No description available.

The thesis takes as its central object and problematic the contentious status of domain names in global and domestic legal systems. It considers the manner in which advances in technology have blurred the legal rights between domain names and the existing laws of trademark, contract, copyright and property. As it stands, domain names are presented as a secondary right attached to other legal rights such as trademark or contract law, rather than as a new form, or species, of intellectual property. And yet, domain names represent a valuable, distinct and scarce commodity, which, in so far as they are capable of exclusive and excludable use, control and “ownership”, exhibit regularities common to forms of property. This thesis seeks to justify the application of legal frameworks with respect to domain name registration and use to prepare the way for a discussion of the highly qualified recognition of domain names as legal property in United States courts and, to some extent, by arbitral tribunals acting under the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ICANN mandated Uniform Dispute Resolution Mechanism. By means of a detailed exploration of the legal and practical challenges accompanying the meteoric rise of Internet technology and commerce, the thesis intends to clarify the fundamental reasons for some of the current controversies. The thesis proceeds, in a first step, to identify several “gaps” in the current framework of domain name regulation, drawing the readers’ attention to the, arguably, flawed treatment of the legal issue surrounding domain name use, control and ownership by courts and tribunals against the background of the accelerating monetisation and commoditisation of domain names. In capsule, this thesis aims to conduct a review into existing scholarship and case law on trademarks and domain names, in addition to contract and property law. It focuses on the associated legal frameworks for each, supported by cases that demonstrate their legal standing as a newly emergent property-based right. Moreover, the thesis sets these reflections against a broader discussion of doctrinal developments in the area of trademark law, the emerging role of ICANN as a custodian of the technical domain name allocation functions; the origins and theory behind the concept of property as distinct from the law of contract and, finally, the relevance of property rights to the legal standing of domain names. The thesis concludes by arguing that domain names should be treated as expressions of contract and property law, and that the relationship between domain names and trademark law be critically assessed and not confused. Further, it is argued that courts should take account of this duality towards the development of a revised framework for the regulation and adjudication of domain name assignment and use. A movement in this direction would stabilise expectations around the rights owed to, and by, domain name “owners”, alleviating the uncertainty that remains as to their status under law, while reducing the scope for dispute. By taking these issues one by one, this thesis aspires to make a small but important critical contribution to the intellectual and political debate on the future development and enforcement of domain name law.

In my thesis I follow historical development of property rights in Europe. I focus in particular on relationship to land and records of property conditions in law. The important moments are relation between ownership and state and landed property as a policy instrument. The aim is to reveal, when and how the ownership as a legal institution came into being and how the status of an individual reflected his or her ability to acquire property. I pay attention to the most significant law-making factors and to the way how the ownership relations affect social order and economic performance at the particular time. The theoretical part firstly defines relevant terms of law and then deals with the institution of property in the history of philosophy and economic thoughts. The analytical part compares development of property rights in the Czech lands with that of state forms on the territory of nowadays Germany. The comparison sets this development in a wider frame of legal, political and economic history and observes the interaction of the both lands in the area of property conditions in the past.

No description available.

No description available.

