Les interactions entre aquaculture et pêche captive, et la viabilité comme approche de gestion du risque dans l'exploitation des écosystèmes. / The world of fisheries is complex, dynamic and contested. At the core of fishery management lie technical challenges but also fundamental socioeconomic issues such as valuation and ownership. So far, as for other natural resources, fisheries resources have been largely over exploited and alarms from the scientific community on rapidly declining stocks and species disappearance have been repeatedly published. In what follows, I first strive to explain the repeated failures to manage fisheries in a sustainable way. In this perspective, I overview existing management instruments and the weaknesses of fisheries governance. Next, I raise the main challenges faced by the aquaculture industry to take over on capture fisheries, as a sustainable source of food security. This leads us to an introduction to the two first chapters of this dissertation, which focuses on the economic and ecological impacts of the expansion of aquaculture, and its implications for the capture fishery sector. Finally, I expose the complexity of managing harvested ecosystems under uncertainty, in practice. Thus, I present the third chapter of this dissertation which puts forward a theoretical management framework grounded in viability theory to deals with risk, ecosystem dynamics and conflicting sustainability objectives. In particular, I examine the different analytical possibilities provided by this framework to handle uncertain dynamics.