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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

The Effects of Atomic Oxygen on the Outgassing Properties of Spacecraft Materials

Gurnee, Eli Z. 01 December 2014 (has links) (PDF)
The space environment contains many harsh characteristics that are harmful to spacecraft and threaten the success of space missions. Atomic oxygen (AO) and outgassing are among the chief concerns that spacecraft engineers must design for in order to ensure the safety of a spacecraft. AO is monatomic oxygen (O1) that is created when Ultraviolet (UV) radiation photochemically disassociates diatomic oxygen (O2) in space. AO is the dominant atmospheric constituent between 175 and 600 km, and is a great concern in low earth orbits. Orbital AO has an average impact energy of 4.5 ± 1 eV with orbiting spacecraft and is also very reactive; this makes AO very corrosive to spacecraft materials. Outgassing is the process by which trapped and adsorbed gases are expelled from materials. The high temperatures and low pressure of the spacecraft environment exacerbate the process of outgassing. Outgassing is problematic for spacecraft because outgassed material can condense on sensitive surfaces such as optical and thermal surfaces, or the material can create clouds that impede sensors ability to observe their target. While it has been shown that many aspects of the spacecraft environment act synergistically together to further degrade spacecraft performance, there is very little information and data available on the interactions between AO and outgassing. Cal Poly’s Space Environments Lab is equipped with an AO simulation vacuum chamber (MAX) and an outgas testing chamber (Micro-VCM) which is capable of testing materials for total mass loss (TML) and collected volatile condensable mass (CVCM) outgassing values. MAX and Micro-VCM were used in tandem to test different spacecraft materials in order to determine if AO exposure had any effect on the respective materials TML and CVCM values. Prior to conducting testing, Micro-VCM was refurbished and validated since it was recently donated to Cal Poly and was not in working order upon arrival. Three Sheldahl materials were tested: aluminum coated 1.0 mil Kapton tape, 2.0 mil Kapton film coated with ITO on one side and aluminum on the other, and 2.0 Kapton film coated with aluminum. The materials were exposed to an average AO fluence of 1.33 ± 0.130 × 1021 atoms/cm2 for AO testing. The TML and CVCM results from four of the six tests did not show any significant changes between AO samples and control samples, partially due to large error bars that stem from using a semi-microbalance instead of a full microbalance. However, the AO exposed ITO-Kapton-Al did show an increase in TML from -0.03 ± 0.09% to 0.19 ± 0.08% for one procedure, while the aluminum Kapton tape CVCM decreased from 0.81 ± 0.12% to 0.63 ± 0.12% for another procedure. These results show that two materials exhibited a change in their outgassing properties after AO exposure. More testing on the subject is warranted and should be conducted in order to collect more data points and begin defining trend lines that can further describe the effects of AO on outgassing.
2

Material Outgassing of Thermoplastics for Rocket Payload Application

Lee, Jonathan Michael 03 May 2019 (has links)
Since the dawn of space exploration, material outgassing has been a major concern when developing a spacecraft. This has not only led to the creation of clean-rooms, but also to the development of various testing methods and standards used to understand the outgassing characteristics of any given material. In industry, low-outgassing materials are used to prevent contamination of electronics and camera lenses, because outgassed contaminates can lead to electronic failure and blurry images. The objective of this study is to develop a gas sensing sensor data acquisition system comprised of inexpensive commercial off-the-shelf components capable of detecting acceleration, atmospheric characteristics, and gas concentrations. Ground tests have been conducted to determine baseline characteristics of the components and develop an understanding of the CO2, CO and NO2 sensors’ ability to detect outgassing from PLA and ABS. Significant CO2 outgassing from PLA and ABS was observed, while CO outgassing was highly temperature dependent.
3

Interaction of Molecular Contaminants with Low-k Dielectric Films and Metal Surfaces

