Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 1998. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 125-138). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2004. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 106 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 101-106).

Thesis--University of Wisconsin. / At head of title: The University of Wisconsin, Final report. Added t.p., with thesis statement. Project supported by P.L. 88-379, Office of Water Resources Research, Dept. of the Interior, and the University of Wisconsin. Fund no.: 14:01-0001-820; OWRR no.: A-007-Wisc.; WRC no.: 65-005. Bibliography: leaves 202-207.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1970. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1972. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1994. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 74-77). Also available via the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2008. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Maintenance of public welfare is the function of the public sector. It is the duty of a government to do whatever is conducive to the welfare of the governed. It is the assumption of this study that as recreation is conducive to human well-being, it is the responsibility of government to provide each citizen with the opportunity of a diversity and variety of recreative pursuits. The substitution of automation and advanced technology for human powers and the subsequent gains in productivity have created an affluent society. Never before has man had greater prospects for a higher income, increased longevity, greater mobility and shorter working hours. By means of the rationalization of work, man's role in society will increasingly be sustained through recreative pursuits. Because of man's increased ability and need to participate in recreation, it has been estimated that the demand for recreation, and outdoor recreation in particular, will increase substantially. As a result of rising competition amongst all land uses and concurrent with an increase in demand for outdoor recreation there is a decreasing supply of recreation resources. The underlying purpose of this study was to ascertain what provisions society can make in order to ensure that outdoor recreation amenities will be available to all. In particular, this study sought to define the inadequacy of present policy in light of an increasing demand, and by means of a case study, to determine whether integration of recreation into the environment could represent an aspect of a new policy. The study results clearly uphold the following hypothesis: That the policy concerning the provision of opportunity for outdoor recreation has failed to recognize the dynamics of the supply and demand for outdoor recreation; new policy is indicated, one aspect of which, would be the Integration of recreation into the environment. The case study was focused upon the needs of the citizens of Vancouver and a trail system was conceived as being an instrument of a new policy. It was found that outdoor recreation could be compatible with other land uses. Land in the form of utility rights-of-way represents a recreation potential that could be used not only for the development of a trail system but also as a system serving to connect the major parks. A study of the function of outdoor recreation revealed that recreation is a continuous activity and therefore it is not logical to conceive of it as occurring only in a designated site. Recreation must be a feature of the environment especially as available land for recreation within the urban area is limited and thus a comprehensive approach towards its provision is required. This approach would necessitate the co-operation of all levels of government and the development of the recreation potential in all land uses. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The attitude toward the problem of resource utilization at any level is tied philosophically to the man and nature relationship which has developed over a long period of time. Two recurring elements within this theme are, first, the idea that man conquers nature and, second, the common concept of man as something apart, or above, or outside of the rest of the natural world. In North America these ideas, carried to extremes, resulted in a plundering or rape of natural resources. The conservation movement developed as a reaction against such wanton destruction. Among those propounding the conservation ethic were also advocates of national parks and nature reserves. The park movement received its initial impetus from within the city itself. Its supporters felt that large green spaces should be maintained for the benefit of the urban dwellers living in the burgeoning industrial cities. The present rapidly expanding demand for outdoor recreation had its beginnings in such a way less than one hundred years ago. Four main factors, all presently increasing are contributing to this demand. They are population, mobility, leisure time, and disposable income. While it is not the only aspect of mobility, the automobile has done much to expand the radius of travel of the prospective recreationist. Since the natural environment is the locale in which the outdoor recreation experience is satisfied it is logical to consider what effect the increased demand is having on it. It appears that the quality of the recreational experience is to large degree dependent on the quality of the environment in which it is fulfilled. A high quality site may deteriorate if too many people frequent it at the same time or over a particular period of time. Ecology is the branch of biological science that is concerned with the relationships of all living things to each other and with the non-living elements of the environment. The understanding of these relationships is a necessary precondition to development of any kind. In the narrower context of this study, the proposed hypothesis is that ecology is a basic factor to be considered in planning for outdoor recreation. By outlining some principles and concepts of ecology and relating these specifically to a particular ecosystem; a wetland, the concept of an ecological point of view as