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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

The forkhead box transcription factors, FKH1 and FKH2, along with the Anaphase-Promoting Complex regulate Saccharomyces cerevisiae lifespan

2014 June 1900 (has links)
Forkhead box (Fox) transcription factors have a conserved function in regulating lifespan and onset of age related disease in organisms from worms to mammals. Key functions in this process are the regulation of the cell cycle, oxidative stress response, and apoptosis. A complex post-translational code from nutrient, growth factor, and stress induced signals regulates Fox activity, target specificity, stability, and subcellular localization; however, many of the Fox mechanisms and targets responsible for regulating lifespan remain elusive. The budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is a powerful model for unravelling the genetic mechanism and pathways. Yeast encodes four Fox transcription factors, Fkh1, Fkh2, Fhl1 and Hcm1, and their roles in aging are only recently being examined. In this study, we utilized the chronological lifespan and oxidative stress assays, to explore evolutionary conservation of lifespan regulation in two of the yeast Fox orthologs, FKH1 and FKH2. We observed that deletion of both FKH genes in S. cerevisiae, impedes normal lifespan and stress resistance. Furthermore, fkh1Δ fkh2Δ cells were found to be non-responsive to caloric restriction, an intervention that extends lifespan from yeast to mammals. Conversely, increased expression of the FKHs leads to extended lifespan and improved stress resistance. Additionally, we show the Anaphase-Promoting Complex (APC) genetically interacts with the FKHs, likely functioning in a linear pathway under normal conditions, as fkh1Δ fkh2Δ post-mitotic survival defect is epistatic to that observed in apc5CA mutants. However, under stress conditions, post-mitotic survival is dramatically impaired in apc5CA fkh1Δ fkh2Δ beyond either apc5CA or fkh1Δ fkh2Δ. Finally, we observed that both the FKHs and APC genetically interact with nutrient-responsive lifespan-regulating kinase encoding genes SCH9 and TOR1. This study establishes that the yeast FKHs play a role as regulators of lifespan in yeast and identifies the APC as a novel component of this mechanism. We speculate this involves combined regulation of stress response, genomic stability, and cell cycle.
2

Etude d’un système respiratoire de Porphyromonas gingivalis, pathogène impliqué dans les infections parodontales / Characterisation of an oxygen-dependent respiratory enzyme of the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis

Leclerc, Julia 21 December 2015 (has links)
Les parodontites sont des maladies chroniques inflammatoires causées par un biofilm bactérien. Elles sont la première cause de perte des dents dans les pays industrialisés et représentent donc un coût important pour la société. Le biofilm buccal est composé de plus de 500 espèces différentes, parmi lesquelles Porphyromonas gingivalis est reconnue comme une cause majeure du développement des symptômes. Cette bactérie à Gram négatif est considérée comme anaérobie bien qu’elle tolère des concentrations faibles en oxygène, ce qui favorise la colonisation de la cavité orale. Notre objectif était de mettre en évidence les processus biologiques conférant à P. gingivalis sa résistance à l’oxygène et au stress oxydant, mais également ceux impliqués dans la transition métabolique en concentrations variables d’oxygène. Des analyses in silico des génomes de souches de P. gingivalis ont révélé la présence d’un système respiratoire dépendant de l’oxygène, impliquant une cytochrome bd oxydase CydAB. Nous avons construit un mutant de P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 par délétion des gènes cydAB. Nos travaux ont montré que ce mutant était plus sensible que la souche parentale aux espèces réactives de l’oxygène (ROS) dont le peroxyde d’hydrogène et le générateur d’anion superoxyde paraquat. De plus, nous avons démontré que CydAB était impliquée dans le phénotype aérotolérant de P. gingivalis, et que cette enzyme consommait effectivement l’oxygène grâce à une étude par oxygraphie à haute résolution. Les mécanismes de régulations en réponse aux ROS et à l’oxygène sont encore mal connus, notamment en ce qui concerne la régulation positive de l’expression des gènes cydAB en présence d’oxygène. Deux gènes codant des régulateurs de type FNR ont été identifiés dans le génome de P. gingivalis, l’un d’entre eux codant un régulateur de la réponse au stress nitrosant, HcpR. Le second gène PGN_1569 a fait l’objet de notre étude. Par mutation et par analyses transcriptomiques, nous avons démontré que ce régulateur s’autorégulait négativement et activait l’expression de 4 groupes de gènes en anaérobie, n’incluant pas les gènes cydAB. L’expression de ces gènes est par ailleurs contrôlée par d’autres régulateurs redox, OxyR et/ou SigH et/ ou RprY. Cette étude met donc en évidence une connexion entre FNR et les autres régulateurs de la réponse au stress oxydant chez P. gingivalis. Des études complémentaires permettront de caractériser la fonction encore hypothétique des protéines codées par le régulon FNR. Il est intéressant de noter que l’absence de FNR confère à P. gingivalis une plus grande capacité à former un biofilm en anaérobie / Periodontal diseases are chronic inflammatory infections caused by bacteria in oral biofilm they are the first cause of loss of tooth in industrial countries with an important cost for the society. The biofilm comprises more than 500 bacterial species. Amongst them, Porphyromonas gingivalis, a Gram-negative bacterium, is well known as a major causative agent of periodontitis. Although considered as mainly anaerobe, P. gingivalis tolerates low oxygen concentration, therefore enhancing its ability to colonize the oral cavity. Our aim was to decipher the biological processes underpinning the resistance of P. gingivalis to oxygen and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and to characterise the transition from anaerobiosis to hypoxia. In silico studies of P. gingivalis genomes have revealed the presence of a putative oxygen-dependent respiratory system involving a cytochrome bd oxidase CydAB. We constructed a mutant deleted for cydAB genes in the P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 strain. Our study showed that cydAB mutation increased the sensibility of the mutant to reactive oxygen species such as the anion-superoxide generator paraquat and hydrogen peroxide. Moreover we demonstrated that CydAB is involved in the aerotolerance of P. gingivalis, and in oxygen consumption, as demonstrated by high resolution respirometry assay. Many regulations in response to ROS and oxygen are still unexplained in P. gingivalis, including the activation of cydAB expression by oxygen exposure. Two genes encoding FNR-like regulators were identified in the genome of P. gingivalis. One of them encodes the HcpR regulator which controls part of the nitrosative stress response. The second gene PGN_1569 was the focus of our study. By mutation and transcriptome analysis, we demonstrated that this FNR-like regulator repressed its own transcription and activated the expression of 4 gene clusters in anaerobiosis, but not including cydAB genes. The expression of these 4 gene clusters is also controlled by other redox regulators, OxyR and/or SigH and/or RprY. Therefore, this study pointed out the interplay between FNR and known oxidative stress response regulators of P. gingivalis. Further work will study the functions of the hypothetical proteins encoded by the FNR regulon. Interestingly, the fnr mutant displayed higher ability than the wild-type strain to form biofilm in anaerobiosis.

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