Iqbal, Asad January 2007 (has links)
Ultra low-k dielectric films are expected to widely replace SiO2 as the interlayer dielectric for the next-generation microelectronic devices. A challenge facing the integration of these dielectrics in manufacturing is their interactions with gaseous contaminants, such as moisture and isopropanol, and the resulting change in their properties. Moisture retained in the film not only has detrimental effect on the k value of the film but also causes reliability and adhesion problems due to gradual outgassing. The physical and chemical interactions of moisture with porous spin-on and chemical vapor deposited (CVD) dielectrics are investigated using temperature- and concentration-programmed exposure and purge sequence together with trace moisture analysis, using atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry.The model compounds in this study are porous Methylsilsesquioxane and Black Diamond II films, deposited and treated under typical manufacturing conditions. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) studies showed that etching and ashing processes resulted in the formation of two layers, a damaged layer and non-damaged layer, which significantly changed moisture interaction properties.Moisture sorption and desorption studies showed that as compared to SiO2 these films not only have a higher uptake capacity but also a slower and more activated moisture removal process. This could be a significant problem in successful integration of these films in IC manufacturing process.A process model was developed that provided information on the mechanism and kinetics of moisture uptake and release in thin porous films. The model elucidated the effect of film properties on the contamination uptake as well as outgassing. The model is a valuable tool for designing an optimum process for contamination control and removal in porous films.Another concern in IC manufacturing is the outgassing of impurities of electropolished stainless steel (EPSS) surfaces used in UHP gas distribution system. Moisture interaction with EPSS surface is studied in sub ppb range. A fundamental model was developed to study the mechanism and kinetics of moisture uptake and release from EPSS. The model developed would be a valuable tool for designing an optimum process for contamination control and to predict the moisture dry down performance of large-scale, systems.
4

Análise do uso de chapas de aço baixo carbono produzidas via aciaria elétrica para indústria da esmaltação

Aver, Maximiliano January 2017 (has links)
Apesar da esmaltação de aços ser uma técnica de recobrimento inorgânico amplamente conhecida a aparentemente bem dominada, não são poucos os desafios técnicos que se apresentam tanto para os siderurgistas como para os esmaltadores para se produzir um produto final de qualidade aceitável. Este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar o desempenho de recobrimento da superfície de dois aços baixo carbono, um aço do tipo I e outro do tipo II de acordo com a norma americana ASTM A424/424M. O aço do tipo I, amplamente conhecido e utilizado pela indústria esmaltadora, foi produzido por aciaria convencional do tipo BOF, laminado a frio em cadeira de laminação do tipo tandem e descarburizado. Enquanto que o aço do tipo II foi produzido por aciaria elétrica do tipo EAF, laminado a frio em cadeira de laminação duo reverso e recozido. Neste trabalho, a performance do recobrimento do substrato metálico do aço do tipo II é focada nos parâmetros qualitativos da camada esmaltada tais como sua espessura, rugosidade, aderência ao metal base e evolução gasosa resultante do processo de cura do esmalte (“firing”). Os testes de esmaltação das amostras foram realizados em uma unidade industrial esmaltadora independente utilizando-se o processo de deposição via úmido e via seco, com a aplicação de dois esmaltes comerciais distintos. As variáveis e práticas do processo de esmaltação utilizadas foram as mesmas estabelecidas para um processo produtivo normal, da preparação superficial e técnica de aplicação de esmalte ao processo de cura do esmalte num tradicional forno elétrico de passagem to tipo “U”. Para a determinação da qualidade do esmalte aderido utilizou-se o teste de queda e para a determinação da evolução gasosa utilizou-se a verificação macroscópica de dois defeitos conhecidos como “outgassing” e “fish scale”. Os resultados obtidos são avaliados em função dos parâmetros e requisitos de qualidade atribuídos pelo esmaltador. / Although enameling steel is a well-known inorganic technique which has been used for many years, there are still several technical challenges faced by both steel making industry and enamelers professionals on producing high quality enameled parts. This work presents the enameling performance evaluation of two low carbon steel grades, one categorized as type I and the other one as type II as per American standard ASTM A424/424M. The type I steel grade, which has been successfully used by enamelers for years, it has been produced through a BOF operation, being cold reduced through a tanden mill and open coil annealed. The type II steel grade has been produced by an EAF operation, being cold reduced through a duo reversing mill stand being batch annealled. On this work, the performance of the coating layer applied over the type II steel substrate has been evaluated focusing on the enamel quality parameters such as its thickness, roughness, adhesion and gassing generated along the glass cure process (firing). The enameling trials have been made at an independent enameler facility where two distinct types of commercial glasses have been selected being applied in both wet and dry methods of deposition. The enameling process variables and operational practices used for the trials were similar to those used for a regular enameling production line, from the cleaning and glass deposition techniques to the glass firing process using an open U-type electrical furnace. The quality of glass adhesion has been determined by the standard impact test and for the evolving gases determination a macroscopic analysis of “outgassing” and “fish scale” as surface defects have been considered. The achieved results are taken under the quality premises required by the enameler.
5