Na efervescência dos movimentos sociais durante os anos de 1980, na Zona Leste da capital paulista, uma área, em grande parte propriedade da Companhia Metropolitana de Habitação de São Paulo (COHAB-SP), torna-se, em meio à intensa urbanização do entorno, objeto de luta popular visando a sua preservação ambiental. Em 1989, após diversas manifestações da sociedade civil organizada, foi aprovada a lei de criação da Área de Proteção Ambiental do Parque e Fazenda do Carmo (APA do Carmo). Uma APA é uma unidade de conservação que, entre suas principais características inclui a de não exigir desapropriações e a de definir, através do estabelecimento de um zoneamento, categorias de uso diferenciadas para cada zona, desde a menos restritiva até a mais restritiva. A presente pesquisa propõe-se a uma reconstituição histórica desse espaço, que se constituiu em APA no cerne da Zona Leste paulistana, e orientou-se pela indagação das razões que teriam levado um conjunto de grandes glebas contíguas de terras, com atributos ambientais que justificaram a luta pela sua preservação, a não ser alcançado pela avassaladora urbanização do entorno. A consulta a documentos de cartórios e a outros reunidos em arquivos públicos formou a base que permitiu a reconstituição, em alguns de seus aspectos, da história do espaço da porção da Zona Leste que hoje contém a APA do Carmo. Para tanto, três recuos históricos foram definidos para orientar a análise de transformações desse espaço. Um deles considerou a existência do aldeamento de São Miguel (parte do projeto de reorientação da ocupação do planalto paulistano no período colonial, baseado na utilização de mão-de-obra indígena e posto em prática no contexto da estruturação fundiária da época, fundada no sistema de sesmarias). Um outro recuo privilegiou o período de quase duzentos (de 1722 até 1919) no qual a fazenda Caguaçu se formou e permaneceu nas mãos dos padres da Província Carmelitana Fluminense. Por fim, o último deles enfocou os primórdios do processo de urbanização na cidade de São Paulo (entre o final do século XIX e o início do XX), quando os mecanismos utilizados pelos agentes do mercado de terras em formação, beneficiados pela complexa e imprecisa estrutura fundiária herdada do período colonial, deixaram marcas indeléveis na urbanização da Zona Leste paulistana. / Within the fervor of the social movements of the 1980s, an area, on the Eastside of the city of São Paulo, mostly owned by São Paulo\'s Metropolitan Housing Company (COHAB-SP), became the target of the popular movements struggle to safeguard the natural environment, in large part due to the pressure of the intense urbanization that surrounded it. In 1989, after many manifestations by these movements, a law was approved, creating the Area of the Protection of Nature of the Park and Agricultural Estate of Carmo (APA do Carmo). An APA is a unit of conservation, which has as one of its principle characteristics that of not exacting compulsory seizure of property. Another is that, by establishing zoning, categories are defined for the various usages of each zone, ranging from the least to the most restrictive. This study proposes to give an historical reconstruction of the space that now constitutes this APA in the heart of the Eastern side of the city of São Paulo and was provoked by queries arising from the rationale that has led to a string of large tracts of adjacent land with environmental features that justify the struggle for their preservation, so as not to be overrun by the savage urbanism that surrounds them. The source used, in many aspects, for reconstructing the history of the area in the East Zone, that now holds the APA do Carmo, was the consultation of documents from land registry offices and other public archives. For such three historical boundaries were defined to guide the analysis of the transformation of these spaces. One of them examined the existence of the aldeamento de São Miguel, a type of enforced indigenous village system (part of a project that proposed to reorganize the habitation of the plateau of São Paulo, during the colonial period, based on the use of indigenous labor and put into practice in the context of the structure of property ownership of the time, founded on the system called the Sesmarias). Another boundary investigated a period of almost two hundred years (from 1722 until 1919) in which a large agricultural estate, called Caguaçu, was formed and remained in the hands of a male community of the Carmelite Order, Rio Province, (Provincia Carmelitana Fluminense). Finally, the last boundary focused on the origins of the process of urbanization in the city of São Paulo (between the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century), when property agents, dealing in land for urban development, were able to take full advantage of a complex and nebulous land structure handed down from the colonial period, and exploit mechanisms that left indelible marks on the urbanization of the East Zone of São Paulo

