ABSTRACT Seven air quality basins are classified in Taiwan according to landforms¡Bweather conditions and atmosphere diffusion. The data showed that the percentages of fractional number of days that PSI is greater than 100 (unhealthful) are 11.4%, 10.5% and 15.3% in three parts of Southern Taiwan (including Kaohsiung City, Kaohsiung County and Pintung County) in the years of 1999, 2000and 2001. For Kao-Ping area alone, the percentages of unhealthful days are, 12.1% , 10.7%and 8.2% in recent three years. The air pollutants in ambient air in Kao-Ping area are particulate matter (PM10) and ozone (O3). Particulate matter (PM10) is a primary pollutant and derivative aerosol, the mainly were factory stack¡Bmobile vehicles¡Bconstruction site and emission the surface of the earth. O3 is a secondary pollutant that is generated by its precursors such as hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) through complex photo-chemical reactions. Accordingly, attention has been shifted to the source and control of ozone in recently years in southern part of Taiwan, instead of PM10 alone. In order to improve the air quality, the deteriorated reason and pollution condition must be understood. The purpose of this proposal is thus to identify the O3 trend variation and weather pattern and mixing height. This proposal contains two parts: Collect the meteorological data (including pressure¡Btemperature¡Bwind velocity¡Bwind direction¡Bhumidity and sunshine time) and air quality data. Then we analyze the relationship between meteorological factors and air quality. Analyze the high O3 episodes based on the characteristics of hourly¡Bmonthly and seasonally data and to investigate the effects of mixing height and Ventilation index on air quality in Kao-Ping area.

Ground-level ozone (O3) is a secondary pollutant produced by its precursors, such as volatile organic compounds (VOC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) through complex photochemical reactions in sunlight. This study was aimed to investigate the relationships of surface ozone with its precursors in urban locations. Atmospheric measurements of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric acid (HNO3) were conducted at the three sites, namely Nan-Tze, Chien-Chin and Hsiung-Kong, in Kaohsiung City during three consecutive days of fall, winter and spring seasons in 2002-2003, from which the ozone-VOC-NOx sensitive regimes were derived using two methods, namely the indicator ratios of H2O2/HNO3 and O3/HNO3 developed by Sillman (1997), and the extent parameter, E, of SPM (Smog Production Model) developed by Blanchard (1994). Measurements indicate that H2O2 reaches its peak concentration approximately at noon to afternoon (12:00 to 15:00); meanwhile HNO3 reaches its lowest concentration. In general, fall season has highest concentrations on H2O2 and HNO3, followed by spring and winter. The correlation analyses indicate that ozone has positive relationships with temperature and solar insolation, while it has negative relationships with NOx, NO and NO2. According to the indicator ratios of H2O2/HNO3 = 0.3 ¡V 0.6, O3/HNO3 = 12 -16 (Sillman, 1997), results show that VOC-limited regimes occupy about 62.5% and 58.3% at the Hsiung-Kong site, 47.8% and 69.6% at the Nan-Tze site, and 33.3% and 70.8% at the Chien-Chin site in the fall season. Results also show that VOC-limited regimes occupy about 80.9% and 66.7% at the Hsiung-Kong site, 54.2% and 41.7% at the Nan-Tze site, and 70.8% and 45.8% at the Chien-Chin site in the winter, while it is 52.4¢Mand 80.9¢Mat the Hsiung-Kong site, 50.0¢Mand 66.7¢Mat the Nan-Tze site, and 35.7¢Mand 28.6¢Mat the Chien-Chin site in the spring. According to the critical value of extent parameter, Ecrit = 0.7 (Blanchard, 1994), IV results show that VOC-limited regimes pre-dominate at three sites in autumn, winter and spring, all occupying 100% except in that a VOC-limited regime occupies about 91.7% at the Chien-Chin site in spring. In summary, the ozone-VOC-NOx sensitivity results derived from indicator ratios agree fairly well with SPM results, except for the Chien-Chin site in spring. The indicator ratios and Ecrit are frequently considered to be universal under given assumptions. However, these values may vary with meteorology and topography. Further studies are needed to characterize these parameters locally.

