The focused laser beam delivered by the high-power laser system PALS was used for laboratory simulation of high-energy-density events in a planetary atmosphere. Several model gas mixtures were prepared to mimic the mildly reducing early Earth's atmosphere (CO-N2-H2O) as well as the atmosphere of Saturn's moon Titan and the strongly reducing early Earth's atmosphere (CH4-N2-H2O). In situ investigation of transient species generated by the laser-induced dielectric breakdown in the gaseous mixtures was performed by optical emission spectroscopy (OES). Final products of laser-plasma initiated chemical reactions were identified and determined by advanced mass-spectrometry (SIFT-MS) and absorption FT-IR spectroscopy. High-power laser system SOFIA was utilized to simulate in our laboratory a high-velocity impact into the icy satellites of the outer planets of the Solar system. OES was engaged in probing the plasmas produced by the SOFIA beam focused on ice surfaces (water, methanol, formamide), while final products were analyzed by means of gas chromatography (GC/MS) and mass-spectrometry (SIFT-MS).

v anglickém jazyce: Thesis abstract: Background and aims: Both obesity and metabolic syndrome form severe health problems in the whole world. Nevertheless the armament of pharmacotherapy for both diseases remains unsatisfactory. We aimed our work to main organs in risk of the mentioned diseases -liver and visceral fat using hepatocytes and visceral adipocytes as model. We detected 3 main metabolic and signalization activities- glycogenolysis, Nitric oxide (NO) production and transcription of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in hepatocytes, lipolysis, NO production and iNOS transcription rate in adipocytes. We directed our interest to combination of peroxisome proliferation activator receptor γ (PPARγ) agonist, antagonist and β3 adrenergic agonist in the culture of epididymal rat adipocytes in the first part of our work. While in the second part we investigated the influence of β and α adrenergic mimetics, adrenergic blockers in the culture of rat high glycogen content hepatocytes. Methods: NO production was detected under the active agents treatments by detection of NO oxidative products NO2 and NO3 in media. Glycogenolysis was measured as free glucose rise released by hepatocytes into the media. NOS transcription level was extrapolated after comparative polymerase chain reaction with reverse...

In cardiology, there are different conditions associated with the release of free radicals in some forms of hypoxia, such as ventilatory hypoxia or reduced perfusion. The role of free radicals during hypoxia in cardiology is the key point of our interest. In presented thesis, we have focused on hypoxia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction and acute myocardial ischemia. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV), an important physiological mechanism, is regulated by changes in the production of and interactions among reactive oxygen species (ROS). There is controversy, however, over whether HPV is mediated by an increase or a decrease in ROS production. Also, the role of nitric oxide (NO) in HPV remains unclear. Our results indicate that inhibition of HPV by the superoxide dismutase mimetic tempol does not depend on either NO production or a decrease in basal vascular tone. The effect of three-day fasting on cardiac ischemic tolerance was investigated in another experimental model. Short-term fasting conclusively decreases ROS production. Three-day fasting effectively protected rat hearts against major endpoints of acute ischemia-reperfusion injury. It prevented severe ventricular arrhythmias and reduced the extent of myocardial infarction. These beneficial effects can be linked to altered mitochondrial redox...

Předkládaná práce se zabývá výzkumem nových materiálů a metod přípravy gelových polymerních elektrolytů (GPE) na bázi methakrylátů, které lze zejména vzhledem k jejich mechanickým vlastnostem s výhodou využít při konstrukci elektrochromních (EC) prvků.

This doctoral thesis deals with potentials of methods for cleaning of flue gas from pollutants such as acidic components. Wet method of flue gas cleaning is analysed in detail with special focus on elimination of sulphur dioxide (SO2). Introduction presents advantages and disadvantages of thermal processing of waste and production of undesired pollutants. Following parts comprise facts about main pollutants produced from incineration. Legislation providing for emission of gaseous pollutants from incinerators is also given. Chapter concerning methods of pollutants elimination is mostly focused on absorption (wet and/or semidry scrubber) and adsorption methods. Several up-to-date technological procedures are mentioned; they have a multifunctional effect such as elimination of acidic components, heavy metals, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxines and dibenzo-furanes from flue gas using single injection of suspense. Elimination of mercury (Hg) is among the technologies for heavy metal elimination which is described in detail. Main part of the thesis is related to experiments at two-stage flue gas cleaning equipment. Function of this experimental unit is described along with methods for measurement of individual quantities and detailed description of all the equipment and its components. Experimental measurements carried out at this equipment are explicated and assessed. Along with experimental work, the author has created a simulation model of wet flue gas cleaning in ChemCad programme. Particular operational parameters were tested on this model. This thesis contains results of the measurement which provide background for verification of the mathematical model. Further, the balance of heavy metals conducted on the basis of measurements in waste incinerator is displayed. Main contribution of the thesis may be summed up as follows: ­ Author has designed and constructed experimental equipment for two stage flue gas cleaning. ­ He also formed calculation for pressure drop of O-element prototype equipment and for packing column with FLEXIPAC structured packing. ­ He created data file with measurements at the experimental unit. ­ He determined temperature at outlet of a random device where liquid is injected into stream of hot flue gas. ­ He designed a simulation model which is identical with experimental equipment and which usage enabled comparison of measured and calculated data; it also serves as a basis for industrial applications. ­ Last part deals with creation off heavy metals balance in a case industrial waste incinerator.

