Orientador: Ricardo de Lima Isaac / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T11:03:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Haak_Wando_M.pdf: 4830827 bytes, checksum: 311caf27f5b5da6d03f6312ef08d15bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Estações de tratamento de água (ETA) geram resíduos durante o processo de potabilização da água bruta. Esse resíduo onera as companhias de saneamento, no que tange o tratamento e disposição final. O tratamento do lodo é constituído de processos de separação sólido-líquido, cuja eficiência - quanto à maximização do teor de sólidos da torta (lodo desaguado) e melhor qualidade da água recuperada no processo - é dependente do adequado condicionamento químico, em geral obtido pela ação de polímeros. A super- dosagem ou a sub-dosagem desse produto ocasiona perda de qualidade, tanto da torta, quanto da água eliminada. Este trabalho tem como objetivo verificar através de estudo de bancada, a viabilidade técnica e econômica do condicionamento químico na adequação de processo de tratamento de lodo de ETA, visando melhor desempenho na fase de desaguamento, tendo em vista a disposição final dos resíduos gerados durante o tratamento. Foram relacionadas medidas de potencial redox com controle de dosagem e consumo de polímero catiônico de alto e muito alto peso molecular, de baixa, média e alta densidade de carga e polímero aniônico de alto peso molecular, com baixa e média densidade de carga, com e sem oxidação química com cloro e permanganato de potássio. Na investigação experimental os resultados referentes ao tempo de filtração, indicaram os polímeros catiônicos de alto peso molecular, de baixa e média e alta carga como sendo mais eficientes. Para valores de potencial redox entre -57mV e 75mV, os polímeros catiônicos, em sua maioria, apresentaram consumos de 6,0 a 10,0 (kg/tms), em lodo não oxidado. A oxidação do lodo com permanganato de potássio ou cloro para valores entre -11mV e +11mV foi significativa, com redução da dosagem de polímeros catiônicos para valores de 4,0 a 7,0 (kg/tms), proporcionando economia de 30%. Considerando-se as correlações encontradas, tendo em mãos, sondas confiáveis de pH e potencial redox, é possível automatizar um determinado sistema de dosagem para oxidação do lodo / Abstract: Water treatment plants (WTP) generate waste during the process of potabilization of raw water. This residue burdens the sanitation companies, with regard to treatment and final disposal. The sludge treatment process consists of solid-liquid separation, whose efficiency - as to maximize the solids cake (dewatered sludge) and better quality of the reclaimed water in the process - is dependent on proper chemical conditioning, usually obtained by action of polymers. Over dosage or under dosage of those products causes loss of quality of both, cake and eliminated water. The aim of this work is to verify the technical and economical feasibility of the chemical conditioning at the fitting of sludge treatment process at a WTP, through work bench study, aiming at better performance during the dewatering, looking at the treatment final discharge of residues. Measures of redox-controlled dispensing were related to consumption of cationic polymer of high and very high molecular weight, of low, medium and high charge density and anionic polymer of high molecular weight, of low and medium charge density, with and without chemical oxidation with chlorine and potassium permanganate. At the primary investigation of percolating time, the cationic polymers of high molecular weight with low, medium and high charge, proved to be more efficient. For potential redox values between -57mV and 75mV, most of the cationic polymers consumed from 6.0 to 10.0 (kg/tms), in non-oxidized sludge. There was a significant oxidation of sludge with potassium permanganate or chlorine for values between -11 and +11mV, reducing the dosage of cationic polymers to values from 4.0 to 7.0 (kg/tms), providing a 30% economy. Taking into account the correlations found, using reliable pH and redox potential probes, it is possible to automate a system of dosage for the sludge oxidation / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

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This thesis examines the use of electrochemically treated viscose rayon based activated carbon cloth (ACC) for the removal of metal ions from aqueous effluent streams. Two types of treatment were performed: (i) electrochemical oxidation and (ii) electrochemical reduction to enhance cation and anion sorption capacities of the ACC, respectively. Electrochemical oxidation resulted in a loss of 61% BET surface area due to blockage of pores through formation of carboxylic acidic groups but its cation exchange capacity and oxygen content increased by 365% and 121%, respectively. The optimum constant current at which a combination of applied current and oxidation time at any extent of oxidation to produce ACC of maximum cation exchange capacity was found to be 1.1 A, with voltage of 4.2 V and current density of 0.8 mA/m2. Batch sorption experiments showed that the maximum copper and lead sorption capacities for electrochemically oxidised ACC increased 17 and 4 times, respectively, for noncompetitive sorption and 8.8 and 8.6 times, respectively for competitive sorption. Therefore, electrochemically oxidised ACC is an effective adsorbent for treating aqueous solution contaminated with copper/lead in both single component and multi-component systems. Industrial wastewaters are multicomponent systems, therefore, electrochemical oxidation of ACC is an efficient way of enhancing lead and copper ions sorptive capacity for industrial wastewater treatment. Electrochemical reduction resulted in a loss of 28% BET surface area due to formation of ether groups but its anion exchange capacity increased by 292%. The optimum constant current at which a combination of applied current and reduction time at any extent of reduction to produce ACC of maximum anion exchange capacity was found to be 5.5 A, with voltage of 9.8 V and current density of 6.4 mA/m2. Batch sorption experiments showed that the maximum chromium(VI) sorption capacity for electrochemically reduced ACC increased 2.12 times, with highest maximum chromium(VI) sorption capacity of 3.8 mmol/g at solution pH 4. Most industrial wastewaters contaminated with chromium(VI) are highly acidic, therefore, electrochemical reduction of ACC is an efficient way of enhancing chromium(VI) sorptive capacity for industrial wastewater treatment.