Na efervescência dos movimentos sociais durante os anos de 1980, na Zona Leste da capital paulista, uma área, em grande parte propriedade da Companhia Metropolitana de Habitação de São Paulo (COHAB-SP), torna-se, em meio à intensa urbanização do entorno, objeto de luta popular visando a sua preservação ambiental. Em 1989, após diversas manifestações da sociedade civil organizada, foi aprovada a lei de criação da Área de Proteção Ambiental do Parque e Fazenda do Carmo (APA do Carmo). Uma APA é uma unidade de conservação que, entre suas principais características inclui a de não exigir desapropriações e a de definir, através do estabelecimento de um zoneamento, categorias de uso diferenciadas para cada zona, desde a menos restritiva até a mais restritiva. A presente pesquisa propõe-se a uma reconstituição histórica desse espaço, que se constituiu em APA no cerne da Zona Leste paulistana, e orientou-se pela indagação das razões que teriam levado um conjunto de grandes glebas contíguas de terras, com atributos ambientais que justificaram a luta pela sua preservação, a não ser alcançado pela avassaladora urbanização do entorno. A consulta a documentos de cartórios e a outros reunidos em arquivos públicos formou a base que permitiu a reconstituição, em alguns de seus aspectos, da história do espaço da porção da Zona Leste que hoje contém a APA do Carmo. Para tanto, três recuos históricos foram definidos para orientar a análise de transformações desse espaço. Um deles considerou a existência do aldeamento de São Miguel (parte do projeto de reorientação da ocupação do planalto paulistano no período colonial, baseado na utilização de mão-de-obra indígena e posto em prática no contexto da estruturação fundiária da época, fundada no sistema de sesmarias). Um outro recuo privilegiou o período de quase duzentos (de 1722 até 1919) no qual a fazenda Caguaçu se formou e permaneceu nas mãos dos padres da Província Carmelitana Fluminense. Por fim, o último deles enfocou os primórdios do processo de urbanização na cidade de São Paulo (entre o final do século XIX e o início do XX), quando os mecanismos utilizados pelos agentes do mercado de terras em formação, beneficiados pela complexa e imprecisa estrutura fundiária herdada do período colonial, deixaram marcas indeléveis na urbanização da Zona Leste paulistana. / Within the fervor of the social movements of the 1980s, an area, on the Eastside of the city of São Paulo, mostly owned by São Paulo\'s Metropolitan Housing Company (COHAB-SP), became the target of the popular movements struggle to safeguard the natural environment, in large part due to the pressure of the intense urbanization that surrounded it. In 1989, after many manifestations by these movements, a law was approved, creating the Area of the Protection of Nature of the Park and Agricultural Estate of Carmo (APA do Carmo). An APA is a unit of conservation, which has as one of its principle characteristics that of not exacting compulsory seizure of property. Another is that, by establishing zoning, categories are defined for the various usages of each zone, ranging from the least to the most restrictive. This study proposes to give an historical reconstruction of the space that now constitutes this APA in the heart of the Eastern side of the city of São Paulo and was provoked by queries arising from the rationale that has led to a string of large tracts of adjacent land with environmental features that justify the struggle for their preservation, so as not to be overrun by the savage urbanism that surrounds them. The source used, in many aspects, for reconstructing the history of the area in the East Zone, that now holds the APA do Carmo, was the consultation of documents from land registry offices and other public archives. For such three historical boundaries were defined to guide the analysis of the transformation of these spaces. One of them examined the existence of the aldeamento de São Miguel, a type of enforced indigenous village system (part of a project that proposed to reorganize the habitation of the plateau of São Paulo, during the colonial period, based on the use of indigenous labor and put into practice in the context of the structure of property ownership of the time, founded on the system called the Sesmarias). Another boundary investigated a period of almost two hundred years (from 1722 until 1919) in which a large agricultural estate, called Caguaçu, was formed and remained in the hands of a male community of the Carmelite Order, Rio Province, (Provincia Carmelitana Fluminense). Finally, the last boundary focused on the origins of the process of urbanization in the city of São Paulo (between the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century), when property agents, dealing in land for urban development, were able to take full advantage of a complex and nebulous land structure handed down from the colonial period, and exploit mechanisms that left indelible marks on the urbanization of the East Zone of São Paulo