This diploma thesis deals with the coating and printing of thin layers based on nanoparticles of titanium dioxide and organosilica binder on various substrates. The influence of the ratio of the both components on the activity of the prepared immobilized layers was studied. Five compositions with different ratios of TiO2 and binder were prepared. The work focuses mainly on the study of photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic properties of prepared layers. It was also important to characterize the mechanical properties of the layer such as hardness or adhesion. Both photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic activity were determined by monitoring the degradation of the model pollutants in aqueous solutions. The dye Acid Orange 7 and UV filter 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone were used in conjunction with UV/VIS spectroscopy or high performance liquid chromatography techniques. Both photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic activity were expressed using kinetic characteristics.

Thin transparent conductive layers containing ATO nanoparticles are a modern material that has found use in a wide range of optoelectronic applications. For liquid phase deposition there were designed and prepared compositions using a „brick and mortar“ approach combined templating agents. A sol-gel solution formed of inorganic precursors of tin chloride and antimony trichloride in the presence of ATO nanoparticles was mixed with a surfactant to improve the structure and wettability of applied films. Polyethylene glycol, polyoxyethylene (20)cetylether, sodium dioctylsulfosuccinate and polyvinylpyrrolidone were used as templating agents. Thin layers of these compositions were applied by the spin-coating method. Characterized parameters were resistivity, thickness and turbidity. A resul compositions showed relatively good electrical properties and high transparency and a potencial to be used for material printing.

Successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation is the first step to rescue life during cardiac arrest. High mortality even after successful restoration of spontaneous circulation is substantially caused by patophysiological process associated with ischemia-reperfusion injury and it is widely called post-cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS). There are many patophysiological mechanisms involved in the development and progress of this syndrom; the key role seems to play oxidative stress, triggering the activation cascade of systemic inflammatory reaction. In our study we have tested different possibilities of influencing the post-cardiac arrest syndrom. In the first experimental study we have compared the effect of mild therapeutic hypothermia with controlled normothermia on PCAS in a porcine model of cardiac arrest. In the second study we have compared in the same model the protective effects of mild therapeutic hypothermia, administration of nitric oxide and ischemic postconditioning. Results of the first experiment have revealed that mild therapeutic hypotermia is superior in the resuscitability, maintenance of blood pressure, oxidative stress suppression and organ damage protection than controlled normothermia. In the second experiment we have shown that neither nitric oxide administration, nor ischemic...

Die vorliegende Dissertation befasst sich mit dem RF- überlagerten DC-Sputtern von Indiumzinnoxid und aluminiumdotierten Zinkoxid. Bei dem dafür entwickelten synchron gepulsten RF/DC-Verfahren werden die zu untersuchenden Materialien gleichzeitig mit Hilfe eines RF- und eines PulsDC-Generators gesputtert. Ein wesentliches Resultat der Untersuchungen ist, dass durch RF- überlagertes DCSputtern Schichten abgeschieden werden können, die im Vergleich zum DC- bzw. PulsDC-Sputtern geringere spezifische Widerstände aufweisen. Dies ist auf eine Verringerung von Defekten in den abgeschiedenen Schichten zurückzuführen. Es konnte anhand der Untersuchungen gezeigt werden, dass fur die Abscheidung von Indiumzinnoxid und aluminiumdotiertem Zinkoxid die Substrattemperatur beim RF überlagerten DC-Sputtern gegenüber dem DC-Sputtern um bis zu 100°C verringert werden kann.

Inspired by neurobiological systems, Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are gaining an increasing interest in the field of bio-inspired machine learning. Neurons, as central processing and short-term memory units of biological neural systems, are thus at the forefront of cutting-edge research approaches. The realization of CMOS circuits replicating neuronal features, namely the integration of action potentials and firing according to the all-or-nothing law, imposes various challenges like large area and power consumption. The non-volatile storage of polarization states and accumulative switching behavior of nanoscale HfO₂ - based Ferroelectric Field-Effect Transistors (FeFETs), promise to circumvent these issues. In this paper, we propose two FeFET-based neuronal circuits emulating the Integrate-and-Fire (I&F) behavior of biological neurons on the basis of SPICE simulations. Additionally, modulating the depolarization of the FeFETs enables the replication of a biology-based concept known as membrane leakage. The presented capacitor-free implementation is crucial for the development of neuromorphic systems that allow more complex features at a given area and power constraint.