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Charge transfer characteristic of zinc oxide nanowire devices and their applicationsChun, Young Tea January 2015 (has links)
No description available.
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Fabrication and characterization of thin-film transistor materials and devices /Hong, David. January 1900 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2009. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 119-133). Also available on the World Wide Web.
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Photoluminescence of ZnO grown by eclipse pulsed laser deposition : a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Physics in the University of Canterbury /Mendelsberg, Rueben. January 2009 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Canterbury, 2009. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (p. 241-266). Also available via the World Wide Web.
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Copolymerisation Of Carbon Disulfide, Carbon Dioxide And Other Carbonic Acid Derivatives With Cyclic Ethers By Using Metal Xanthate CatalystsOzturk, Elif 01 May 2006 (has links) (PDF)
The synthesis of high molecular weight copolymer of carbon disulphide (CS2) and propylene oxide (PO) has not reported in literature. In the present work, zinc isopropyl xanthate (Zn(Xt)2) was used as catalyst for the copolymerisation of PO and CS2 into high copolymer. However, the product can be fractionated into high and low molecular weight components. High molecular weight copolymer was rubbery products, but low molecular weight copolymers were oily products containing cyclic dithiocarbonates. Copolymers were characterized by elemental, end group analysis, DSC, TGA, GPC, Light Scattering, UV, IR, NMR spectroscopy, polarized microscopy and refractometry.
Copolymerization process was zeroth order with respect to monomers, and its non-terminated but suffered from several types of transfer reactions. As a result of transfer reactions S-(C=S)-S, O-(C=S)-O, O-(C=O)-O groups in the backbone of copolymer and SH groups at the chain terminals and cyclic dithiocarbonates are formed. Apart from SH groups, OH and double bonds were found and their amounts were
determined at the chain terminals. Copolymers with high mole fractions of PO units (F1) in the copolymer are crystallized in the shape of Malta& / #8217 / s Cross. Melting points of products were obtained from DSC. The F1 values are calculated from elemental analysis as well as zeroth order rate constants and from melting point of the crystals. All three results were in close agreement and changed between 0.9 & / #8211 / 0.7. However, these ratios depend on reaction conditions (temperature, catalyst and monomer concentrations, time and dielectric constant of reaction medium).
A mechanism for coordination-copolymerization on the basis of above observation was proposed.
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Ultra-high carrier modulation in two dimensions through space charge doping : graphene and zinc oxide / Modulation ultra-haute de charge en deux dimensions à travers le dopage par charge d'espace : graphène et oxide de zincParadisi, Andrea 03 November 2016 (has links)
La modulation de la densité de charge est un aspect important de l'étude de les transitions de phase électroniques ainsi que des propriétés électroniques des matériaux et il est à la base de plusieurs applications dans la micro-électronique. L'ajustement de la densité des porteurs de charge (dopage) peut être fait par voie chimique, en ajoutant des atomes étrangers au réseau cristallin du matériau ou électrostatiquement, en créant un accumulation de charge comme dans un Transistor é Effet de Champ. Cette dernier m ethode est réversible et particuliérement appropriée pour les matériaux bidimensionnels (2D) ou pour des couches ultra-minces. Le Dopage par Charge d'Espace est une nouvelle technique inventée et développée au cours de ce travail de thèse pour le dopage electrostatique de matériaux déposés sur la surface du verre. Une charge d'espace est créée à la surface en provoquant le mouvement des ions sodium présents