ABSTRACT Ground-level ozone (O3) is a secondary pollutant produced by its precursors, such as volatile organic compounds (VOC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) through complex photochemical reactions in sunlight. This study was aimed to investigate the relationships of surface ozone with its precursors in the urban and rural locations in Pingtung County. Atmospheric measurements of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric acid (HNO3) were conducted at the two sites, namely Pingtung city and Chaochou, in Pingtung County during three consecutive days of fall, winter and spring seasons in 2002-2003, from which the ozone-VOC-NOx sensitive regimes were derived using two methods, namely the indicator ratios of H2O2/HNO3 and O3/HNO3 developed by Sillman (1997), and the extent parameter, E, of SPM (Smog Production Model) developed by Blanchard (1994). According to the indicator ratios of H2O2/HNO3 = 0.3 ¡V 0.6, O3/HNO3 = 12 -16 (Sillman, 1997), results at the Pingtung site show that VOC-limited regimes occupy about 68% in autumn, winter and spring. Results at the Chaochou site show that VOC-limited regimes occupy about 52.8% in autumn and winter, while NOx-limited regimes occupy about 54.2% in spring. According to the critical value of extent parameter, Ecrit = 0.7 (Blanchard, 1994), results show that VOC-limited regimes predominate (93.8%) at Pingtung site in winter and spring. Results at the Chaochou site show that VOC-limited regimes predominate (87.5%) in winter, while NOx-limited regimes predominate (58.3%) in spring. In summary, the ozone-VOC-NOx sensitivity results derived from indicator ratios agree fairly well with SPM results. The indicator ratios and Ecrit are frequently considered to be universal under given assumptions. However, these values may vary with meteorology and topography. Further studies are needed to characterize these parameters locally.

Vertical simulations of ozone were made using a TAPM (The Air Pollution Model) at the Linyuan site in Kaohsiung County, southern Taiwan. Ozone was simulated at altitudes of 0, 100, 300, 500 and 1000 m from November 23 to 25 in 2005 and March 21 to 23 in 2006. The surface ozone concentrations that were predicted using TAPM were high (33.7−119 ppbv) in the daytime (10:00−16:00) and were low (10−40 ppbv) at other times, which predictions were consistent with the observations. The simulated surface ozone concentrations reveal that costal lands typically had higher ozone concentrations than those inland, because most industrial parks are located in or close to the boundaries of Kaohsiung City. Both measurements and simulations indicate that daytime ozone concentrations decreased quickly with increasing height at altitudes below 300 m; while nighttime ozone concentrations were lower at low altitudes (50 to 300 m) than at higher altitudes, partly because of dry deposition and titration of surface ozone by the near-surface nitrogen oxides (NOx) and partly because of the existence of the residual layer above the stable nocturnal boundary layer. The simulations show a good correlation between the maximum daytime surface ozone concentration and average nighttime ozone concentration above the nocturnal boundary layer.

Univ., Diss.--Bremen, 2005.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 169-184).

Thesis--University of Florida, 1971. / Description based on print version record. Manuscript copy. Vita. Bibliography: leaves 173-190.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 76-77). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Institute of Paper Chemistry, 1979. / Bibliography: leaves 142-146.

Understanding the spatiotemporal pattern of near-surface ozone is the key part of polar atmospheric environment. The near-surface ozone can be depleted by the catalytic bromine chemistry in the heterogeneous phase but produced due to the snow photochemistry of nitrogen. In addition to the local chemistry, ozone pattern is also affected by regional meteorology and air-mass transport. Since the polar region is quite sensitive to the climate change, these conditions can be also affected by climate change and variability. Based on the analysis of large amount of dataset combined with in-situ observations, satellite measurements, model simulations, and global reanalysis data, the characteristics of polar ozone pattern and relation to the regional and large-scale atmospheric situations were investigated. At first, the characteristics of tropospheric ozone depletion events (ODEs) in the Arctic spring (April 2008) with satellite measured BrO and backtrajectories. Analysis of these data shows that the ODEs are due to either local halogen chemistry or short-range transport from adjacent high-BrO regions. Sometimes local ozone loss is surprisingly deep, particularly the unstable boundary layer at Churchill seems contribute to free-tropospheric BrO. Continually the influences of large-scale atmospheric patterns to the polar surface ozone are investigated. In years with frequent ODEs at Barrow and Alert, the WP teleconnection pattern is usually in its negative phase, during which the Pacific jet is strengthened but the storm track from western Pacific is weakened. Both factors tend to reduce the transport of ozone-rich airmass from mid-latitudes to the Arctic, creating a favorable environment for the Arctic ODEs. Comparison between Barrow and Alert shows the initiation of ODEs in spring is decided by the solar intensity and the termination is by the surface air temperature. Monthly frequency of ODEs also indicate the wind strength from the Arctic Ocean is largely influential to ODEs. The surface ozone at South Pole reveals year-round reversal trends during 3 decades, which is consistent with what lower-tropospheric temperature shows. Their strong correlation implies the possibility of large meridional mixing in warm conditions, which enhances the background level of ozone and nitrogen at South Pole.