Análise do uso de chapas de aço baixo carbono produzidas via aciaria elétrica para indústria da esmaltação

Aver, Maximiliano January 2017 (has links)
Apesar da esmaltação de aços ser uma técnica de recobrimento inorgânico amplamente conhecida a aparentemente bem dominada, não são poucos os desafios técnicos que se apresentam tanto para os siderurgistas como para os esmaltadores para se produzir um produto final de qualidade aceitável. Este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar o desempenho de recobrimento da superfície de dois aços baixo carbono, um aço do tipo I e outro do tipo II de acordo com a norma americana ASTM A424/424M. O aço do tipo I, amplamente conhecido e utilizado pela indústria esmaltadora, foi produzido por aciaria convencional do tipo BOF, laminado a frio em cadeira de laminação do tipo tandem e descarburizado. Enquanto que o aço do tipo II foi produzido por aciaria elétrica do tipo EAF, laminado a frio em cadeira de laminação duo reverso e recozido. Neste trabalho, a performance do recobrimento do substrato metálico do aço do tipo II é focada nos parâmetros qualitativos da camada esmaltada tais como sua espessura, rugosidade, aderência ao metal base e evolução gasosa resultante do processo de cura do esmalte (“firing”). Os testes de esmaltação das amostras foram realizados em uma unidade industrial esmaltadora independente utilizando-se o processo de deposição via úmido e via seco, com a aplicação de dois esmaltes comerciais distintos. As variáveis e práticas do processo de esmaltação utilizadas foram as mesmas estabelecidas para um processo produtivo normal, da preparação superficial e técnica de aplicação de esmalte ao processo de cura do esmalte num tradicional forno elétrico de passagem to tipo “U”. Para a determinação da qualidade do esmalte aderido utilizou-se o teste de queda e para a determinação da evolução gasosa utilizou-se a verificação macroscópica de dois defeitos conhecidos como “outgassing” e “fish scale”. Os resultados obtidos são avaliados em função dos parâmetros e requisitos de qualidade atribuídos pelo esmaltador. / Although enameling steel is a well-known inorganic technique which has been used for many years, there are still several technical challenges faced by both steel making industry and enamelers professionals on producing high quality enameled parts. This work presents the enameling performance evaluation of two low carbon steel grades, one categorized as type I and the other one as type II as per American standard ASTM A424/424M. The type I steel grade, which has been successfully used by enamelers for years, it has been produced through a BOF operation, being cold reduced through a tanden mill and open coil annealed. The type II steel grade has been produced by an EAF operation, being cold reduced through a duo reversing mill stand being batch annealled. On this work, the performance of the coating layer applied over the type II steel substrate has been evaluated focusing on the enamel quality parameters such as its thickness, roughness, adhesion and gassing generated along the glass cure process (firing). The enameling trials have been made at an independent enameler facility where two distinct types of commercial glasses have been selected being applied in both wet and dry methods of deposition. The enameling process variables and operational practices used for the trials were similar to those used for a regular enameling production line, from the cleaning and glass deposition techniques to the glass firing process using an open U-type electrical furnace. The quality of glass adhesion has been determined by the standard impact test and for the evolving gases determination a macroscopic analysis of “outgassing” and “fish scale” as surface defects have been considered. The achieved results are taken under the quality premises required by the enameler.
6