a basis for planning has been explained. Supporting evidence, in the form of actual examples, has been drawn upon from a wide range of developments. The work of three men, Angus Hills, Philip Lewis, and Ian McHarg is also analyzed in respect to their proposed solutions to the problems of resource analysis from an ecologically based approach, William J. Hart has also used this approach in park planning and Artur Glikson utilizes biological information as an intrinsic element of his philosophy of regional planning. One of the first attempts in this field, reviewed here, is that of E. H. Graham who proposed a natural basis for land use. The hypothesis would largely seem to be substantiated by the evidence presented. Ecological information should certainly be part of the input in the planning process. However, what is clear is that in the past and to a large extent even today, this has not been the case. Most of the examples used to Illustrate particular points are negative, that is, cases of ecological information being ignored with the result that a resource was either degraded or destroyed. Few examples have been found to support the positive position. This study was limited to a review of existing literature. The topic, however, warrants further investigation by either experimental or survey methods or in the review of the historical record of a particular case from the ecological point of view. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

A dissertation submitted in fullfilment of the requirement for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Geography and Environmental Studies in the Faculty of Arts at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 1996. / Modern life is often accompanied by severe physical, intellectual and emotional stress as people battle to survive. Recreation activities provide people with an outlet to release this stress. In the past few years a great deal of attention was focused in the way people spent their leisure time. This study focuses on outdoor motorised recreation pursuits in the Lower Umfolozi and Hlabisa Districts of KwaZulu-Natal as one of the ways in which leisure time can be spent. Motorised recreation, which covers the use of various machines such as motor¬cars, caravans, campers, trailers, beach-buggies, motor- cycles, beach tricycles, and motor-boats, is one of the recreation facilities that has been either ignored or overlooked. Basically, this was because of the disparities in the provision of recreation facilities and resources in general. Motorised recreation has therefore over the past years been regarded as an "elitist" activity that could only be taken advantage of by a few who could afford and also who "by right" could utilise those facilities. The fundamental aims of the study are to: (a) investigate the socio-economic demographic characteristics of recreators who participate in motor-related outdoor recreation activities with a view of making a contribution towards effective planning and provision of recreation resources. The resources that are provided should be those that are required by the target community and those that will satisfy the needs of the group they are intended for; (b) examine the various physical facilities existing in the study area for motor-related recreation activities. During the planning phase it is important to know what is available and what should be upgraded, improved or substituted; and (c) reveal the attitudes of the recreators, managers of recreation facilities as well as the people who live around the recreation facilities. Before embarking on the task of providing the recreation facilities it is very important to know the attitudes of people who will be using the facilities. Some of the hypotheses that were postulated for this study are: (a) Participation in motorised recreation activities varies in terms of the major demographic variables. (b) The majority of recreators who participate in motorised recreation are Whites. (c) The recreators, managers and local people have a positive attitude towards motorised recreation activities. (d) Car ownership is a prerequisite for participating in motorised recreation activities. Data for this study was gathered through the use of questionnaires which were distributed to the respondents as well as using the person-to-person interviews. The respondents included recreators who were participating in motorised recreation activities, the managers of the recreation facilities and local people who stay around the recreation facilities. The main findings of the study revealed that whilst the respondents have a positive attitude towards motorised recreation, Whites still seem to form the largest percentage of recreators who participate in this pursuit. Findings reveal that this situation has a bearing on the history of South Africa which deprived Africans of motorised recreation experience. There was also lack of knowledge about motorised recreation which is necessary as a foundation for the formation of attitudes towards recreation. Education and income featured prominently as factors that have an impact on the rate of participation in motorised recreation activities. It was found that recreators need cars to participate and benefit fully in motorised recreation activities and this was lacking. Education was seen as a stepping stone towards the acquisition of skills and capacity to acquire facilities for participation in recreation activities. This study has serious implications for planning and management of recreation facilities in the Lower Umfolozi and Hlabisa Districts. The awareness programmes seem to be of primary importance, to conscientise Africans about the availability of the resources that can be used for motorised recreation facilities. Accessibility, in terms of finance, should also be looked into if all people are to be given equal opportunities to participate in motorised recreation activities. Unlike other forms of outdoor recreation activities, motorised recreation depends on the use of a motor machine to participate fully, therefore a vehicle is a necessity. Facilities can therefore be provided after having taken serious consideration of the above factors. / University of Zululand