity (6-Minute Walk Test, 6MWT) and sex in older male and female adults with and without stroke. There was no association between global cognition and arterial stiffness, and sex did not moderate this association. However, cognitive function was positively associated with 6MWT, and with the addition of sex, Sex*6MWT, age and history of stroke, explained 21% of the variance of the MoCA score. Our findings provide insight into the importance of sex-and gender-based considerations in clinical research and may inform future larger-scaled studies aiming to increase the generalizability of their findings to males and females and individuals of all gender identities. / Thesis / Master of Science Rehabilitation Science (MSc) / The roles that an individual undertakes, and how they see themselves and are seen by others may be related to exercise participation. In addition, a person’s biological makeup may impact their health and ability to think. In the first study of this thesis, we found that individuals with stroke seeing themselves as women had lower beliefs about their abilities to exercise, but their beliefs about the benefits of exercise or their motivation for exercise were similar to individuals who identify as men. There were no differences in beliefs about exercise abilities, outcomes, or motivation between individuals with stroke who took on masculine vs. feminine roles. In the second study, we found that walking distance, but not arterial health, was related to the ability to think in males and females. Overall, this work provides information of the importance of biological, social roles and behaviours on health.