Effects of Atomic Oxygen on Outgassing of Silicone Materials

Westrick, Samuel 01 December 2022 (has links) (PDF)
An important consideration for spacecraft material selection is the space environment that the spacecraft will be operating in. Two features of the space environment that drive material selection are material outgassing and the presence of atomic oxygen in low Earth orbit (LEO). Materials that are considered for use in space are tested to be able to understand how they’ll outgas on orbit and how they’ll respond to interactions with atomic oxygen. However, testing to understand how atomic oxygen interaction with a material will affect how the material will outgas is rare and not standardized. This thesis used a vacuum chamber intended to determine the outgassing properties of materials using ASTM E595 and another vacuum chamber intended to determine how materials are affected by atomic oxygen using ASTM E2089 to determine how atomic oxygen affects outgassing of silicones, which are of interest as atomic oxygen can alter the chemical composition of the surface of silicones. CV-2500, CV2-2289- 1, and SCV2-2590, three silicone elastomers that are products of NuSil Technology LLC, were tested. Significant trends in atomic oxygen reducing the amount of matter outgassed from these three materials were observed. This can be explained by the conversion of the surface of silicone to silica, which was confirmed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Retesting of these three materials in a chamber designed for ASTM E595 with a temperature measurement system capable of adhering to ASTM E595 to confirm the results of this thesis with more confidence in uniform temperature exposure is recommended.
7

Determinação dos fluxos de CO2 e parâmetros físicos envolvidos neste processo em diferentes ambientes fluviais da Amazônia / Determination of CO2 fluxes and physical parameters involved in this process in different aquatic environments of the Amazon basin

