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The detection and localization of important acoustic events in a complex urban environment, such as gunfire and explosions, is critical to providing effective surveillance of military and civilian areas and installations. In a complex environment, obstacles such as terrain or buildings introduce multipath propagations, reflections, and diffractions which make source localization challenging. This dissertation focuses on the problem of source localization in three-dimensional (3D) realistic urban environments. Two different localization techniques are developed to solve this problem: a) Beamforming using a few microphone phased arrays in conjunction with a high fidelity model and b) Fingerprinting using many dispersed microphones in conjunction with a low fidelity model of the environment. For an effective source localization technique using microphone phased arrays, several candidate beamformers are investigated using 2D and corresponding 3D numerical models. Among them, the most promising beamformers are chosen for further investigation using 3D large models. For realistic validation, localization error of the beamformers is analyzed for different levels of uncorrelated noise in the environment. Multiple-array processing is also considered to improve the overall localization performance. The sensitivity of the beamformers to uncertainties that cannot be easily accounted for (e.g. temperature gradient and unmodeled object) is then investigated. It is observed that evaluation in 3D models is critical to assess correctly the potential of the localization technique. The enhanced minimum variance distortionless response (EMVDR) is identified to be the only beamformer that has super-directivity property (i.e. accurate localization capability) and still robust to uncorrelated noise in the environment. It is also demonstrated that the detrimental effect of uncertainties in the modeling of the environment can be alleviated by incoherent multiple arrays. For efficient source localization technique using dispersed microphones in the environment, acoustic fingerprinting in conjunction with a diffused-based energy model is developed as an alternative to the beamforming technique. This approach is much simpler requiring only microphones rather than arrays. Moreover, it does not require an accurate modeling of the acoustic environment. The approach is validated using the 3D large models. The relationship between the localization accuracy and the number of dispersed microphones is investigated. The effect of the accuracy of the model is also addressed. The results show a progressive improvement in the source localization capabilities as the number of microphones increases. Moreover, it is shown that the fingerprints do not need to be very accurate for successful localization if enough microphones are dispersed in the environment. / Ph. D.

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans la lignée des travaux sur la prédiction du champ électromagnétique réfléchi par les bâtiments en milieu urbain. Nous avons développé une méthode de prédiction basée sur la Surface Équivalente Radar (SER) pour le traitement spécifique des bâtiments situés en zone lointaine. Contrairement aux méthodes classiques de lancer et le tracé de rayons où les réflexions sont traitées rayons par rayons, notre approche utilise la SER global d'un ensemble de bâtiments pour décrire la réflectivité des scènes. Le champ électrique est ensuite reconstruit au point de réception à partir de cette SER. La méthode de calcul est analytique et essentiellement basée sur la combinaison de l'optique géométrique (OG) et du calcul de l'intégrale de Kirchhoff-Huygens. Les interactions multiples de l'onde entre les bâtiments sont également prises en compte dans le modèle proposé. Les résultats obtenus en termes de précision de prédiction dans les directions spéculaires et non-spéculaires sont très satisfaisants. Les temps de calcul n'excédent pas 5 secondes pour les scénarios les plus complexes simulés ; ils permettent ainsi de réduire les temps de calcul et de surmonter les contraintes en place mémoire lors de l'étude d'une scène urbaine. Dans une seconde étude, l'influence des irrégularités des façades sur le champ électromagnétique diffracté a été évaluée. Nous utilisons la méthode des moments (MoM) bidimensionnelles (2D) pour résoudre de façon rigoureuse le problème de diffraction lié à trois types de façades : façade plane, façade corruguée et façade avec des balcons. A partir de la distribution du champ diffracté en zone proche et des diagrammes de rayonnement des façades en zone lointaine, nous décrivons les différents mécanismes de diffraction qui s'y produisent et les directions de réflexion prépondérantes sont données pour chacune des façades. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse s'inscrivent dans le cadre du projet ANR OP2H (Outil de Prédiction par navigation Hiérarchique et Homogénéisation de matériaux) / The motivation of this dissertation is to propose an efficient approach for the prediction of the electromagnetic field scattered from a set of buildings in urban area. Unlike the ray tracing and ray lanching methods where the reflection mechanics are treated building by building, the proposed approach uses the radar cross section (RCS) as a global quantity to describe the reflection by a set of buildings and to predict the scattered field at the receiver position. An analytical expression is obtained to model building scattering using the vector form of Kirchhoff-Huygens integral and the geometrical optics (GO) method, and the multiple reflections between building facades are taken into account. The model is applied on various buildings configurations and accurate results are obtained in the predominant scattering directions with simulation times inferior to five seconds for the most complex scenarios. Since our approach is compatible to the classical methods based on ray techniques or the radiation of surface currents, it can be useful to accelerate the existing softwares. The second part of this thesis is devoted to the study of the influence of building facade irregularities such as balconies. As the complexity of these facades is incompatible with the use of asymptotic methods, the rigorous method of moments (MoM) has been chosen to determine the scattered field from these façades. The field distribution in the near zone of the facades as well as the radiation patterns in the far zone have been considered. It appears that single and second order reflections are the main scattering mechanisms for these facades. We also show that from a certain distance from the facade, the corrugated facade can be used as a simplified equivalent model for the facade with balconies. This thesis is supported by the French ANR project OP2H

