Les travaux présentés ici portent sur les P1B-ATPases HMA2, HMA3 et HMA4 d'Arabidopsis thaliana, transporteurs de cations présents sur différentes membranes chez les plantes. L'étude du contenu cationique de plantes mutantes hma2 et hma4 a précisé le rôle important de HMA4 dans la translocation du Zn et du Cd vers les parties aériennes et sa forte affinité pour le Cd. La mesure du contenu cationique de graines de différents génotypes a montré un effet complexe des modulations de l'expression des gènes correspondants, la surexpression du gène HMA4 conduisant à une teneur en Zn de la graine similaire à celle du mutant perte de fonction. Ces résultats confirment l'importance de HMA4, et montrent la nécessité d'adapter la construction aux objectifs biotechnologiques visés. Afin de préciser le rôle de résidus conservés au sein de la famille des P1B-ATPases, j'ai étudié l'effet de l'expression d'un variant de HMA4 pour le domaine fortement conservé CPC. Les résultats obtenus in planta suggèrent une interaction avec la version native du transporteur entraînant une perte de l'activité de HMA4. Pour mener une approche structure/fonction sur ces transporteurs, L. lactis a été défini comme le meilleur candidat pour produire HMA3. Suite à l'expression de HMA3, un gain de tolérance au Cd a été observé et a permis de valider 3 variants de HMA3, mutés au niveau du pore ou du site d'hydrolyse de l'ATP, comme affectés dans l'activité de la protéine. Les membranes de L. lactis enrichies en transporteur HMA3 ou de ses variants ont permis une reconstitution in vitro en protéoliposomes permettant de mesurer une activité de transport du Cd compétitive avec le Zn et inhibée par le vanadate. / Work presented here is about Arabidopsis thaliana P1B-ATPases HMA2, HMA3 et HMA4, cation transporters found in different plant membranes. Cation content study of mutant plants hma2 and hma4 precised important role of HMA4 in upward translocation of Zn and Cd, and its high affinity for Cd. Cation content measure of seeds from different genotypes showed a complex effect of modulations of related genes expression levels, HMA4 overexpression leading to a seed Zn content similar the loss-of-function mutant one. These results confirm the importance of HMA4 and show the needs to adapt construction to biotechnological aims. To precise the role of residus conserved among the P1B-ATPases family, I studied the effect of the expression of a HMA4 variant for the highly conserved domain CPC. Obtained in planta results suggest an interaction with the native transporter leading to a loss of HMA4 activité. To perform a structure/function study on these transporters, L.lactis has been shown as the best candidate to produce HMA3. Due to HMA3 expression, a gain of Cd tolerance has been observed and allowed to validate three HMA3 variants, mutated in the pore or the ATP hydrolysis site, as affected in the protein activity. L.lactis membranes enriched with HMA3 or variants allowed an in vitro reconstitution in proteoliposomes and the measurement of a Cd transport activity competing with Zn and inhibited by vanadate.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:38:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 juliana.pdf: 1522484 bytes, checksum: 7450de4815f507bdefe6fb92d3742c8c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-29 / Quassia amara L. (Simaroubaceae) is a small tree, widely distributed in the Amazon, known as ―pau-amargo‖. The tea from its leaves and bark are used in popular medicine for gastric disorders and malaria. β-carboline and indolic alkaloids, steroids and quassinoids (quassin and neoquassin) were isolated from this plant and evaluated in animal models of malaria with promising results, but still preliminary. Previous pharmacological studies performed with non-standardized apolar extracts, reported sedative, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, emollient and anti-ulcer activities. In view of the reputation of Q. amara in folk medicine and scarce consistent results in the scientific literature, this work studied the systemic actions of the standardized extracts from the native plant collected in the region of Manaus. Semi-purified extracts and high purity fractions were obtained from the chemical standardization and were used to study the mechanisms of actions detected experimentally. In these studies, the popular use of Q. amara in malaria led us also to investigate the pharmacological actions of its extracts and purified fractions in mammalian P-ATPases (H+-K+-ATPase and Ca+2-ATPase) that have high structural homology