Rasera, Maria de Fatima Fernandes Lamy 08 July 2010 (has links)
Estudos recentes têm demonstrado resultados surpreendentes acerca do ciclo do carbono nos ambientes aquáticos da Amazônia, com fluxos evasivos de CO2 a partir dos mesmos superando àqueles que ocorrem na descarga para o oceano. Porém, os processos que controlam estes fluxos permanecem como uma grande fonte de incerteza nas medidas dos mesmos e, conseqüentemente, nos balanços regionais de carbono. Desta forma, os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a variabilidade espacial e temporal (sazonal e circadiana) do fluxo de CO2 em diferentes sistemas aquáticos da Amazônia e os principais parâmetros físicos envolvidos no controle do coeficiente de troca gasosa (k600). Para isto utilizamos os dados, disponibilizados pela Rede Beija-Rio, de fluxo de CO2 (medido com câmara flutuante) e demais parâmetros, medidos em sete rios da bacia Amazônica, ao longo dos anos de 2007 a 2009. Fizemos também campanhas intensivas de medidas de fluxo e, em duas destas campanhas, realizamos medidas de fluxo utilizando simultaneamente as técnicas de câmara e de covariância dos vórtices turbulentos (eddy correlation). Os resultados mostraram que o ciclo sazonal de fluxo de CO2, com os maiores valores sendo observados no período de cheia, está diretamente relacionado ao ciclo sazonal da pCO2 que, por sua vez, é paralela à hidrógrafa. A variabilidade circadiana está relacionada às mudanças na velocidade do vento em ambientes lóticos e, em ambientes lênticos estratificados, além da velocidade de vento a mistura convectiva desempenha também um papel importante neste controle. Rios de águas pretas apresentaram os maiores fluxos, enquanto que, rios de águas claras como o Araguaia e Teles Pires, apresentaram fluxos negativos no período de seca. A produção primária em lagos e rios de águas claras desempenha um papel importante na variabilidade circadiana e sazonal da pCO2 e, consequentemente, no fluxo de CO2. As análises do k600 mostraram diferentes condições de turbulência na calha principal do rio Javaés e nas áreas mais extensas e rasas ao longo do Rio Negro, gerando modelos para a estimativa de k600 com a velocidade do vento no rio Javaés, e com a velocidade do vento e a relação entre velocidade da corrente e profundidade do canal [(w/z)0,5] no Rio Negro / Recent studies have shown surprising results on the carbon cycle in aquatic environments of the Amazon, with evasive fluxes of CO2 larger than the carbon exported by discharge into the 2ocean. However, the processes that control these fluxes remain a major source of uncertainty in upscaling and, consequently, on regional carbon balances. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the spatial and temporal variability (seasonal and circadian) of CO2 flux in different aquatic systems in the Amazon basin and the main physical parameters involved in controlling the gas exchange coefficient (K600). For this we used the CO2 flux data from Rede Beija-Rio (measured with floating chamber) and other parameters measured in seven rivers of the Amazon basin, over the years 2007 to 2009. Additionally, we also conducted intensive flux measurements campaigns, in two of which we compared chamber and eddy covariance (eddy correlation) approaches. The results showed that the seasonal cycle of CO2 flux, which is higher during the high water period, is directly related to the seasonal cycle of pCO2 which, in turn, parallels the hydrograph. Circadian variations are related to changes in wind speed in lotic environments. At stratified lentic environments both wind speed the convective mixing play important roles in this control. Black-water rivers showed the highest fluxes, while clear water rivers Araguaia and Teles Pires showed negative fluxes during the dry period. Primary production in lakes and clear water rivers plays a more important role than previously observed in circadian and seasonal variability of pCO2 and hence in CO2 fluxes. Analyses of K600 showed different turbulent conditions in the main channel of the Javaés river and in longer and shallower areas along the Rio Negro, with significant models for estimation of K600 based on wind velocity in the Javaés river and on wind speed and the relationship between water current and depth [(w / z) 0.5 ] in the Negro river
8

O papel das emissões de CO2 para a atmosfera, em rios da bacia do Ji-Paraná(RO), no ciclo regional do carbono / The role of CO2 outgassing from rivers of Ji-Paraná Basin(RO), in the regional carbon cycle