dans le verre sous l'effet de la chaleur et d'un champ électrique extérieur. Cette espace de charge induit une accumulation de charge dans le matériau déposé sur la surface du verre, ce qui peut être supérieure à 10^14/cm^2. Une caractérisation détaillée faite avec mesures de transport, effet Hall, mesures Raman et mesures de Microscopie a Force Atomique (AFM) montrent que le dopage est réversible, bipolaire et il ne provoque pas des modifications chimiques. Cette technique peut être appliquée a des grandes surfaces, comme il est montré pour le cas du graph ene CVD. Dans une deuxiéme partie le dopage par espace de charge est appliqué à des couches ultra-minces (< 40 nm) de ZnO_(1-x). Le résultat est un abaissement de la résistance par carré de 5 ordres de grandeur. Les mesures de magnéto-transport faites à basse température montrent que les électrons dop es sont confinés en deux dimensions. Une transition remarquable de la localisation faible à l'anti-localisation est observée en fonction du dopage et de la température et des conclusions sont tirées à propos des phénoménes de diffusion qui gouverne le transport électronique dans des diff erentes conditions dans ce matériau. / Carrier modulation is an important parameter in the study of the electronic phase transitions and the electronic properties of materials and at the basis for many applications in microelectronics. The tuning of charge carrier density (doping) can be achieved chemically, by adding foreign atoms to the crystal structure of the material or electrostatically, by inducing a charge accumulation like in a Field Eect Transistor device. The latter method is reversible and particularly indicated for use in two dimensional (2D) materials or ultra-thin films. Space Charge Doping is a new technique invented and developed during this thesis for the electrostatic doping of such materials deposited on a glass surface. A space charge is created at the surface by causing sodium ions contained in glass to drift under the Eect of heat and an external electric field. This space charge in turn induces a charge accumulation in the material deposited on the glass surface which can be higher than 10^14/cm^2. Detailed characterization using transport, Hall effect, Raman and AFM measurements shows that the doping is reversible, ambipolar and does not induce chemical changes. It can be applied to large areas as shown with CVD graphene. In a second phase the space charge doping method is applied to polycrystalline ultra-thin films (< 40 nm) of ZnO_(1-x). A lowering of sheet resistance over 5 orders of magnitude is obtained. Low temperature magneto-transport measurements reveal that doped electrons are confined in two dimensions. A remarkable transition between weak localization and anti-localization isobserved as a function of doping and temperature and conclusions are drawn concerning the scattering phenomena governing electronic transport under different conditions in this material.
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Realization and Characterization of Metal-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors based on Amorphous Zinc Tin OxideVogt, Sofie 10 August 2020 (has links)
Im ersten Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die physikalischen Eigenschaften, insbesondere die elektrische Leitfähigkeit, von Zink-Zinn-Oxid Dünnschichten sowie darauf basierenden Schottky-Dioden in Abhängigkeit von der Kationenkomposition bestimmt. Zur Herstellung dieser Dünnschichten wurde ein Verfahren genutzt, welches die Herstellung von kontinuierlichen Kompositiongradienten im Rahmen eines gepulsten Laserabscheidungsprozesses bei Raumtemperatur ermöglicht. Erster Schwerpunkt der Diskussion ist die Abhängigkeit elektrischer Eigenschaften der Dünnschichten sowie die Diodeneigenschaften vom Kationenverhältnis. Des Weiteren wird die Langzeitstabilität der Schottky-Dioden und der Einfluss der Sauerstoffzufuhr während der Kontaktherstellung auf die Eigenschaften der Schottky-Dioden herausgestellt. DieErgebnissetiefenaufgelösterRöntgenphotoelektronenspektroskopiewerden diskutiert und ein Mechanismus, welcher zu einer Verbesserung der