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Determinação de elementos químicos em plásticos biodegradáveis naturais e sintéticos / Determination of chemical elements in natural and synthetic biodegradable plasticsBoscaro, Mateus Eugenio 02 September 2014 (has links)
Preocupações com o acúmulo de lixo plástico e seu consequente impacto ambiental levaram os cientistas e a indústria química, nas últimas décadas, a uma busca por plásticos biodegradáveis e plásticos produzidos com matérias-primas de fontes renováveis. Entre eles, encontram-se o poli(ácido lático), o poli(?-caprolactona), os poli(hidroxialcanoatos), os polímeros de amido e os polímeros sintéticos que recebem aditivos que facilitam a degradação, conhecidos como oxi-biodegradáveis. Em decorrência dos processos de produção e uso de aditivos e corantes, os plásticos podem conter constituintes que não fazem parte das moléculas do polímero. Por esta razão, o objetivo do trabalho foi determinar os elementos químicos presentes em amostras de polímeros biodegradáveis, sacolas oxi-biodegradáveis e sacolas de amido distribuídas em supermercados, empregando-se análise por ativação neutrônica instrumental (INAA) e espectroscopia de fluorescência de raios X (XRF). A identificação dos polímeros das sacolas de supermercado foi realizada por espectroscopia de absorção no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR). Os resultados das análises químicas dos polímeros não processados evidenciaram baixas concentrações dos elementos químicos. Já os plásticos das sacolas apresentaram altas concentrações de cálcio, sódio, zinco e titânio, provenientes do uso de cargas minerais, corantes e outros aditivos. Em algumas amostras, as concentrações de zinco, cobalto, cromo, molibdênio e chumbo excederam os limites estabelecidos pela norma ABNT NBR 15448-2:2008 para polímeros biodegradáveis. As análises também indicaram que os aditivos pró-oxidantes utilizados nas sacolas oxi-biodegradáveis são baseados em compostos químicos que contêm ferro. Os resultados obtidos comprovam que os plásticos biodegradáveis podem ser utilizados de forma segura em embalagens e outras aplicações, desde que se evitem os aditivos contendo elementos químicos tóxicos e outras substâncias perigosas / Concerns about the accumulation of plastic waste and its consequent environmental impact have led scientists and chemical industry, in recent decades, to search for biodegradable plastics and plastics made with renewable raw materials. Among them are included poly (lactic acid), polycaprolactone, polyhydroxyalkanoates, starch polymers and synthetic polymers having additives which facilitate degradation, known as oxo-biodegradable. Due to production processes and use of additives and dyes, plastics may contain small amounts of chemical elements that are not part of the polymer molecules. For this reason, the objective of this study was to determine chemical elements in samples of biodegradable polymers, oxy-biodegradable and starch bags distributed in supermarkets by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). The polymers of plastic bags were identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Results of chemical analysis of unprocessed polymers have shown low concentrations of chemical elements. On the other hand, plastic bags have high concentrations of calcium, sodium, zinc and titanium, from the use of mineral fillers, dyes and other additives. In some bag samples, the concentration of zinc, cobalt, chromium, molybdenum and lead exceeded the limits established by the ABNT NBR 15448-2:2008 for biodegradable polymers. The analysis also indicated that the pro-oxidant additives used in the oxy-biodegradable bags are based on chemical compounds that contain iron. These results demonstrate that biodegradable plastics can be safely used in packaging and other applications, provided additives containing toxic chemical elements and other hazardous substances are avoided
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Determinação de elementos químicos em plásticos biodegradáveis naturais e sintéticos / Determination of chemical elements in natural and synthetic biodegradable plasticsMateus Eugenio Boscaro 02 September 2014 (has links)
Preocupações com o acúmulo de lixo plástico e seu consequente impacto ambiental levaram os cientistas e a indústria química, nas últimas décadas, a uma busca por plásticos biodegradáveis e plásticos produzidos com matérias-primas de fontes renováveis. Entre eles, encontram-se o poli(ácido lático), o poli(?-caprolactona), os poli(hidroxialcanoatos), os polímeros de amido e os polímeros sintéticos que recebem aditivos que facilitam a degradação, conhecidos como oxi-biodegradáveis. Em decorrência dos processos de produção e uso de aditivos e corantes, os plásticos podem conter constituintes que não fazem parte das moléculas do polímero. Por esta razão, o objetivo do trabalho foi determinar os elementos químicos presentes em amostras de polímeros biodegradáveis, sacolas oxi-biodegradáveis e sacolas de amido distribuídas em supermercados, empregando-se análise por ativação neutrônica instrumental (INAA) e espectroscopia de fluorescência de raios X (XRF). A identificação dos polímeros das sacolas de supermercado foi realizada por espectroscopia de absorção no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR). Os resultados das análises químicas dos polímeros não processados evidenciaram baixas concentrações dos elementos químicos. Já os plásticos das sacolas apresentaram altas concentrações de cálcio, sódio, zinco e titânio, provenientes do uso de cargas minerais, corantes e outros aditivos. Em algumas amostras, as concentrações de zinco, cobalto, cromo, molibdênio e chumbo excederam os limites estabelecidos pela norma ABNT NBR 15448-2:2008 para polímeros biodegradáveis. As análises também indicaram que os aditivos pró-oxidantes utilizados nas sacolas oxi-biodegradáveis são baseados em compostos químicos que contêm ferro. Os resultados obtidos comprovam que os plásticos