Rasera, Maria de Fatima Fernandes Lamy 04 August 2005 (has links)
O principal papel dos rios no ciclo global biogeoquímico do carbono tem sido considerado como o de exportador fluvial de carbono orgânico total (COT) e carbono inorgânico dissolvido (CID) para os oceanos. Entretanto, estudos recentes mostraram a importância dos fluxos evasivos de CO2 a partir de rios da Amazônia, sugerindo que uma parte significativa do carbono fixado pela floresta retornaria para a atmosfera por esta via. A troca gasosa entre a atmosfera e as águas supersaturadas dos rios é função do gradiente de concentração do gás através da interface ar-água. A pCO2 da água é fortemente determinada pela concentração de carbono inorgânico dissolvido e pH, que, por sua vez, são função de processos físicos, químicos e biológicos. O foco principal deste estudo foi estabelecer a importância dos fluxos evasivos de CO2 nos balanços de C, uma vez que os sistemas aquáticos são uma fonte significativa de C para a atmosfera nos ambientes tropicais úmidos. Ao mesmo tempo, avaliou-se a influência das concentrações de CID e pH na evasão de CO2. A área de estudo foi a bacia do rio Ji-Paraná, Rondônia. Vários rios desta bacia foram amostrados entre maio/99 e maio/03. Concentrações de CID, temperatura e pH foram utilizadas para calcular a pCO2 da água, baseado nas equações de equilíbrio termodinâmico. Para estimar o fluxo evasivo de CO2 utilizou-se o modelo teórico de fluxo difusivo. Os resultados mostraram que rios que drenam áreas de solos mais férteis apresentam as maiores concentrações de CID e um maior potencial de evasão. Apesar da variabilidade sazonal da pCO2, as concentrações de CO2 dissolvido indicam que as trocas de CO2 com a atmosfera são unilaterais (evasão para a atmosfera) ao longo do ano. Durante o período de cheia, mesmo com concentrações de CID menores, a diminuição do pH observado neste período foi suficiente para promover potenciais de evasão maiores; neste período a evasão é cerca de 4 vezes maior que no período de seca. Baseado no modelo de fluxo difusivo, a evasão de CO2 para a atmosfera a partir das águas superficiais dos rios da bacia do Ji-Paraná foi estimada em 128 a 318 Gg C ano-1. A descarga fluvial exporta anualmente cerca de 370 Gg C ano-1. Portanto, a evasão é da mesma ordem de magnitude da descarga fluvial, demonstrando a importância desta via no ciclo do carbono nos sistemas aquáticos da Amazônia. / The major biogeochemical role of river systems in the global carbon cycle is considered to be the fluvial export of total organic carbon (TOC) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) to the ocean. However, recent studies have shown the importance of CO2 outgassing from rivers of the Amazon, suggesting that a significant part of the carbon fixed by forests returns to the atmosphere through this pathway. Gas exchange between the atmosphere and river waters supersaturated in CO2 is a function of gaseous gradients across the air-water interface. Water pCO2 is strongly influenced by concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and pH, which are, in turn, a function of physical, chemical and biological processes. This study focus on the importance of CO2 outgassing in the carbon cycle of drainage basins, assuming that river systems are significant sources of atmospheric C in tropical environments, and also on the influence of DIC concentrations and the pH on CO2 evasion. The study area was the Ji-Paraná river basin, Rondônia. Several rivers of the basin were sampled between May/99 and May/03. Temperature, pH and DIC concentrations were used do calculate pCO2, based on thermodynamic equilibrium equations. A theoretical diffusive flux model was used to estimate CO2 evasion. The results show that rivers draining areas with more fertile soils present larger concentrations of DIC and of potential CO2 evasion. In spite of the pCO2 seasonality, the concentrations of dissolved CO2 suggest that this CO2 exchange with the atmosphere is unilateral (evasion to the atmosphere) throughtout the year. During high waters, even with lower DIC concentrations, decreases in pH are of a magnitude enough to promote higher potential evasions; in this period evasion is around four times higher than in the falling water. Based on a diffusion model, CO2 evasion to the atmosphere from rivers of Ji-Paraná basin was estimated to be from 128 to 318 Gg C yr-1. Since the annual export in fluvial discharge is 370 Gg C yr-1, this means that evasion is on the same order of magnitude, demonstrating the importance of this pathway in the carbon cycle of riverine systems in the Amazon.
9

Determinação dos fluxos de CO2 e parâmetros físicos envolvidos neste processo em diferentes ambientes fluviais da Amazônia / Determination of CO2 fluxes and physical parameters involved in this process in different aquatic environments of the Amazon basin