Schottky-Dioden über die Zeit führt, wird vorgestellt. Die Erkenntnisse über die optimale Kationenkomposition und den Einfluss des Sauerstoffs auf die Eigenschaften von Schottky-Dioden wurden genutzt, um Metall-Halbleiter-Feldeffekttransistoren herzustellen, welche im zweiten Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit beschrieben werden. In einem ersten Schritt wurden hierfür die Abscheidebedingungen in der Sputterkammer optimiert und eine neue Abscheiderezeptur für die Herstellung von Feldeffekttransistoren eingeführt. Auch hier finden alle Abscheidungen bei Raumtemperatur statt. Die Abscheidung mittels Sputtern wurde gewählt, da diese Abscheidemethode größere industrielle Relevanz als die gepulste Laserabscheidung hat. Metall-Halbleiter-Feldeffekttransistoren mit zwei verschiedenen Gate-Typen werden vorgestellt und jeweils der Einfluss der Kanalschichtdicke auf die Transistoreigenschaften untersucht. Der Einfluss des durch die Herstellung erzeugten Sauerstoffreservoirs in dem Schottky-Gate Kontakt auf die Eigenschaften der Feldeffekttransistoren wird ebenso gezeigt wie der Einfluss eines thermischen Ausheizprozesses auf die Schaltgeschwindigkeit der Feldeffekttransistoren. Außerdem werden einfache Inverter, welche auf zwei gleichartigen Feldeffekttransistoren basieren, vorgestellt. Ebenfalls werden SchottkyDioden Feldeffekttransistoren Logik basierte Inverter vorgestellt und charakterisiert. AbschließendwerdenRingoszillatoren,aufgebautausmehrereninReihegeschaltetenSchottkyDiodenFeldeffekttransistorenLogikbasiertenInverternvorgestellt. DerEinflussderKanalschichtdicke und der Gate-Geometrie auf die Oszillationsfrequenz wird diskutiert.:Contents
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Descriptions
2.1 The Amorphous Semiconductor Zinc Tin Oxide
2.2 Schottky Barrier Diodes
2.3 Field-Effect Transistors
2.4 Inverter
2.5 Inverter Chain and Ring Oscillator
3 Methods
3.1 Growth and Structuring Techniques
3.1.1 Pulsed Laser Deposition
3.1.2 Sputtering Deposition
3.1.3 Photolithography
3.2 Characterization Techniques
3.2.1 Hall Effect Measurements
3.2.2 XRD and XRR Measurements
3.2.3 Static and Dynamic Current-Voltage Measurements
3.2.4 Further Characterization Techniques
4 Physical Properties of Amorphous Zinc Tin Oxide
4.1 Characterization of Pulsed Laser Deposited Zinc Tin Oxide Thin Films Having a Continuous Composition Spread
4.2 Properties of Schottky Barrier Diodes in Dependence on the Cation Composition
4.3 Long Term Stability of Schottky Barrier Diodes
4.4 ImportantRoleofOxygenfortheFormationofHighlyRectifyingContacts
4.5 Processes Governing the Long Term Stability
5 Demonstration and Characterization of Zinc Tin Oxide Based Devices
5.1 Implementation of a New Sputtering Recipe
5.1.1 CharacterizationandElectricalOptimizationoftheZincTinOxide Thin Films
.1.2 Optimization of the Gate Contact
5.2 Devices with PtOx/Pt Gate Contact
5.2.1 Variation of the Channel Thickness
5.2.2 Influence of the Oxygen Reservoir on the Performance and Long Term Stability of Devices
5.2.3 Tuning of the Electron Mobility
5.2.4 Frequency Dependent Switching of Transistors
5.3 Devices with i-ZTO/PtOx/Pt Gate Contact
5.3.1 Transistors with Varying Channel Thickness
5.3.2 Simple Inverter
5.3.3 SDFL Inverter
5.3.4 Inverter Chain
5.3.5 Ring Oscillators
5.4 Comparison to Literature
6 Summary and Outlook
Abbreviations
List of Symbols
Bibliography
List of Own and Contributed Articles
Appendix / In the first part of the present work the physical properties, especially the electrical properties, of zinc tin oxide thin films as well as Schottky diodes based thereon are determined as a function of the cation composition. For film growth, a room temperature pulsed laser deposition process was used, which allows the realization of a continuous composition gradient within one sample. First focus of the discussion is the dependence of electrical properties of thin films as well as diode properties on the cation ratio. Furthermore, the long-term stability of the Schottky diodes and the influence of the oxygen supply during contact fabrication on the properties of the Schottky diodes are highlighted. The results of