No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Columbia University, 1932. / Vita. Bibliography: p. 31.

Thesis (PH. D.)--Columbia university, 1932. / Vita. "References": p. 31.

No description available.

Thesis (PH. D.)--University of Nebraska. / Bibliography: p. 3-4. Also issued in print.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Columbia University, 1934. / Vita.

Thesis (PH. D.)--University of Nebraska. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Bibliography: p. 3-4.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-08-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:38:52Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 baptista_masa_me_araiq.pdf: 1599441 bytes, checksum: 7444090694584cd7afc69342f630018c (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Vidros no sistema binário NaPO3-WO3 vem despertando intenso interesse acadêmico e tecnológico devido às suas propriedades ópticas tais como fotocromismo, termocromismo e eletrocromismo, as quais levam as diversas aplicações. Neste trabalho, foram obtidos vidros NaPO3-WO3 com elevadas concentrações de WO3 (40, 50 e 60%), cujo controle cinético durante as etapas de fusão e resfriamento forneceu vidros de diferentes colorações. A análise por espectroscopia na região do UV-Vis mostrou maior intensidade na absorbância para as amostras com elevadas concentrações de WO3 ou obtidas em maiores temperaturas de fusão. Para essas amostras, a caracterização na região do infravermelho indicou diminuição das bandas referentes às ligações dos tetraedros de fosfato em detrimento do aumento das bandas relativas à inserção de octaedros de WO6 nas cadeias lineares de fosfato. Também, o aumento na concentração de óxido de tungstênio leva ao aumento nos valores de Tg, atribuídos à incorporação de octaedros WO6 na rede de tetraedros PO4 promovendo a formação de ligações fortes P-O-W. Os processos de óxidoredução responsáveis pelas diferentes cores obtidas nas amostras vítreas foi estudado pela primeira vez por voltametria cíclica (VC) a temperatura ambiente, em uma célula eletroquímica acoplada a um estereomicroscópio, o qual permitiu observar in situ a mudança de coloração com a aplicação de diferentes potenciais. Em concordância com os resultados mostrados pela VC, as análises por espectroscopia de fotoemissão de raios X (XPS) indicaram variação no estado de oxidação do tungstênio de W6+ para W4+, atribuída à variação de cor nos vidros estudados. A variação na coloração devido à redução do tungstênio foi observada mesmo em baixas concentrações da espécie reduzida, corroborando os resultados obtidos por VC. / Binary system of NaPO3-WO3 glasses have been attracting high academic and technological interest due to potential applications because their optical properties such as photo, thermo, and electrochromism. In this work, NaPO3-WO3 glasses with high WO3 concentrations and different colors obtained with kinetic control of the melting and cooling steps were reported. UVVis spectroscopy analysis shows increase in the absorbance intensity for either high WO3 concentration or high melt temperature synthesized samples. Infrared spectroscopy characterization of these samples presented decreasing of the band intensity assigned to the phosphate tetrahedron related to a band intensity increasing due to phosphate octahedral linear chairs inset. Tungsten oxide concentration increases also leads to increasing in the Tg values assigned to the octahedral WO6 incorporation onto the PO4 tetrahedron lattice provide strongly P-O-W bonding. A novel room temperature cyclic voltammetric (CV) study was carried out in a stereomicroscopic-coupled electrochemical cell in order to evaluate the redox processes assigned to the color changes, allowing in situ color change observations while the potential was continuously varied. The CV results agrees with the X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) inferring that different glass colors can be assigned to the tungsten oxidizing state changes from W+6 to W+4. These color changes due to tungsten oxidation were observed even at low concentration of the reduced species as also indicated by the CV analysis.