Maria de Fatima Fernandes Lamy Rasera 08 July 2010 (has links)
Estudos recentes têm demonstrado resultados surpreendentes acerca do ciclo do carbono nos ambientes aquáticos da Amazônia, com fluxos evasivos de CO2 a partir dos mesmos superando àqueles que ocorrem na descarga para o oceano. Porém, os processos que controlam estes fluxos permanecem como uma grande fonte de incerteza nas medidas dos mesmos e, conseqüentemente, nos balanços regionais de carbono. Desta forma, os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a variabilidade espacial e temporal (sazonal e circadiana) do fluxo de CO2 em diferentes sistemas aquáticos da Amazônia e os principais parâmetros físicos envolvidos no controle do coeficiente de troca gasosa (k600). Para isto utilizamos os dados, disponibilizados pela Rede Beija-Rio, de fluxo de CO2 (medido com câmara flutuante) e demais parâmetros, medidos em sete rios da bacia Amazônica, ao longo dos anos de 2007 a 2009. Fizemos também campanhas intensivas de medidas de fluxo e, em duas destas campanhas, realizamos medidas de fluxo utilizando simultaneamente as técnicas de câmara e de covariância dos vórtices turbulentos (eddy correlation). Os resultados mostraram que o ciclo sazonal de fluxo de CO2, com os maiores valores sendo observados no período de cheia, está diretamente relacionado ao ciclo sazonal da pCO2 que, por sua vez, é paralela à hidrógrafa. A variabilidade circadiana está relacionada às mudanças na velocidade do vento em ambientes lóticos e, em ambientes lênticos estratificados, além da velocidade de vento a mistura convectiva desempenha também um papel importante neste controle. Rios de águas pretas apresentaram os maiores fluxos, enquanto que, rios de águas claras como o Araguaia e Teles Pires, apresentaram fluxos negativos no período de seca. A produção primária em lagos e rios de águas claras desempenha um papel importante na variabilidade circadiana e sazonal da pCO2 e, consequentemente, no fluxo de CO2. As análises do k600 mostraram diferentes condições de turbulência na calha principal do rio Javaés e nas áreas mais extensas e rasas ao longo do Rio Negro, gerando modelos para a estimativa de k600 com a velocidade do vento no rio Javaés, e com a velocidade do vento e a relação entre velocidade da corrente e profundidade do canal [(w/z)0,5] no Rio Negro / Recent studies have shown surprising results on the carbon cycle in aquatic environments of the Amazon, with evasive fluxes of CO2 larger than the carbon exported by discharge into the 2ocean. However, the processes that control these fluxes remain a major source of uncertainty in upscaling and, consequently, on regional carbon balances. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the spatial and temporal variability (seasonal and circadian) of CO2 flux in different aquatic systems in the Amazon basin and the main physical parameters involved in controlling the gas exchange coefficient (K600). For this we used the CO2 flux data from Rede Beija-Rio (measured with floating chamber) and other parameters measured in seven rivers of the Amazon basin, over the years 2007 to 2009. Additionally, we also conducted intensive flux measurements campaigns, in two of which we compared chamber and eddy covariance (eddy correlation) approaches. The results showed that the seasonal cycle of CO2 flux, which is higher during the high water period, is directly related to the seasonal cycle of pCO2 which, in turn, parallels the hydrograph. Circadian variations are related to changes in wind speed in lotic environments. At stratified lentic environments both wind speed the convective mixing play important roles in this control. Black-water rivers showed the highest fluxes, while clear water rivers Araguaia and Teles Pires showed negative fluxes during the dry period. Primary production in lakes and clear water rivers plays a more important role than previously observed in circadian and seasonal variability of pCO2 and hence in CO2 fluxes. Analyses of K600 showed different turbulent conditions in the main channel of the Javaés river and in longer and shallower areas along the Rio Negro, with significant models for estimation of K600 based on wind velocity in the Javaés river and on wind speed and the relationship between water current and depth [(w / z) 0.5 ] in the Negro river
10

O papel das emissões de CO2 para a atmosfera, em rios da bacia do Ji-Paraná(RO), no ciclo regional do carbono / The role of CO2 outgassing from rivers of Ji-Paraná Basin(RO), in the regional carbon cycle