depth-resolved Xray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements are discussed and a mechanism leading to an improvement of the Schottky diodes over time is elucidated. The findings on the optimal cation composition and the influence of oxygen on the properties of Schottky diodes were used to produce metal-semiconductor field-effect transistors, which are described in the second part of this thesis. In a first step, the deposition conditions in the sputter chamber were optimized and a new deposition recipe for the fabrication of field effect transistors was developed. Here, too, all depositions take place at room temperature. Sputter deposition was chosen because this deposition method has greater industrial relevance than pulsed laser deposition. Metal-semiconductor field-effect-transistors with two different gate types are presented and the influence of the channel layer thickness on the transistor properties is investigated. The influence of the oxygen reservoir in the Schottky gate contact on the properties of the field-effect-transistors is shown as well as the influence of a thermal annealing process on the switching speed of the field-effect-transistors. In addition, simple inverters based on two identical field-effect-transistors are demonstrated. Also Schottky diode field-effect-transistor logic based inverters are presented and characterized. Finally, ring oscillators consisting of several series-connected Schottky diode field-effecttransistor logic based inverters are presented. The influence of channel layer thickness and gate geometry on the oscillation frequency is discussed.:Contents
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Descriptions
2.1 The Amorphous Semiconductor Zinc Tin Oxide
2.2 Schottky Barrier Diodes
2.3 Field-Effect Transistors
2.4 Inverter
2.5 Inverter Chain and Ring Oscillator
3 Methods
3.1 Growth and Structuring Techniques
3.1.1 Pulsed Laser Deposition
3.1.2 Sputtering Deposition
3.1.3 Photolithography
3.2 Characterization Techniques
3.2.1 Hall Effect Measurements
3.2.2 XRD and XRR Measurements
3.2.3 Static and Dynamic Current-Voltage Measurements
3.2.4 Further Characterization Techniques
4 Physical Properties of Amorphous Zinc Tin Oxide
4.1 Characterization of Pulsed Laser Deposited Zinc Tin Oxide Thin Films Having a Continuous Composition Spread
4.2 Properties of Schottky Barrier Diodes in Dependence on the Cation Composition
4.3 Long Term Stability of Schottky Barrier Diodes
4.4 ImportantRoleofOxygenfortheFormationofHighlyRectifyingContacts
4.5 Processes Governing the Long Term Stability
5 Demonstration and Characterization of Zinc Tin Oxide Based Devices
5.1 Implementation of a New Sputtering Recipe
5.1.1 CharacterizationandElectricalOptimizationoftheZincTinOxide Thin Films
.1.2 Optimization of the Gate Contact
5.2 Devices with PtOx/Pt Gate Contact
5.2.1 Variation of the Channel Thickness
5.2.2 Influence of the Oxygen Reservoir on the Performance and Long Term Stability of Devices
5.2.3 Tuning of the Electron Mobility
5.2.4 Frequency Dependent Switching of Transistors
5.3 Devices with i-ZTO/PtOx/Pt Gate Contact
5.3.1 Transistors with Varying Channel Thickness
5.3.2 Simple Inverter
5.3.3 SDFL Inverter
5.3.4 Inverter Chain
5.3.5 Ring Oscillators
5.4 Comparison to Literature
6 Summary and Outlook
Abbreviations
List of Symbols
Bibliography
List of Own and Contributed Articles
Appendix
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Toward Sustainable Transparent and Flexible Electronics with Amorphous Zinc Tin OxideLahr, Oliver 31 March 2023 (has links)
The present thesis addresses a sustainable approach to mechanically flexible and transparent electronic devices based on the amorphous oxide semiconductor zinc tin oxide (ZTO) as abundant and low-cost alternative to already industrially established materials such as amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide. ZTO thin films are deposited by radio frequency long-throw magnetron sputtering at room temperature to generally enable the implementation of common photolithography processes and further facilitate patterning of digital circuit elements on thermally unstable organic substrates.