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / In today's navy, it is becoming more and more important to reach all areas onboard a ship with key technical resources. In order to accomplish this goal, the already existing physical networks need to be complemented with wireless capability. A sophisticated Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) can provide that vital connectivity to the ship's network resources from almost anywhere on the ship. It would allow sailors to access critical information and immediately communicate with others throughout the ship from any standard wireless device (PDA, laptop and many other hand-held devices). In addition, WLANs greatly mitigate problems due to physical damage to wires or fiber optic cables that are used today. Because the navy's emphasis is on building ships with reduced manning, advanced technology, and lower cost in mind, the idea of a WLAN, which has a deep impact on all those areas, has been of a growing interest to the Navy. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze, model, and simulate a wireless environment on board a variety of naval ship compartments, using the Urbana code. Starting from known inputs (frequency, ship compartment geometry, material properties, propagation computation model, and antenna type), analytical results reflecting the propagation mechanisms, coverage area, and security posture of the WLAN are presented. Variable inputs can then be optimized to achieve a desired signal distribution and to meet security requirements for a specific shipboard environment. / Lieutenant Junior Grade, Tunisian Navy

At present, the current 4G systems provide a universal platform for broadband mobile services; however, mobile traffic is still growing at an unprecedented rate and the need for more sophisticated broadband services is pushing the limits on current standards to provide even tighter integration between wireless technologies and higher speeds. This has led to the need for a new generation of mobile communications: the so-called 5G. Although 5G systems are not expected to penetrate the market until 2020, the evolution towards 5G is widely accepted to be the logical convergence of internet services with existing mobile networking standards leading to the commonly used term “mobile internet” over heterogeneous networks, with several Gbits/s data rate and very high connectivity speeds. Therefore, to support highly increasing traffic capacity and high data rates, the next generation mobile network (5G) should extend the range of frequency spectrum for mobile communication that is yet to be identified by the ITU-R. The mm-wave spectrum is the key enabling feature of the next-generation cellular system, for which the propagation channel models need to be predicted to enhance the design guidance and the practicality of the whole design transceiver system. The present work addresses the main concepts of the propagation channel behaviour using ray tracing software package for simulation and then results were tested and compared against practical analysis in a real-time environment. The characteristics of Indoor-Indoor (LOS and NLOS), and indoor-outdoor (NLOS) propagations channels are intensively investigated at four different frequencies; 5.8 GHz, 26GHz, 28GHz and 60GHz for vertical polarized directional, omnidirectional and isotropic antennas patterns. The computed data achieved from the 3-D Shooting and Bouncing Ray (SBR) Wireless Insite based on the effect of frequency dependent electrical properties of building materials. Ray tracing technique has been utilized to predict multipath propagation characteristics in mm-wave bands at different propagation environments. Finally, the received signal power and delay spread were computed for outdoor-outdoor complex propagation channel model at 26 GHz, 28 GHz and 60GHz frequencies and results were compared to the theoretical models.