The purpose of the present study was to examine the time-course of mechanical power output and neuromuscular activity during fatiguing repeated-sprint exercise and recovery in man. Prior to the main study, we also investigated the reproducibility of power output during a single 6-s cycling sprint. For this study, eleven healthy moderately trained males performed a 6-s standing sprint on the front-access cycle ergometer on four separate occasions. The results of the study showed that reliable power outputs can be obtained after one familiarization session in subjects unfamiliar with maximal cycling sprint exercise. However, the inclusion of an extra familiarization session ensured more stable power outputs. Therefore, two trials should allow adequate familiarization with the maximal 6-s cycling test. For the main study, eight young moderately trained adult men performed an exercise protocol that consisted of ten, 6-s sprints on a wind-braked cycle ergometer interspersed with 30 s of recovery. After 6 min of passive recovery, five, 6-s sprints were repeated, again interspersed by 30 s of recovery. Peak power output (PPO) and mean power output (MPO) were measured during each sprint and EMG data (i.e., RMS) from the vastus lateralis muscle were also recorded. A one-way ANOVA with repeated measures (i.e., sprint number) was used to allocate the significant differences in each dependent variable over time. Analysis revealed a decline in power output during the fatiguing exercise that was accompanied by a decrease in EMG amplitude of the vastus lateralis muscle. Six minutes after the fatiguing exercise, power output during sprint 11 significantly recovered with respect to values recorded in sprint 10, but remained significantly lower than that recorded in the initial sprint. Thus, 6 min was insufficient to fully recover from the fatiguing repeated sprint protocol utilised in this study. The main findings in the present study were that: 1) the partial recovery of power output in sprint 11 was not accompanied by the recovery V of EMG amplitude; 2) similar mean power outputs were recorded during sprint 4 and 11 despite a significantly lower EMG activity recorded during the latter sprint; and 3) despite comparable mean power outputs during sprint 4 and 11, the decrease in power output over the next five sprints was greater for sprints 11 to 15 than for sprints 4 to 8.

O presente trabalho estima o hiato do produto para o Brasil através das principais metodologias estudadas na literatura e apresenta uma forma alternativa de extração do mesmo, ainda não realizada para o caso brasileiro. Esta abordagem estima o hiato do produto através de um modelo de equilíbrio geral dinâmico estocástico (DSGE). O hiato do produto via modelo DSGE apresentado conseguiu identificar os períodos de recessão datados pela FGV. Contudo, além dos episódios relatados pela FGV, foram identificados mais dois períodos de crise. Este tipo de abordagem possui algumas vantagens como a possibilidade de conseguir decompor o hiato do produto estimado nos choques presentes no modelo. A partir da decomposição dos choques observou-se que a maior contribuição para a variação do hiato do produto é dada pelos choques de demanda. Ainda com relação à decomposição dos choques, foi possível identificar que os choques nos preços das commodities podem ser entendidos como choques de demanda e não de oferta. Verificou-se que o hiato do produto estimado por um modelo DSGE possui melhor poder preditivo para a inflação dos preços livres de longo prazo, quando comparado às demais metodologias apresentadas. Dessa forma, o hiato do produto via modelo DSGE pode ser uma ferramenta adicional para a condução da política monetária. / This paper estimates the output gap to Brazil through the main methodologies studied in the literature and presents an alternative way, not yet realized for the Brazilian case. This approach estimates the output gap using a standard dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE). The output gap via DSGE model presented was able to identify recessions dated by FGV. However, were identified over two periods of crisis. This approach has some advantages such as the possibility of decompose the output gap estimated with the shocks presents in the model. From the decomposition of shock was observed the largest contribution to the variation in the output gap is given by the demand shocks. Also with respect to the decomposition of shocks, we found that the shocks in commodity prices can be understood as demand shocks rather than supply. It was found that the output gap estimated by a DSGE model has better predictive power for inflation of free prices of long-term, when compared to other methodologies presented. Thus, the output gap via DSGE model can be an additional tool for conducting monetary policy.