with isoenzymes essential to the Plasmodium survival. The standardized extract was obtained by the partition of Q. amara AE in buthanol originating the buthanolic fraction (BuF) with the same pharmacological activity and fivefold more concentrated than AE. The purification of BuF by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) yielded 18 high purity fractions (F1 to F18), still in identification process. The pharmacological screening of AE and BuF did show remarkable action in the CNS. AE showed anti-inflammatory effect, apparently associated with the inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators histamine and serotonin, but no analgesic action was observed. AE increased gastrointestinal motility and inhibited the gastric ulcers induced by stress and ethanol. BuF at tenfold lower doses inhibited the secretion and gastric acidity in vivo and the intermediate dose inhibited the total acidity stimulated by histamine, but did not when induced by bethanechol (muscarinic agonist), indicating a possible selective action in the histamine/cAMP pathway. The BuF and fractions isolated by HPLC F10, F14 and F15 potentiated the direct elicited twitches in the rat diaphragm muscle. In the Ca+2-ATPase isolated from skeletal muscle, the BuF and fractions F05, F06, F08, F09, F10, F13, F14, F15,F16 inhibited its activity and this effect may explain the potentiation of the diaphragm contraction. The FBut and fractions F11, F12, F13 and F16 inhibited the H+-K+-ATPase activity from the gastric mucosa in vitro; this effect may explain the anti-secretory and anti-ulcer activity observed in vivo, effects related to the mainly popular use of Q. amara. / A Quassia amara L. (Simaroubaceae) é árvore de pequeno porte, de ampla distribuição amazônica, conhecida como pau-amargo; o chá das folhas e cascas é utilizado na medicina popular para distúrbios gástricos e na malária. Da planta foram isolados alcalóides indólicos e β-carbolínicos, esteróides e quassinóides (quassina e neoquassina) avaliados em modelos do parasitismo animal com resultados promissores, mas ainda iniciais. Estudos farmacológicos anteriores realizados com extratos apolares sem padronização, descrevem atividades sedativa, analgésica, anti-inflamatória, emoliente e anti-úlcera gástrica. Em vista da reputação da Q. amara na medicina popular e da pouca consistência científica dos resultados disponíveis na literatura, este trabalho retomou o estudo das ações sistêmicas do extrato aquoso padronizado da planta nativa coletada na região de Manaus. Da padronização química foram obtidos extratos semi-purificados e frações de alto grau de pureza, que serviram também ao estudo do mecanismo das ações detectadas experimentalmente. Nesses estudos, o uso popular na malária nos levou também a investigar as ações farmacológicas dos extratos purificadas e frações nas H+-K+-ATPase e Ca+2-ATPase de mamíferos, P-ATPases essas que guardam elevada homologia estrutural com as isoenzimas do Plasmodium sp. essenciais à sua sobrevida. A padronização química do EA da Q. amara foi obtida após partição em butanol dando origem à fração butanólica (FBut) de mesma atividade e 5 vezes mais concentrada. A purificação da FBut por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) originou 18 frações de elevado grau de pureza (F1 a F18) que encontram-se em processo de identificação. A triagem farmacológica do EA e da FBut mostrou ação pouco marcada no SNC. O EA mostrou ação anti-inflamatória, aparentemente associada à inibição dos mediadores pró-inflamatórios histamina e serotonina, mas não mostrou efeito analgésico. O EA aumentou a motilidade gastrintestinal e inibiu as úlceras gástricas induzidas por estresse e por etanol. A FBut, em doses 10 vezes menores, inibiu a secreção e a acidez gástrica in vivo, a dose intermediária inibiu a acidez total estimulada pela histamina, mas não alterou quando induzida por betanecol (agonista muscarínico), indicando provável ação seletiva na via da histamina/AMPc. A FBut e as frações isoladas em CLAE F10, F14 e F15 potenciaram a contração do músculo diafragma de rato sob estímulo elétrico direto. A FBut e frações F05, F06, F08, F09, F10, F13, F14, F15 e F16 inibiram a atividade da Ca2+-ATPase de músculo esquelético; este efeito pode explicar a potenciação da contração do músculo diafragma. A FBut e as frações F11, F12, F13 e F16 inibiram a atividade da H+-K+-ATPase da mucosa gástrica in vitro; este efeito pode explicar a atividade antissecretora ácida e a atividade anti-úlcera observadas in vivo, provavelmente relacionadas com o uso popular mais freqüente.