Starting with the most basic device building blocks of integrated circuitry, various types of field-effect transistors are fabricated by implementation of amorphous ZTO
as active channel material. Metal-semiconductor field-effect transistors and pn heterodiode based junctions field-effect transistors as well as conventional metal-insulatorsemiconductor field-effect transistors are then compared regarding their electrical performance and long-term stability over a couple of months. A decisive step toward the successful interconnection of fundamental digital circuit elements, such as previously demonstrated simple inverters, is to ensure sufficient output level compatibility between the signals of associated logic components. Accordingly, the Schottky diode field-effect transistor logic approach is adapted for amorphous ZTO based devices in order to facilitate cascading of multiple inverters consisting of unipolar devices. Field-effect transistor properties as well as the circuit design have been continuously improved to enhance the overall performance in terms of functionality and low-voltage operation. Corresponding logic inverters are finally integrated in ring oscillator circuits to gain insights into the dynamic properties of digital circuit building blocks based on amorphous ZTO.
Ultimately, ZTO has been fabricated on mechanically flexible polyimide substrates
to determine the elastic and electrical properties of amorphous ZTO thin films in dependence on external tensile and compressive stress induced by mechanical bending. Further, associated flexible metal-semiconductor field-effect transistor are investigated regarding their performance stability under tensile strain. / Die vorliegende Arbeit umfasst die Herstellung und Charakterisierung aktiver elektrischer Bauelemente und integrierter Schaltkreise auf Basis des amorphen Oxidhalbleiters Zink-Zinnoxid (ZTO). Als vielversprechende nachhaltige und kostengünstigere Alternative zu dem bereits industriell etablierten Halbleiter Indium-Gallium-Zinkoxid wird insbesondere die Eignung von ZTO in optisch transparenter sowie mechanisch flexibler Elektronik untersucht. Um entsprechend Kompatibilität mit thermisch instabilen organischen Substraten sowie herkömmlichen Fotolithografieverfahren zu gewährleisten, beschränkt sich die Züchtung von ZTO-Dünnfilmen mittels Hochfrequenz-Magnetron-Distanzkathodenzerstäubung ausschließlich auf Herstellungsprozesse bei Raumtemperatur.
Zunächst wird auf die Umsetzung verschiedener Feldeffekttransistor-Typen auf
Basis amorphen ZTOs eingegangen, welche elektrisch charakterisiert und schließlich vor dem Hintergrund der Anwendung in integrierten Schaltkreisen vergleichend gegenübergestellt werden. Neben konventionellen Metall-Isolator-Halbleiterstrukturen wird vor allem näher auf Metall-Halbleiter-Feldeffekttransistoren sowie Sperrschicht-Feldeffekttransistoren auf der Grundlage von pn-Heteroübergängen eingegangen, da diese hauptsächlich in Bereichen hoher geforderter Schaltfrequenzen zum Einsatz kommen. Da integrierte Schaltkreise auf Basis unipolarer Feldeffekttransistoren eines Ladungsträgertyps inkonsistente Signaleingangs- sowie -ausgangspegel aufweisen, wird die Schottky- Dioden-Transistorlogik adaptiert, um entsprechend die Verknüpfung mehrerer Logikgatter auf Basis amorphen ZTOs zu gewährleisten. Durch geeignete Signalrückkopplung werden komplexere Schaltungen wie Ringoszillatoren realisiert, welche anhand von Laufzeitanalysen Aufschluss über die Schaltgeschwindigkeit ZTO basierter Feldeffekttransistoren geben.
Abschließend werden amorphe ZTO-Dünnfilme auf flexiblen Polyimid-Substraten
hergestellt und bezüglich der elastischen sowie elektrischen Eigenschaften in Abhängigkeit von exzessivem mechanischen Stress untersucht. Darüber hinaus werden flexible Metall-Halbleiter-Feldeffekttransistoren hinsichtlich ihrer Funktionalität und Stabilität gegenüber durch Biegeprozesse induzierte Verspannungen elektrisch charakterisiert.
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