Orientador: Younes Messaddeq / Coorientador: Assis Vicente Benedetti / Banca: Laudemir Carlos Varanda / Banca: Gael Yves Poirier / Resumo: Vidros no sistema binário NaPO3-WO3 vem despertando intenso interesse acadêmico e tecnológico devido às suas propriedades ópticas tais como fotocromismo, termocromismo e eletrocromismo, as quais levam as diversas aplicações. Neste trabalho, foram obtidos vidros NaPO3-WO3 com elevadas concentrações de WO3 (40, 50 e 60%), cujo controle cinético durante as etapas de fusão e resfriamento forneceu vidros de diferentes colorações. A análise por espectroscopia na região do UV-Vis mostrou maior intensidade na absorbância para as amostras com elevadas concentrações de WO3 ou obtidas em maiores temperaturas de fusão. Para essas amostras, a caracterização na região do infravermelho indicou diminuição das bandas referentes às ligações dos tetraedros de fosfato em detrimento do aumento das bandas relativas à inserção de octaedros de WO6 nas cadeias lineares de fosfato. Também, o aumento na concentração de óxido de tungstênio leva ao aumento nos valores de Tg, atribuídos à incorporação de octaedros WO6 na rede de tetraedros PO4 promovendo a formação de ligações fortes P-O-W. Os processos de óxidoredução responsáveis pelas diferentes cores obtidas nas amostras vítreas foi estudado pela primeira vez por voltametria cíclica (VC) a temperatura ambiente, em uma célula eletroquímica acoplada a um estereomicroscópio, o qual permitiu observar in situ a mudança de coloração com a aplicação de diferentes potenciais. Em concordância com os resultados mostrados pela VC, as análises por espectroscopia de fotoemissão de raios X (XPS) indicaram variação no estado de oxidação do tungstênio de W6+ para W4+, atribuída à variação de cor nos vidros estudados. A variação na coloração devido à redução do tungstênio foi observada mesmo em baixas concentrações da espécie reduzida, corroborando os resultados obtidos por VC. / Abstract: Binary system of NaPO3-WO3 glasses have been attracting high academic and technological interest due to potential applications because their optical properties such as photo, thermo, and electrochromism. In this work, NaPO3-WO3 glasses with high WO3 concentrations and different colors obtained with kinetic control of the melting and cooling steps were reported. UVVis spectroscopy analysis shows increase in the absorbance intensity for either high WO3 concentration or high melt temperature synthesized samples. Infrared spectroscopy characterization of these samples presented decreasing of the band intensity assigned to the phosphate tetrahedron related to a band intensity increasing due to phosphate octahedral linear chairs inset. Tungsten oxide concentration increases also leads to increasing in the Tg values assigned to the octahedral WO6 incorporation onto the PO4 tetrahedron lattice provide strongly P-O-W bonding. A novel room temperature cyclic voltammetric (CV) study was carried out in a stereomicroscopic-coupled electrochemical cell in order to evaluate the redox processes assigned to the color changes, allowing in situ color change observations while the potential was continuously varied. The CV results agrees with the X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) inferring that different glass colors can be assigned to the tungsten oxidizing state changes from W+6 to W+4. These color changes due to tungsten oxidation were observed even at low concentration of the reduced species as also indicated by the CV analysis. / Mestre

With increasing global population comes an increase in the need to safe and clean drinking water. Contaminants can arise in drinking water either naturally, or by the interaction of disinfection chemicals with naturally occurring materials, or simply due to by-products of the disinfection mechanism itself. Due to the oxidative nature of our disinfection treatments, these species are in highly oxidized states, and in some cases require chemical reduction to become less harmful. The present work demonstrates the capabilities of aqueous phase corona plasma in reductive treatment of oxidized contaminants found in drinking water. This study focuses on the treatment of the nitrate ion, bromate ion, chlorate ion and monobromoacetic acid, all of which can be found in typical drinking water systems. The second and third chapters within this thesis establish the optimal water matrix conditions for the treatment of bromate, chlorate and nitrate. These experiments investigate the influence of pH, temperature, presence and types of oxidative scavengers, dissolved gases and by-products that are made by this treatment process with these compounds. The main conclusion of these works is that aqueous phase corona discharge is capable of producing chemical compounds with sufficient energy to chemically reduce the nitrate, bromate and chlorate anions. Acidic conditions, under low dissolved oxygen scenarios facilitated the highest amount of reduction of the target contaminants, as well as having the presence of oxidative species scavengers. It was also observed that the anoxic environment could be obtained by introducing alcohols into the contaminated solution which generated sufficient cavitation and bubbling to strip the oxygen from solution. Through a comparison of various carbonaceous compounds as oxidative species scavengers, it was determined that the volatile alcohols provided a better performance than other soluble carbon sources, due to the decrease in dissolved oxygen. The fourth chapter considers different methods of introducing argon, oxygen and nitrogen into the test solution for the effect they would have on the treatment of solutions containing the bromate anion or monobromoacetic acid. The optimal pH for the treatment of monobromoacetic acid was also established, where again the acidic conditions prevailed. Tests were conducted to consider the effect of having the solution pre-saturated with the test gas, continually sparged, or with the gas passing through a hollow discharge electrode. The tests in which gas was blown through the discharge electrode greatly surpassed all other treatment regimes, where nitrogen provided the best removal for both contaminants under acidic conditions for bromate and under acidic and basic conditions for monobromoacetic acid. The fifth chapter provides conclusions for the overall thesis and recommendations for future work. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)