O presente trabalho estima o hiato do produto para o Brasil através das principais metodologias estudadas na literatura e apresenta uma forma alternativa de extração do mesmo, ainda não realizada para o caso brasileiro. Esta abordagem estima o hiato do produto através de um modelo de equilíbrio geral dinâmico estocástico (DSGE). O hiato do produto via modelo DSGE apresentado conseguiu identificar os períodos de recessão datados pela FGV. Contudo, além dos episódios relatados pela FGV, foram identificados mais dois períodos de crise. Este tipo de abordagem possui algumas vantagens como a possibilidade de conseguir decompor o hiato do produto estimado nos choques presentes no modelo. A partir da decomposição dos choques observou-se que a maior contribuição para a variação do hiato do produto é dada pelos choques de demanda. Ainda com relação à decomposição dos choques, foi possível identificar que os choques nos preços das commodities podem ser entendidos como choques de demanda e não de oferta. Verificou-se que o hiato do produto estimado por um modelo DSGE possui melhor poder preditivo para a inflação dos preços livres de longo prazo, quando comparado às demais metodologias apresentadas. Dessa forma, o hiato do produto via modelo DSGE pode ser uma ferramenta adicional para a condução da política monetária. / This paper estimates the output gap to Brazil through the main methodologies studied in the literature and presents an alternative way, not yet realized for the Brazilian case. This approach estimates the output gap using a standard dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE). The output gap via DSGE model presented was able to identify recessions dated by FGV. However, were identified over two periods of crisis. This approach has some advantages such as the possibility of decompose the output gap estimated with the shocks presents in the model. From the decomposition of shock was observed the largest contribution to the variation in the output gap is given by the demand shocks. Also with respect to the decomposition of shocks, we found that the shocks in commodity prices can be understood as demand shocks rather than supply. It was found that the output gap estimated by a DSGE model has better predictive power for inflation of free prices of long-term, when compared to other methodologies presented. Thus, the output gap via DSGE model can be an additional tool for conducting monetary policy.

O presente trabalho estima o hiato do produto para o Brasil através das principais metodologias estudadas na literatura e apresenta uma forma alternativa de extração do mesmo, ainda não realizada para o caso brasileiro. Esta abordagem estima o hiato do produto através de um modelo de equilíbrio geral dinâmico estocástico (DSGE). O hiato do produto via modelo DSGE apresentado conseguiu identificar os períodos de recessão datados pela FGV. Contudo, além dos episódios relatados pela FGV, foram identificados mais dois períodos de crise. Este tipo de abordagem possui algumas vantagens como a possibilidade de conseguir decompor o hiato do produto estimado nos choques presentes no modelo. A partir da decomposição dos choques observou-se que a maior contribuição para a variação do hiato do produto é dada pelos choques de demanda. Ainda com relação à decomposição dos choques, foi possível identificar que os choques nos preços das commodities podem ser entendidos como choques de demanda e não de oferta. Verificou-se que o hiato do produto estimado por um modelo DSGE possui melhor poder preditivo para a inflação dos preços livres de longo prazo, quando comparado às demais metodologias apresentadas. Dessa forma, o hiato do produto via modelo DSGE pode ser uma ferramenta adicional para a condução da política monetária. / This paper estimates the output gap to Brazil through the main methodologies studied in the literature and presents an alternative way, not yet realized for the Brazilian case. This approach estimates the output gap using a standard dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE). The output gap via DSGE model presented was able to identify recessions dated by FGV. However, were identified over two periods of crisis. This approach has some advantages such as the possibility of decompose the output gap estimated with the shocks presents in the model. From the decomposition of shock was observed the largest contribution to the variation in the output gap is given by the demand shocks. Also with respect to the decomposition of shocks, we found that the shocks in commodity prices can be understood as demand shocks rather than supply. It was found that the output gap estimated by a DSGE model has better predictive power for inflation of free prices of long-term, when compared to other methodologies presented. Thus, the output gap via DSGE model can be an additional tool for conducting monetary policy.

By monetary policy decisions, central banks use output gap to keep macroeconomic variables at their natural levels. A substantial disadvantage of this variable is the fact that it is an unobservable variable which is very problematic to measure, although it is possible to estimate it with various methods of estimation. This thesis aims to find the most suitable method of estimation for Czech economy. Thirteen methods have been chosen for this aim: linear trend, quadratic trend, HP filter, band-pass filters, robust trend, univariate unobserved component model, two types of production function, two SVAR models, multivariate HP filter and multivariate unobserved component model. Own estimations have shown that estimated trajectories of unobservable states were not identical. For own selection of the most suitable method of estimation, quantitative (ability to forecast inflation ,a growth of product and data revisions by selected national and international organisations) and qualitative criterions (qualities of methods of estimation, transparency and easy application) have been selected, where emphasis was put on quantitative criterions. Results of this thesis will show that the most suitable method of estimation output gap for Czech economy is multivariate unobserved component model.