Maria de Fatima Fernandes Lamy Rasera 04 August 2005 (has links)
O principal papel dos rios no ciclo global biogeoquímico do carbono tem sido considerado como o de exportador fluvial de carbono orgânico total (COT) e carbono inorgânico dissolvido (CID) para os oceanos. Entretanto, estudos recentes mostraram a importância dos fluxos evasivos de CO2 a partir de rios da Amazônia, sugerindo que uma parte significativa do carbono fixado pela floresta retornaria para a atmosfera por esta via. A troca gasosa entre a atmosfera e as águas supersaturadas dos rios é função do gradiente de concentração do gás através da interface ar-água. A pCO2 da água é fortemente determinada pela concentração de carbono inorgânico dissolvido e pH, que, por sua vez, são função de processos físicos, químicos e biológicos. O foco principal deste estudo foi estabelecer a importância dos fluxos evasivos de CO2 nos balanços de C, uma vez que os sistemas aquáticos são uma fonte significativa de C para a atmosfera nos ambientes tropicais úmidos. Ao mesmo tempo, avaliou-se a influência das concentrações de CID e pH na evasão de CO2. A área de estudo foi a bacia do rio Ji-Paraná, Rondônia. Vários rios desta bacia foram amostrados entre maio/99 e maio/03. Concentrações de CID, temperatura e pH foram utilizadas para calcular a pCO2 da água, baseado nas equações de equilíbrio termodinâmico. Para estimar o fluxo evasivo de CO2 utilizou-se o modelo teórico de fluxo difusivo. Os resultados mostraram que rios que drenam áreas de solos mais férteis apresentam as maiores concentrações de CID e um maior potencial de evasão. Apesar da variabilidade sazonal da pCO2, as concentrações de CO2 dissolvido indicam que as trocas de CO2 com a atmosfera são unilaterais (evasão para a atmosfera) ao longo do ano. Durante o período de cheia, mesmo com concentrações de CID menores, a diminuição do pH observado neste período foi suficiente para promover potenciais de evasão maiores; neste período a evasão é cerca de 4 vezes maior que no período de seca. Baseado no modelo de fluxo difusivo, a evasão de CO2 para a atmosfera a partir das águas superficiais dos rios da bacia do Ji-Paraná foi estimada em 128 a 318 Gg C ano-1. A descarga fluvial exporta anualmente cerca de 370 Gg C ano-1. Portanto, a evasão é da mesma ordem de magnitude da descarga fluvial, demonstrando a importância desta via no ciclo do carbono nos sistemas aquáticos da Amazônia. / The major biogeochemical role of river systems in the global carbon cycle is considered to be the fluvial export of total organic carbon (TOC) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) to the ocean. However, recent studies have shown the importance of CO2 outgassing from rivers of the Amazon, suggesting that a significant part of the carbon fixed by forests returns to the atmosphere through this pathway. Gas exchange between the atmosphere and river waters supersaturated in CO2 is a function of gaseous gradients across the air-water interface. Water pCO2 is strongly influenced by concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and pH, which are, in turn, a function of physical, chemical and biological processes. This study focus on the importance of CO2 outgassing in the carbon cycle of drainage basins, assuming that river systems are significant sources of atmospheric C in tropical environments, and also on the influence of DIC concentrations and the pH on CO2 evasion. The study area was the Ji-Paraná river basin, Rondônia. Several rivers of the basin were sampled between May/99 and May/03. Temperature, pH and DIC concentrations were used do calculate pCO2, based on thermodynamic equilibrium equations. A theoretical diffusive flux model was used to estimate CO2 evasion. The results show that rivers draining areas with more fertile soils present larger concentrations of DIC and of potential CO2 evasion. In spite of the pCO2 seasonality, the concentrations of dissolved CO2 suggest that this CO2 exchange with the atmosphere is unilateral (evasion to the atmosphere) throughtout the year. During high waters, even with lower DIC concentrations, decreases in pH are of a magnitude enough to promote higher potential evasions; in this period evasion is around four times higher than in the falling water. Based on a diffusion model, CO2 evasion to the atmosphere from rivers of Ji-Paraná basin was estimated to be from 128 to 318 Gg C yr-1. Since the annual export in fluvial discharge is 370 Gg C yr-1, this means that evasion is on the same order of magnitude, demonstrating the importance of this pathway in the carbon cycle of riverine systems in the Amazon.

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