biodegradáveis podem ser utilizados de forma segura em embalagens e outras aplicações, desde que se evitem os aditivos contendo elementos químicos tóxicos e outras substâncias perigosas / Concerns about the accumulation of plastic waste and its consequent environmental impact have led scientists and chemical industry, in recent decades, to search for biodegradable plastics and plastics made with renewable raw materials. Among them are included poly (lactic acid), polycaprolactone, polyhydroxyalkanoates, starch polymers and synthetic polymers having additives which facilitate degradation, known as oxo-biodegradable. Due to production processes and use of additives and dyes, plastics may contain small amounts of chemical elements that are not part of the polymer molecules. For this reason, the objective of this study was to determine chemical elements in samples of biodegradable polymers, oxy-biodegradable and starch bags distributed in supermarkets by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). The polymers of plastic bags were identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Results of chemical analysis of unprocessed polymers have shown low concentrations of chemical elements. On the other hand, plastic bags have high concentrations of calcium, sodium, zinc and titanium, from the use of mineral fillers, dyes and other additives. In some bag samples, the concentration of zinc, cobalt, chromium, molybdenum and lead exceeded the limits established by the ABNT NBR 15448-2:2008 for biodegradable polymers. The analysis also indicated that the pro-oxidant additives used in the oxy-biodegradable bags are based on chemical compounds that contain iron. These results demonstrate that biodegradable plastics can be safely used in packaging and other applications, provided additives containing toxic chemical elements and other hazardous substances are avoided
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What would be the efficient ways for Switch Pac to increase potential demand and capitalize on green attitudes and behavior in the Swedish market?Curtolo, Anna, Bruning, Andrea January 2008 (has links)
<p>Date: 6/16/2008</p><p>Institution: School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, Mälardalen University, Västerås (Sweden)</p><p>Authors:</p><p>Brüning, Andrea</p><p>830111</p><p>Västerås</p><p>Curtolo,Anna</p><p>820517</p><p>Västerås</p><p>Tutor: Tobias Eltebrandt</p><p>Title: A Study of Switch Pac: what would be the efficient ways for Switch Pac to increase potential demand and capitalize on green attitudes and behavior in the Swedish market?</p><p>Problem: What would be the efficient ways for Switch Pac to increase potential demand and capitalize on green attitudes and behavior in the Swedish market?</p><p>Purpose: The aim of our project is to see the potential of Switch Pac’s oxo-biodegradable plastic bags on the Swedish market by capitalize on green attitudes and behaviour.</p><p>Method: The report is based on primary data collected through questionnaires (end consumer/ B2B customers). For the investigation of Switch Pac’s macro- and microenvironment secondary data was used (books, journals, newspaper and the Internet)</p><p>Conceptual Framework: The conceptual framework consists of certain models to investigate the following topics:</p><p>Consumer behavior</p><p>AIDA-Model</p><p>STP-Model</p><p>Switch Pac´s business environment</p><p>PESTEL</p><p>Conclusion/ Recommendations: In our conclusion based on our frameworks PESTEL, AIDA and STP we concluded that peoples’ awareness regarding environmental friendly plastic bags are not very high based on our questionnaire. The efficient ways for Switch Pac to increase potential demand is to target the customer in the age range from 20 – 49 years and cooperate with supermarkets and (department) stores. Furthermore, Switch Pac needs to position its products in the consumers mind through create brand awareness by using certain elements of the marketing mix model.</p>
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What would be the efficient ways for Switch Pac to increase potential demand and capitalize on green attitudes and behavior in the Swedish market?Curtolo, Anna, Bruning, Andrea January 2008 (has links)
Date: 6/16/2008 Institution: School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, Mälardalen University, Västerås (Sweden) Authors: Brüning, Andrea 830111 Västerås Curtolo,Anna 820517 Västerås Tutor: Tobias Eltebrandt Title: A Study of Switch Pac: what would be the efficient ways for Switch Pac to increase potential demand and capitalize on green attitudes and behavior in the Swedish market? Problem: What would be the efficient ways for Switch Pac to increase potential demand and capitalize on green attitudes and behavior in the Swedish market? Purpose: The aim of our project is to see the potential of Switch Pac’s oxo-biodegradable plastic bags on the Swedish market by capitalize on green attitudes and behaviour. Method: The report is based on primary data collected through questionnaires (end consumer/ B2B customers). For the investigation of Switch Pac’s macro- and microenvironment secondary data was used (books, journals, newspaper and the Internet) Conceptual Framework: The conceptual framework consists of certain models to investigate the following topics: Consumer behavior AIDA-Model STP-Model Switch Pac´s business environment PESTEL Conclusion/ Recommendations: In our conclusion based on our frameworks PESTEL, AIDA and STP we concluded that peoples’ awareness regarding environmental friendly plastic bags are not very high based on our questionnaire. The efficient ways for Switch Pac to increase potential demand is to target the customer in the age range from 20 – 49 years and cooperate with supermarkets and (department) stores. Furthermore, Switch Pac needs to position its products in the consumers mind through create brand awareness by using certain elements of the marketing mix model.
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