The aim of the thesis is to present the process connected with the identification of industrial clusters and to point out possible methods and instruments that are useable by such identification. The target is not only focussed on description of these methods but also on consideration that the methods are likewise useful in regions of Czech Republic, especially taken into account the existing offer of regional data. The diplom thesis consists of three parts. The first part represents theoretical introduction to clusters' problem. The second part, also the theoretical one, deals widely with quantitative and qualitative methods and with procedures and clasification that belong to these methods. The third part applies the theoretical knowledge into practices. The comparison methods are used in the theoretical part and the methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison and induction are used in the practical part. The diplom thesis brings a quantitative extension of methods that have been used so far when identifying the industrial clusters in Czech Republic. Due to the present trend of prefering the qualitative methods, the extension of quantitative methods could be seen as a retrograde act. But the conditions of Czech Republic tourned out that, in fact, it is a suitable extension of statistical instruments.

This diploma thesis discusses utilization of dynamic Input-Output models as a basis for decision-making for policy makers. The first part is focused on theoretical derivation of the basic dynamic models. This part is followed by a practical application of the presented models, which proposes a method of deriving the matrix of capital and it facilitates the construction of data sources. The results show that the dynamic models are usable, but it is necessary to take into consideration their structural constraints and data limits. Data applied for 2009 show that the economic crisis has led to a 6% decline in GVA growth rates.

The main target of the thesis is analysing of short-term indirect cross-sectoral impacts of taxation of electricity, solid fuels and natural gas on particular sectors of NACE in the Czech Republic, especially impacts on production prices. The key instrument for the analysis is the short-term price model for the Czech Republic, created as a component of the thesis. A secondary target is focused on the analysis of direct impacts, especially impacts on prices and expenditures of particular sectors of NACE. Within the scope of the main target, there are five different variants of taxation. For each of them the impact of taxation of particular commodities on changes in production prices of particular sectors of NACE is simulated. Than two different variants, both of them including taxation of all commodities, are compared. The thesis includes also two hypotheses, which are going to be confirmed or disproved on the basis of obtained results. For achieving the main target the methodology of Leontief input – output analysis was chosen (Leontief, 1966). This is the key instrument for creating short-term price model for the Czech Republic. This method is suitable especially for analysing short-term cross-sectoral impacts, however under necessary condition of no changes in current technologies, agreements and cross-sectoral relations. This condition represents strict limitation for the price model created for the thesis. Regarding scientific contribution, the main asset of this thesis is creation of macroeconomic short-term price model for the Czech Republic, which is based on methodology of Leontief input – output analysis. The additional contribution is calculation of the short-term impacts of new environmental taxation on production prices of particular sectors of NACE. Considering available information, environmental taxes in the Czech Republic have not been analysed by Leontief input - output methodology yet. There is not also sufficient analysis of environmental taxes impacts on particular sectors of NACE in the Czech Republic. The thesis is divided to seven chapters. The first chapter focuses on introduction to environmental tax regulation issue. The second chapter presents theories and concepts of taxation impact analysis. The third chapter focuses on models and empirical research in environmental taxation area. The fourth chapter is dealing with basic practical aspects of introduction of new energy taxation in the Czech republic and presents data useful for the following analysis. The fifth chapter consists of describing of applied methodology and describing of creation of the price model. The sixth chapter summarises results of simulation of direct impact of taxation on average prices for companies and on expenditures of particular sectors of NACE. The seventh chapter presents results of cross-sectoral analysis of indirect macroeconomic impacts for all variants; the chapter includes also testing of hypotheses and comments of final results.

Potential output is used as the indicator of the business cycle. The aim of this study is to compare the results of different methods used for estimating potential output and verify the hypothesis that potential output or rather the output gap can serve as a reliable indicator to determine the phase of the business cycle in the Czech Republic in the years 1996-2012. 6 different methods - linear trend, Hodrick-Prescott filter, Baxter-King filter, Butterworth filter, Kalman filter and the production function have been used to estimate potential output. The output gap was determined based on the estimated potential output. The comparison of the results of all methods has confirmed the same development trend of potential output. All the methods for estimating potential output, except Butterworth filter, have showed that their results are good indicators of the business cycle in the Czech Republic.

The thesis describes hardware and software of Control system for cleaning station CIP used for cleaning of milk processing equipment. The description of hardware contains definitions and number of PLC modules for PLC Simatic S7-300. The software part contains programs for PLC, SCADA software for WinCC flexible 2005 and the description of the computer's model.